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Smith RW, Ortega DG, Arnett JE, Neltner TJ, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO, Weir JP, Housh TJ. The effects of sustained, low- and high-intensity isometric tasks on performance fatigability and the perceived responses that contributed to task termination. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1587-1599. [PMID: 38165446 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study examined the effects of sustained, isometric low- versus high-intensity tasks on time to task failure (TTF), performance fatigability (PF), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and the perceived causes of task termination from a post-test questionnaire (PTQ). METHODS Ten men (mean ± SD: age = 21.1 ± 2.3 years; height = 180.2 ± 5.7 cm; body mass = 79.5 ± 8.8 kg) performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) before and after fatiguing, isometric forearm flexion tasks anchored to the torque corresponding to RPE values of 2 (TRQ2FT = 23.8 ± 7.1 N·m) and 8 (TRQ8FT = 60.9 ± 11.4 N·m). In addition, the subjects completed a PTQ which surveyed whether the perceived sensations of fatigue or pain, and/or the psychological factors of loss of focus and motivation contributed to the decision to terminate the task. Repeated measures ANOVAs, Wilcoxon-Signed Rank tests, and Spearman's Rank-Order Correlations were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Across the fatiguing tasks, there were similar decreases in MVIC torque (95.2 ± 20.3 vs. 68.9 ± 15.6 N·m; p < 0.001) and RPE values (p = 0.122) at task failure for TRQ2FT (7.4 ± 2.7) and TRQ8FT (8.9 ± 1.0), but a longer (p = 0.005) TTF for the TRQ2FT (245.0 ± 177.0 s) than TRQ8FT (36.8 ± 11.1 s). CONCLUSIONS Despite reaching task failure, the subjects were able to perform MVICs that were 100-300% greater than the target torque values within seconds of terminating the tasks. Thus, we hypothesized that task failure was not caused by an inability to produce sufficient torque to sustain the tasks, but rather an unwillingness to continue the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Smith
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of NE - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA.
| | - Dolores G Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of NE - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - Jocelyn E Arnett
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of NE - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - Tyler J Neltner
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, 53818, USA
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of NE - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of NE - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - Joseph P Weir
- Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of NE - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
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Rogowska AM, Tataruch R. The relationship between mindfulness and athletes' mental skills may be explained by emotion regulation and self-regulation. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:68. [PMID: 38504372 PMCID: PMC10949773 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous psychological determinants of sports success have been identified in the scientific literature, research on the contribution of mindfulness and interoceptive awareness to sports achievements remains limited. This study investigates the relationship between self-reported mental skills determining sports success (i.e., flow state, attention, technique, sensitivity to error, commitment, and achievement), state mindfulness for physical activity (of the mind and the body), and interoceptive awareness (including scales of noticing, not distracting, not worrying, attention regulation, emotional awareness, self-regulation, body listening, and trusting). METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted on a sample of elite athletes in speed skating (n = 54) and university students of physical education (n = 102) representing various sports disciplines and competitive levels. The Sports Success Scale (SSS), the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity (SMS-PA), and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2) were used to assess psychological determinants of athletic achievements, state mindfulness, and interoceptive sensitivity, respectively. RESULTS Our findings indicate some small-to-moderate differences in particular dimensions of psychological traits related to sports success, mindfulness, and interoceptive awareness between athletes of different genders, groups, and competitive levels. A chain mediation model showed that the relationship between body mindfulness and psychological variables determining sports success is fully explained by two dimensions of interoception: self-regulation and attention regulation. CONCLUSIONS Cultivating the mindfulness state of the body can improve self-regulation and attention regulation, which in turn may increase the mental skills required for successful sports participation. Therefore, mental training should focus primarily on body mindfulness, attention regulation, and self-regulation to improve the mental skills responsible for athletes' sports achievements. In addition, individual differences in athletes' gender, sports discipline, and level of sports competition should be considered during mental training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Rogowska
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Social Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
| | - Rafał Tataruch
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
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Scholler V, Groslambert A, Pirlot T, Grappe F. Opposite effects of a time-trial and endurance cycling exercise on the neural efficiency of competitive cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1991-2000. [PMID: 37133575 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Time-trial require cyclists to have an acute control on their sensory cues to regulate their pacing strategies. Pacing an effort accurately requires an individual to process sensory signals with efficacy, a factor that can be characterized by a high neural efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a cycling time-trial on neural efficiency in comparison to a low intensity endurance exercise, the latter supposedly not requiring high sensory control. METHODS On two separate days, 13 competitive cyclists performed a session comprising of two 10 min treadmill tests, performed at different intensity zones from 1 to 5 on the rating subjective exercise intensity scale. The tests were performed before and after both a time-trial and endurance cycling exercise. Electroencephalography activity was measured during each intensity zones of the treadmill exercises. Neural efficiency was then calculated for each intensity block using the α/β electroencephalography activity ratio. RESULTS The neural efficiency averaged on the 5 IZ decreased following the time-trial in the motor cortex (- 13 ± 8%) and prefrontal cortex (- 10 ± 12%), but not after the endurance exercise. CONCLUSION To conclude, the time-trial impaired the neural efficiency and increasing the RPE of the cyclists in the severe intensity zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Scholler
- C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sport, EA4660, C3S Culture Sport Health Society, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
- Equipe Cycliste Groupama-FDJ, Besançon, France.
- Laboratory of Athlete-Material-Environment (LAME), 56 chemin des Montarmots, 25000, Besançon, France.
| | - Alain Groslambert
- C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sport, EA4660, C3S Culture Sport Health Society, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Athlete-Material-Environment (LAME), 56 chemin des Montarmots, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Thibaud Pirlot
- C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sport, EA4660, C3S Culture Sport Health Society, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Athlete-Material-Environment (LAME), 56 chemin des Montarmots, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Frederic Grappe
- C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sport, EA4660, C3S Culture Sport Health Society, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France
- Equipe Cycliste Groupama-FDJ, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Athlete-Material-Environment (LAME), 56 chemin des Montarmots, 25000, Besançon, France
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Smith RW, Housh TJ, Arnett JE, Anders JPV, Neltner TJ, Ortega DG, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. The Effects of Anchor Schemes on Performance Fatigability, Neuromuscular Responses and the Perceived Sensations That Contributed to Task Termination. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020049. [PMID: 37218845 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of anchor schemes on the time to task failure (TTF), performance fatigability, neuromuscular responses, and the perceived sensations that contributed to task termination following the sustained, isometric forearm flexion tasks. Eight women completed sustained, isometric forearm flexion tasks anchored to RPE = 8 (RPEFT) and the torque (TRQFT) that corresponded to RPE = 8. The subjects performed pre-test and post-test maximal isometric contractions to quantify performance fatigability and changes in electromyographic amplitude (EMG AMP) and neuromuscular efficiency (NME). In addition, the subjects completed a post-test questionnaire (PTQ) to quantify the contributions of perceived sensations to task termination. Repeated measure ANOVAs were used to assess the mean differences for TTF, performance fatigability, and neuromuscular responses. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests were used to assess the differences between anchor schemes for the average values from the PTQ item scores. For TTF, the RPEFT was longer than the TRQFT (174.9 ± 85.6 vs. 65.6 ± 68.0 s; p = 0.006). Collapsed across the anchor scheme, there were decreases in torque (23.7 ± 5.5 Nm vs. 19.6 ± 4.9 Nm; p < 0.001) and NME (1.00 ± 0.00 vs. 0.76 ± 0.15; p = 0.003). There were no significant (p > 0.577) changes for EMG AMP. For the PTQ, there were no differences (p > 0.05) between anchor schemes. There were, however, inter-individual differences in the response scores. The current findings indicated that performance fatigability was likely due to peripheral fatigue (based on NME), not central fatigue (based on EMG AMP). Furthermore, the use of a PTQ may serve as a simple tool to assess the contributions of perceived sensations to task termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Smith
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Terry J Housh
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Jocelyn E Arnett
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - John Paul V Anders
- The Exercise Science Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43017, USA
| | - Tyler J Neltner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Dolores G Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68510, USA
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Smith RW, Housh TJ, Arnett JE, Anders JPV, Neltner TJ, Ortega DG, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. Utilizing the RPE-Clamp model to examine interactions among factors associated with perceived fatigability and performance fatigability in women and men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1397-1409. [PMID: 36856798 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to examine the interactions between perceived fatigability and performance fatigability in women and men by utilizing the RPE-Clamp model to assess the fatigue-induced effects of a sustained, isometric forearm flexion task anchored to RPE = 8 on time to task failure (TTF), torque, and neuromuscular responses. METHODS Twenty adults (10 men and 10 women) performed two, 3 s forearm flexion maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) followed by a sustained, isometric forearm flexion task anchored to RPE = 8 using the OMNI-RES (0-10) scale at an elbow joint angle of 100°. Electromyographic amplitude (EMG AMP) was recorded from the biceps brachii. Torque and EMG AMP values resulting from the sustained task were normalized to the pretest MVIC. Neuromuscular efficiency was defined as NME = normalized torque/normalized EMG AMP. Mixed factorial ANOVAs and Bonferroni corrected dependent t tests and independent t tests were used to examine differences across time and between sex for torque and neuromuscular parameters. RESULTS There were no differences between the women and men for the fatigue-induced decreases in torque, EMG AMP, or NME, and the mean decreases (collapsed across sex) were 50.3 ± 8.6 to 2.8 ± 2.9% MVIC, 54.7 ± 12.0 to 19.6 ± 5.3% MVIC, and 0.94 ± 0.19 to 0.34 ± 0.16, respectively. Furthermore, there were no differences between the women and men for TTF (251.8 ± 74.1 vs. 258.7 ± 77.9 s). CONCLUSION The results suggested that the voluntary reductions in torque to maintain RPE and the decreases in NME were likely due to group III/IV afferent feedback from peripheral fatigue that resulted in excitation-contraction coupling failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Smith
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA.
- , 840 N 14th Street, Lincoln, NE, 68508, USA.
| | - Terry J Housh
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - Jocelyn E Arnett
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - John Paul V Anders
- The Exercise Science Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43017, USA
| | - Tyler J Neltner
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - Dolores G Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68510, USA
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Seabury T, Benton D, Young HA. Interoceptive differences in elite sprint and long-distance runners: A multidimensional investigation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278067. [PMID: 36696380 PMCID: PMC9876362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoception, the process of detecting and interpreting bodily sensations, may facilitate self-regulation and thereby play a crucial role in achieving elite performance in competitive sports. However, there is a lack of research conducted in world-class athletes. In the present research, two studies examined self-reported (interoceptive sensibility) and behavioural (interoceptive accuracy) interoception in elite (top 100 ranking) sprint and long-distance runners, and non-athletes. Study 1 used the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Questionnaire. Sprinters reported having better regulation of attention to internal sensations, greater emotional awareness, better self-regulation, and reported a greater propensity to listen to their body for insight, than distance runners. Compared to non-athletes, sprinters and distance runners had more bodily trust, attention regulation, and self-regualtion. Additionally, elite athletes reported lower emotional awareness, self-regulation, and body listening. Study 2 examined cardioception using two tasks: The Heartbeat Counting Task, and The Heartbeat Detection Task. Elite and non-elite runners performed the tasks under two conditions; in silence, and whilst listening to pre-recorded crowd noise that simulated the live sounds of spectators during a sporting event. Sprinters and distance runners were able to maintain heartbeat detection accuracy when distracted, whereas non-athletes could not. Across both tasks, compared to non-athletes, sprinters and distance runners were more confident than non-athletes in their interoceptive percept. Additionally, elite athletes compared to non-elite athletes were less accurate when counting their heartbeat and were characterised by a higher interoceptive prediction error. Athletic populations have altered interoceptive abilities.
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Influence of an Upper Limb Isometric Task in Perceived and Performance Fatigability of Elderly Subjects: A Quasi-Experimental Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081175. [PMID: 36009802 PMCID: PMC9405323 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Isometric activity can be used as a strategy to improve health, fitness, and functional performance in the elderly population, but differences in fatigability may occur. This study aimed to understand fatigability behavior during an upper limb isometric task (ULIT) and the role of health status and physical activity in the fatigability of elderly participants. Thirty-two (32) elderly participants (72.5 ± 5.18 years) were instructed to perform ULIT. The Borg CR10 scale and task failure point (TTF) were used to measure perceived and performance fatigability. Self-reported measures were used to assess the quality of life and physical activity level. A significant relationship between perceived and performance fatigability was found only in the final phase of activity (p < 0.01). Significant correlations were found between perceived fatigability and the social functioning dimension (p < 0.05), and between performance fatigability (TTF) and BMI (p < 0.01), physical functioning (p < 0.01), and role functioning/physical (p < 0.05) dimensions. In conclusion, ULIT produces changes in fatigability of elderly people, which are positively related in the final stage of the activity. Changes in fatigability are negatively related to BMI. It is also negatively related to health, social functioning, physical functioning and role functioning/physical quality of life dimensions.
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