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Phan J, Calvo DC, Nair D, Jain S, Montagne T, Dietsche S, Blanchard K, Treadwell S, Adams J, Krajmalnik-Brown R. Precision synbiotics increase gut microbiome diversity and improve gastrointestinal symptoms in a pilot open-label study for autism spectrum disorder. mSystems 2024; 9:e0050324. [PMID: 38661344 PMCID: PMC11097633 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00503-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of prebiotics and probiotics (synbiotics when combined) to improve symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has shown considerable inter-study variation, likely due to the complex, heterogeneous nature of the disorder and its associated behavioral, developmental, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Here, we present a precision synbiotic supplementation study in 296 children and adults diagnosed with ASD versus 123 age-matched neurotypical controls. One hundred seventy ASD participants completed the study. Baseline and post-synbiotic assessment of ASD and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and deep metagenomic sequencing were performed. Within the ASD cohort, there were significant differences in microbes between subpopulations based on the social responsiveness scale (SRS2) survey (Prevotella spp., Bacteroides, Fusicatenibacter, and others) and gluten and dairy-free diets (Bifidobacterium spp., Lactococcus, Streptococcus spp., and others). At the baseline, the ASD cohort maintained a lower taxonomic alpha diversity and significant differences in taxonomic composition, metabolic pathways, and gene families, with a greater proportion of potential pathogens, including Shigella, Klebsiella, and Clostridium, and lower proportions of beneficial microbes, including Faecalibacterium compared to controls. Following the 3-month synbiotic supplementation, the ASD cohort showed increased taxonomic alpha diversity, shifts in taxonomy and metabolic pathway potential, and improvements in some ASD-related symptoms, including a significant reduction in GI discomfort and overall improved language, comprehension, cognition, thinking, and speech. However, the open-label study design may include some placebo effects. In summary, we found that precision synbiotics modulated the gut microbiome and could be used as supplementation to improve gastrointestinal and ASD-related symptoms. IMPORTANCE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is prevalent in 1 out of 36 children in the United States and contributes to health, financial, and psychological burdens. Attempts to identify a gut microbiome signature of ASD have produced varied results. The limited pre-clinical and clinical population sizes have hampered the success of these trials. To understand the microbiome associated with ASD, we employed whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing to classify microbial composition and genetic functional potential. Despite being one of the most extensive ASD post-synbiotic assessment studies, the results highlight the complexity of performing such a case-control supplementation study in this population and the potential for a future therapeutic approach in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann Phan
- Sun Genomics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Diana C. Calvo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Construction Management, and Environmental Engineering, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Divya Nair
- Sun Genomics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Suneer Jain
- Sun Genomics, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James Adams
- Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Forouhandeh H, Soofiyani SR, Hosseini K, Beirami SM, Ahangari H, Moammer Y, Ebrahimzadeh S, Nejad MK, Farjami A, Khodaiefar F, Tarhriz V. Modulation of the Immune System Mechanisms using Probiotic Bacteria in Allergic Diseases: Focus on Allergic Retinitis and Food Allergies. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 18:11-26. [PMID: 37842889 DOI: 10.2174/0127722708246899230928080651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Allergic illnesses occur when an organism's immune system is excessively responsive to certain antigens, such as those that are presented in the environment. Some people suffer from a wide range of immune system-related illnesses including allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, hay fever, and even anaphylaxis. Immunotherapy and medications are frequently used to treat allergic disorders. The use of probiotics in bacteriotherapy has lately gained interest. Probiotics are essential to human health by modulating the gut microbiota in some ways. Due to probiotics' immunomodulatory properties present in the gut microbiota of all animals, including humans, these bacterial strains can prevent a wide variety of allergic disorders. Probiotic treatment helps allergy patients by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and enhancing intestinal permeability, which is important in the battle against allergy. By altering the balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses in the intestinal mucosa, probiotics can heal allergic disorders. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between probiotics and a reduced risk of allergy disorders. A wide range of allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic retinitis and food allergies has been proven to benefit from probiotic bacteria. Therefore, the use of probiotics in the treatment of allergic diseases offers a promising perspective. Considering that probiotic intervention in the treatment of diseases is a relatively new field of study, more studies in this regard seem necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Forouhandeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamran Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sohrab Minaei Beirami
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Ahangari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yusif Moammer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Ebrahimzadeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Kashef Nejad
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodaiefar
- Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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de la Rubia Ortí JE, Moneti C, Serrano-Ballesteros P, Castellano G, Bayona-Babiloni R, Carriquí-Suárez AB, Motos-Muñoz M, Proaño B, Benlloch M. Liposomal Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate for the Treatment of Intestinal Dysbiosis in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3265. [PMID: 37513683 PMCID: PMC10383799 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by varying degrees of difficulty in social interaction and communication. These deficits are often associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, indicating alterations in both intestinal microbiota composition and metabolic activities. The intestinal microbiota influences the function and development of the nervous system. In individuals with ASD, there is an increase in bacterial genera such as Clostridium, as well as species involved in the synthesis of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) like Prevotella copri. Conversely, decreased amounts of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. are observed. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the polyphenols with the greatest beneficial activity on microbial growth, and its consumption is associated with reduced psychological distress. Therefore, the objective of this review is to analyze how EGCG and its metabolites can improve the microbial dysbiosis present in ASD and its impact on the pathology. The analysis reveals that EGCG inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria like Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile. Moreover, it increases the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia spp. As a result, EGCG demonstrates efficacy in increasing the production of metabolites involved in maintaining epithelial integrity and improving brain function. This identifies EGCG as highly promising for complementary treatment in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costanza Moneti
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Castellano
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno (CITSAM), Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Bayona-Babiloni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Carriquí-Suárez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Motos-Muñoz
- Department of Personality Psychology, Treatment and Methodology, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Child Neurorehabilitation Unit, Manises Hospital, 46940 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén Proaño
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain
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Zhang L, Xu Y, Sun S, Liang C, Li W, Li H, Zhang X, Pang D, Li M, Li H, Lang Y, Liu J, Jiang S, Shi X, Li B, Yang Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Song C, Duan G, Leavenworth JW, Wang X, Zhu C. Integrative analysis of γδT cells and dietary factors reveals predictive values for autism spectrum disorder in children. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:76-89. [PMID: 37011865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes a range of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disabilities characterized by a variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Immunological abnormalities have been considered to play important roles in the pathogenesis of ASD, but it is still unknown which abnormalities are more prominent. METHODS A total of 105 children with ASD and 105 age and gender-matched typically developing (TD) children were recruited. An eating and mealtime behavior questionnaire, dietary habits, and the Bristol Stool Scale were investigated. The immune cell profiles in peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry, and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α) in plasma were examined by Luminex assay. The obtained results were further validated using an external validation cohort including 82 children with ASD and 51 TD children. RESULTS Compared to TD children, children with ASD had significant eating and mealtime behavioral changes and gastrointestinal symptoms characterized by increased food fussiness and emotional eating, decreased fruit and vegetable consumption, and increased stool astriction. The proportion of γδT cells was significantly higher in children with ASD than TD children (β: 0.156; 95% CI: 0.888 ∼ 2.135, p < 0.001) even after adjusting for gender, eating and mealtime behaviors, and dietary habits. In addition, the increased γδT cells were evident in all age groups (age < 48 months: β: 0.288; 95% CI: 0.420 ∼ 4.899, p = 0.020; age ≥ 48 months: β: 0.458; 95% CI: 0.694 ∼ 9.352, p = 0.024), as well as in boys (β: 0.174; 95% CI: 0.834 ∼ 2.625, p < 0.001) but not in girls. These findings were also confirmed by an external validation cohort. Furthermore, IL-17, but not IFN-γ, secretion by the circulating γδT cells was increased in ASD children. Machine learning revealed that the area under the curve in nomogram plots for increased γδT cells combined with eating behavior/dietary factors was 0.905, which held true in both boys and girls and in all the age groups of ASD children. The decision curves showed that children can receive significantly higher diagnostic benefit within the threshold probability range from 0 to 1.0 in the nomogram model. CONCLUSIONS Children with ASD present with divergent eating and mealtime behaviors and dietary habits as well as gastrointestinal symptoms. In peripheral blood, γδT cells but not αβT cells are associated with ASD. The increased γδT cells combined with eating and mealtime behavior/dietary factors have a high value for assisting in the diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Clinical Research Center for Child Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Clinical Research Center for Child Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Cailing Liang
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Clinical Research Center for Child Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Clinical Research Center for Child Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Clinical Research Center for Child Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Dizhou Pang
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Mengyue Li
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yongbin Lang
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jiatian Liu
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shuqin Jiang
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shi
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guiqin Duan
- Center for Child Behavioral Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Clinical Research Center for Child Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Centre of Perinatal Medicine and Health, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Clinical Research Center for Child Neurological Disorders, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 40530, Sweden.
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Inchingolo AM, Patano A, Piras F, Mancini A, Inchingolo AD, Paduanelli G, Inchingolo F, Palermo A, Dipalma G, Malcangi G. Interconnection between Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder Comparing Therapeutic Options: A Scoping Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1477. [PMID: 37374979 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental illnesses characterized by difficulty in social communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. These clinical diagnostic criteria can be seen in children as early as one year old and are commonly associated with long-term difficulties. ASD is connected with a higher frequency of various medical diseases such as gastrointestinal complaints, seizures, anxiety, interrupted sleep, and immunological dysfunction, in addition to the range of developmental abnormalities listed. METHODS From 1 January 2013 to 28 February 2023, we searched PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for English-language papers that matched our topic. The following Boolean keywords were utilized in the search approach: "autism" AND "microbiota". After deleting duplicates, a total of 2370 publications were found from the databases, yielding 1222 articles. (1148). Nine hundred and eighty-eight items were excluded after their titles and abstracts were scrutinized. The method resulted in the removal of 174 items for being off-topic. The final 18 articles for qualitative analysis are included in the evaluation. CONCLUSION The findings of this extensive study revealed that probiotics, prebiotics, their combination as synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and microbiota transfer therapy may benefit ASD patients suffering from both gastrointestinal and central nervous system symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Assunta Patano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Piras
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gregorio Paduanelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Implant Dentistry College of Medicine and Dentistry Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Yano N, Hosokawa K. The importance of comprehensive support based on the three pillars of exercise, nutrition, and sleep for improving core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1119142. [PMID: 37260760 PMCID: PMC10228143 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-V, which first described ASD, lists persistent deficits in social communication and interrelationships, as well as limited and recurrent modes of behavior, interests, and activities as diagnostic items. Until recently, understanding the pathophysiology of ASD has been mostly from a neurophysiological perspective, and interventions have been mostly behavioral and psychological. In recent years, however, it has become clear that ASD also affects many bodily systems, including the immune system, the sensorimotor system, and the gut-brain axis, and that these factors simultaneously influence it. In light of this background, a new "connectivome theory" has been proposed as a hypothesis for understanding ASD. "Exercise," "nutrition," and "sleep," which are discussed in this mini-review, have a particularly strong relationship with the immune, musculoskeletal, and gut systems among the pathologies mentioned in the "connectivome theory," furthermore, many reports suggest improvements in stereo-responsive behavior and social and communication skills, which are the core symptoms of ASD. In addition, these interventions are characterized by being less subject to location and cost limitations and excel in the continuity of therapeutic intervention, and the three interventions may have a reciprocal positive impact and may function as three pillars to support ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yano
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Doctoral Course, Kagoshima University Graduate School, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosokawa
- Department of Child Care and Education, Odawara Junior College, Nagoya, Japan
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Role of the Gut–Brain Axis, Gut Microbial Composition, Diet, and Probiotic Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081544. [PMID: 36013962 PMCID: PMC9412530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disease, affecting 1% of seniors worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) is one of the key access controls for most diseases and disorders. Disturbance in the GM creates an imbalance in the function and circulation of metabolites, resulting in unhealthy conditions. Any dysbiosis could affect the function of the gut, consequently disturbing the equilibrium in the intestine, and provoking pro-inflammatory conditions in the gut lumen, which send signals to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus enteric nervous system, possibly disturbing the blood–brain barrier. The neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain cause accumulation of α-syn, and progressively develop PD. An important aspect of understanding and treating the disease is access to broad knowledge about the influence of dietary supplements on GM. Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic supplementation improves the function of the CNS, and improves the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Probiotic supplementation could be an adjuvant therapeutic method to manage PD. This review summarizes the role of GM in health, the GM–brain axis, the pathogenesis of PD, the role of GM and diet in PD, and the influence of probiotic supplementation on PD. The study encourages further detailed clinical trials in PD patients with probiotics, which aids in determining the involvement of GM, intestinal mediators, and neurological mediators in the treatment or management of PD.
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Varela-Trinidad GU, Domínguez-Díaz C, Solórzano-Castanedo K, Íñiguez-Gutiérrez L, Hernández-Flores TDJ, Fafutis-Morris M. Probiotics: Protecting Our Health from the Gut. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071428. [PMID: 35889147 PMCID: PMC9316266 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) comprises billions of microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract. This microbial community exerts numerous physiological functions. Prominent among these functions is the effect on host immunity through the uptake of nutrients that strengthen intestinal cells and cells involved in the immune response. The physiological functions of the GM are not limited to the gut, but bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiota and various extraintestinal organs have been identified. These interactions have been termed interorganic axes by several authors, among which the gut–brain, gut–skin, gut–lung, gut–heart, and gut–metabolism axes stand out. It has been shown that an organism is healthy or in homeostasis when the GM is in balance. However, altered GM or dysbiosis represents a critical factor in the pathogenesis of many local and systemic diseases. Therefore, probiotics intervene in this context, which, according to various published studies, allows balance to be maintained in the GM, leading to an individual’s good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Urait Varela-Trinidad
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunología y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (G.U.V.-T.); (C.D.-D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología (CIINDE), Calzada del Federalismo Nte 3102, Zapopan 45190, Mexico
| | - Carolina Domínguez-Díaz
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Con Orientaciones en Inmunología y Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (G.U.V.-T.); (C.D.-D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología (CIINDE), Calzada del Federalismo Nte 3102, Zapopan 45190, Mexico
| | - Karla Solórzano-Castanedo
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Liliana Íñiguez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Coronel Calderón 777, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (L.Í.-G.); (T.d.J.H.-F.)
| | - Teresita de Jesús Hernández-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Coronel Calderón 777, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico; (L.Í.-G.); (T.d.J.H.-F.)
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosóficas Metodológicas e Intrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y Dermatología (CIINDE), Calzada del Federalismo Nte 3102, Zapopan 45190, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-33-1411-4590
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