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Wei MZ, Chen L, Zhang R, Chen Z, Shen YJ, Zhou BJ, Wang KG, Shan CL, Zhu EP, Cheng ZT. Overview of the recent advances in porcine epidemic diarrhea vaccines. Vet J 2024; 304:106097. [PMID: 38479492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing and controlling porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Conventional vaccines developed from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) GI-a subtypes (CV777 and SM98) have played a vital role in preventing classical PED. However, with the emergence of PEDV mutants in 2010, conventional PEDV GI-a subtype-targeting vaccines no longer provide adequate protection against PEDV GII mutants, thereby making novel-type PED vaccine development an urgent concern to be addressed. Novel vaccines, including nucleic acid vaccines, genetically engineered subunit vaccines, and live vector vaccines, are associated with several advantages, such as high safety and stability, clear targeting, high yield, low cost, and convenient usage. These vaccines can be combined with corresponding ELISA kits to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, which is beneficial for disease confirmation. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent advancements in PED vaccines, emphasizing on the research and application evaluation of novel PED vaccines. It also considers the future directions and challenges in advancing these vaccines to widespread use in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Zhan Wei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan-Juan Shen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bi-Jun Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kai-Gong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun-Lan Shan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Er-Peng Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhen-Tao Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Li Z, Chen X, Ma C, Du X, Zhang Y. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 does not facilitate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus entry into porcine intestinal epithelial cells and inhibits it-induced inflammatory injury by promoting STAT1 phosphorylation. Virus Res 2024; 340:199300. [PMID: 38092254 PMCID: PMC10761916 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
ACE2 has been confirmed to be a functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, but research on animal coronaviruses, especially PEDV, are still unknown. The present study investigated whether ACE2 plays a role in receptor recognition and subsequent infection during PEDV invasion of host cells. IPEC-J2 cells stably expressing porcine ACE2 did not increase the production of PEDV-N but inhibited its expression. Porcine ACE2 knockout cells was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in IPEC-J2 cells. The expression of PEDV-N did not decrease but slightly increased. The Co-IP results showed that there was no significant association between ACE2 and PEDV-S. There were no obvious interaction between PEDV-S, PEDV-E, PEDV-M and porcine ACE2 promoters, but PEDV-N could inhibit the activity of ACE2 promoters. PEDV-N degraded STAT1 and prevented its phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting the expression of interferon-stimulated genes. Repeated infection of PEDV further confirmed the above results. PEDV activated ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis, while ACE2-Ang (1-7)-MasR axis activity was decreased and inflammatory response was intensified. However, excess ACE2 can reverse this reaction. These results reveal that ACE2 does not facilitate PEDV entry into cells, but relieves PEDV-induced inflammation by promoting STAT1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xueqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Li X, Wu Y, Yan Z, Li G, Luo J, Huang S, Guo X. A Comprehensive View on the Protein Functions of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:165. [PMID: 38397155 PMCID: PMC10887554 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) is one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and fattening pigs. The clinical signs of PED are vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality resulting in significant economic losses and becoming a major challenge in the pig industry. PEDV possesses various crucial structural and functional proteins, which play important roles in viral structure, infection, replication, assembly, and release, as well as in escaping host innate immunity. Over the past few years, there has been progress in the study of PEDV pathogenesis, revealing the crucial role of the interaction between PEDV viral proteins and host cytokines in PEDV infection. At present, the main control measure against PEDV is vaccine immunization of sows, but the protective effect for emerging virus strains is still insufficient, and there is no ideal safe and efficient vaccine. Although scientists have persistently delved their research into the intricate structure and functionalities of the PEDV genome and viral proteins for years, the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we focus on reviewing the research progress of PEDV structural and nonstructural proteins to facilitate the understanding of biological processes such as PEDV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Yiwan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Zhibin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
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Guo Y, Sui L, Kong D, Liu D, Gao Y, Jiang Y, Cui W, Li J, Li Y, Wang L. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain CH/HLJ/18 isolated in China: characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Virol J 2024; 21:28. [PMID: 38268010 PMCID: PMC10807084 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an infectious disease of the digestive tract caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), characterized by vomiting, severe diarrhea, and high mortality rates in piglets. In recent years, the distribution of this disease in China has remarkably increased, and its pathogenicity has also increased. PEDV has been identified as the main cause of viral diarrhea in piglets. This study aimed to understand the genetic evolution and diversity of PEDV to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new vaccines and the prevention and treatment of PED. METHODS A PEDV strain was isolated from the small intestine of a diarrheal piglet using Vero cells. The virus was identified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and transmission electron microscopy. The whole genome sequence was sequenced, phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA (version 7.0), and recombination analysis was performed using RDP4 and SimPlot. The S protein amino acid sequence was aligned using Cluster X (version 2.0), and the S protein was modeled using SWISS-MODEL to compare differences in structure and antigenicity. Finally, the piglets were inoculated with PEDV to evaluate its pathogenicity in newborn piglets. RESULT PEDV strain CH/HLJ/18 was isolated. CH/HLJ/18 shared 89.4-99.2% homology with 52 reference strains of PEDV belonging to the GII-a subgroup. It was a recombinant strain of PEDV BJ-2011-1 and PEDV CH_hubei_2016 with a breakpoint located in ORF1b. Unique amino acid deletions and mutations were observed in the CH/HLJ/18 S protein. The piglets then developed severe watery diarrhea and died within 7 d of inoculation with CH/HLJ/18, suggesting that CH/HLJ/18 was highly pathogenic to newborn piglets. CONCLUSION A highly pathogenic recombinant PEDV GII-a strain, CH/HLJ/18, was identified in China, with unique deletion and mutation of amino acids in the S protein that may lead to changes in protein structure and antigenicity. These results will be crucial for understanding the prevalence and variation of PEDV and for preventing and controlling PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ling Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Deming Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dan Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yueyi Gao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Wen Y, Chen R, Yang J, Yu E, Liu W, Liao Y, Wen Y, Wu R, Zhao Q, Du S, Yan Q, Han X, Cao S, Huang X. Identification of potential SLA-I-specific T-cell epitopes within the structural proteins of porcine deltacoronavirus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126327. [PMID: 37579907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that mainly threatens newborn piglets and poses a potential broad cross-species transmission risk. The antigenic epitopes of PDCoV are currently unidentified, and no information about T cell epitopes is available. Here, T-cell epitopes of PDCoV structural proteins were predicted using computational methods. 17 epitope peptides were synthesized and then screened using ELIspot, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), and RT-qPCR detection of IFN-γ mRNA to evaluate their ability to elicit interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PDCoV-challenged pigs. Five peptides (M1, M2, M3, N6, and S4) elicited high levels of IFN-γ and were investigated further as potential T-cell epitope candidates. All five peptides were cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, and two peptides (M3, N6) were recognized simultaneously by CD8 + and CD4 + T cells. A multi-epitope peptide combining the five epitopes (designated "5T") was synthesized and its immune response and protection efficacy was evaluated in a piglet model. ELISpot assay results indicated that 5T induces robust epitope-specific cellular immune responses. Four epitopes (M1, M2, N6, S4) elicited IFN-γ responses in 5T-vaccinated piglets. No obvious protection efficacy was detected in piglets vaccinated with 5T alone. Our results provide valuable information concerning PDCoV-related antigenic epitopes and will be useful in the design of epitope-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junpeng Yang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Enbo Yu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weizhe Liu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yijie Liao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Sichuan Science-Observation Experimental Station for Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Castañeda-Montes FJ, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, Castañeda-Montes MA, Cuevas-Romero JS, Mendoza-Elvira S. A Candidate Antigen of the Recombinant Membrane Protein Derived from the Porcine Deltacoronavirus Synthetic Gene to Detect Seropositive Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051049. [PMID: 37243136 DOI: 10.3390/v15051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emergent swine coronavirus which infects cells from the small intestine and induces watery diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration, causing mortality in piglets (>40%). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the recombinant membrane protein (M) of PDCoV (rM-PDCoV), which was developed from a synthetic gene obtained after an in silico analysis with a group of 138 GenBank sequences. A 3D model and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the highly conserved M protein structure. Therefore, the synthetic gene was successfully cloned in a pETSUMO vector and transformed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The rM-PDCoV was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot with ~37.7 kDa. The rM-PDCoV immunogenicity was evaluated in immunized (BLAB/c) mice and iELISA. The data showed increased antibodies from 7 days until 28 days (p < 0.001). The rM-PDCoV antigenicity was analyzed using pig sera samples from three states located in "El Bajío" Mexico and positive sera were determined. Our results show that PDCoV has continued circulating on pig farms in Mexico since the first report in 2019; therefore, the impact of PDCoV on the swine industry could be higher than reported in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jesus Castañeda-Montes
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - María Azucena Castañeda-Montes
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México 05110, Mexico
| | - Susana Mendoza-Elvira
- Posgrado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Estado de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Wang X, Yang Y, Sun Z, Zhou X. Crystal structure of the membrane (M) protein from a bat betacoronavirus. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad021. [PMID: 36874273 PMCID: PMC9982069 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The membrane (M) protein is the most abundant structural protein of coronaviruses including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, and plays a central role in virus assembly through its interaction with various partner proteins. However, mechanistic details about how M protein interacts with others remain elusive due to lack of high-resolution structures. Here, we present the first crystal structure of a betacoronavirus M protein from Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 (batCOV5-M), which is closely related to MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 M proteins. Furthermore, an interaction analysis indicates that the carboxy-terminus of the batCOV5 nucleocapsid (N) protein mediates its interaction with batCOV5-M. Combined with a computational docking analysis an M-N interaction model is proposed, providing insight into the mechanism of M protein-mediated protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ziyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Chinabut P, Sawangkla N, Wattano S, Thavorasak T, Bootsongkorn W, Tungtrongchitr A, Ruenchit P. Formalin Inactivation of Virus for Safe Downstream Processing of Routine Stool Parasite Examination during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030466. [PMID: 36766571 PMCID: PMC9914773 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the parasitology laboratories dealing with fecal samples for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasitic infections are confronting the unsaved virus-containing samples. To allow for safe downstream processing of the fecal samples, a protocol for preparing a fecal smear is urgently needed. Formalin was tested with or without isotonic forms for virus inactivation using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a representative, as it belongs to the Coronaviridae family. The results revealed complete inactivation activity of 10% formalin and 10% isotonic formalin on coronavirus after 5 min of treatment at room temperature. Both also inhibited Naegleria fowleri growth after 5 min of treatment at 37 °C without disruption of the structure. In addition to these key findings, it was also found that isotonic formalin could stabilize both red and white blood cells when used as a solution to prepare fecal smears comparable to the standard method, highlighting its value for use instead of 0.9% normal saline solution for the quantification of blood cells without active virus. The 10% isotonic formalin is useful to safely prepare a fecal smear for the diagnosis of parasites and other infections of the gastrointestinal tract during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisith Chinabut
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Sawangkla
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suphaluck Wattano
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Techit Thavorasak
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Weluga Bootsongkorn
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pichet Ruenchit
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-24196484
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9
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Pewlaoo S, Phanthong S, Kong-Ngoen T, Santajit S, Tunyong W, Buranasinsup S, Kaeoket K, Thavorasak T, Pumirat P, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W, Indrawattana N. Development of a Rapid Reverse Transcription-Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Couple Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Method for Detecting Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071018. [PMID: 36101399 PMCID: PMC9312133 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection is an important acute diarrheal disease of swine especially in infected piglets can caused severe diarrhea, dehydration with difficulty in digesting milk curd, leading to death. The diagnosis of this viral infection is essential for monitoring and managing the disease. There is surprisingly little evidence such as easy rapid detection in the field. In this study, we developed rapid the reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification couple nucleic acid lateral flow for Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus detection targeted the membrane gene in the genome sequence of the virus. Herein, the results shown that the established assay is simple and rapid, increases high sensitivity and specificity, and can be applied in the field. Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection is an important acute diarrheal disease of swine that results in economic and industrial losses worldwide. The clinical manifestations in infected piglets are severe diarrhea, dehydration with milk curd indigestion, leading to death. The diagnosis of PEDV is essential for monitoring and managing the disease. PEDV can be detected and identified by serology and the nucleic acid of the virus in clinical samples. Therefore, a novel isothermal amplification and detection technique, reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification couple nucleic acid lateral flow (RT-RPA-NALF) was developed for the rapid detection of PEDV. Qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was established as the gold standard assay to compare results. Specific primer pairs and probes were designed, and RT-RPA conditions were optimized to amplify the M gene of PEDV. The established RT-RPA-NALF assay could finish in 25 min at a temperature of 42 °C and the amplicon interpreted by visual detection. The developed RT-RPA-NALF assay was specific to the M gene of PEDV, did not detect other common swine diarrhea pathogens, and showed minimal detection at 102 TCID50/mL PEDV. The RT-RPA-NALF assay can detect PEDV in 5 simulated fecal samples. Furthermore, in 60 clinical fecal samples, the results of RT-RPA-NALF correlated with RT-qPCR assay, which provides sensitivity of 95.65% and specificity of 100%, with a coincident rate of 98.33%. The rapid RT-RPA-NALF is simple and rapid, increases high sensitivity, and can be used in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seatthanan Pewlaoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.P.); (T.K.-N.); (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Siratcha Phanthong
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.S.)
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.T.); (W.C.)
| | - Thida Kong-Ngoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.P.); (T.K.-N.); (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Sirijan Santajit
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Witawat Tunyong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.P.); (T.K.-N.); (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Shutipen Buranasinsup
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Techit Thavorasak
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.T.); (W.C.)
| | - Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.P.); (T.K.-N.); (W.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (S.P.); (N.S.)
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (T.T.); (W.C.)
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.P.); (T.K.-N.); (W.T.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-354-9100 (ext. 1598)
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Saetang J, Tipmanee V, Benjakul S. In Silico Prediction of Cross-Reactive Epitopes of Tropomyosin from Shrimp and Other Arthropods Involved in Allergy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092667. [PMID: 35566021 PMCID: PMC9104922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin in shellfish is considered a major cross-reactive allergen in house dust mites and cockroaches; however, the specific epitopes have not been elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the consensus antigenic determinant among shrimp, house dust mites, and cockroaches using in silico methods. The protein sequences of tropomyosin, including Der f 10, Mac r 1, Pen a 1, Pen m 1, Per a 7, and Bla g 7, were retrieved from the UniProt database. The 3D structures were derived from the AlphaFold or modeled using the Robetta. The determination of linear epitopes was performed by AlgPRED and BepiPRED for B cell epitope, and NetMHCIIpan and NetMHCII for T cell epitope, while Ellipro was used to evaluate conformational epitopes. Fourteen peptides were discovered as the consensus linear B cell epitopes, while seventeen peptides were identified as linear T cell epitopes specific to high-frequency HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles. The conformational determination of B cell epitopes provided nine peptides, in which residues 209, 212, 255–256, and 258–259 were found in both linear B cell and linear T cell epitope analysis. This data could be utilized for further in vitro study and may contribute to immunotherapy for allergic diseases associated with tropomyosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirakrit Saetang
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- EZ-Mol-Design Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-7428-6337
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- EZ-Mol-Design Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
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