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Asencio P, García-Valverde A, Albaladejo-García C, Beato M, Moreno FJ, Sabido R. Analysis of Concentric and Eccentric Power in Flywheel Exercises Depending on the Subjects' Strength Level and Body Mass. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00456. [PMID: 38838215 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Asencio, P, García-Valverde, A, Albaladejo-García, C, Beato, M, Moreno-Hernández, FJ, and Sabido, R. Analysis of concentric and eccentric power in flywheel exercises depending on the subjects' strength level and body mass. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The objective of this study is to describe how flywheel exercise mechanical outputs are affected by the athletes' body mass (BM) and strength level and by the exercise type. Forty-six recreational athletes came to a laboratory 3 times. On the first day, descriptive data, squat (1 repetition maximum: 1RM) and flywheel familiarization were performed. After a second day of familiarization, subjects performed a randomized flywheel exercise-testing protocol of squat and split squat exercises. The variables used for data analysis were peak concentric power and peak eccentric power, eccentric/concentric ratio, and their relationship with 1RM/BM. Subjects were assigned to a stronger or weaker group according to their 1RM/BM ratio. Group differences were found in absolute values of eccentric overload (EOL) (p < 0.01; effect size [ES] = 0.51) and EOL/BM (p < 0.01; ES = 0.46) only in the split squat. Absolute power values in the concentric phase showed differences between inertial load (p < 0.01; ES = 0.41). The stronger group did not present significant differences between inertial loads during squat (p < 0.01; ES = 0.46), but they showed different ratios with light inertias in comparison with the weaker group (p < 0.01; ES = 0.46). There were significant differences between groups with light inertias in split squat (nondominant) and squat exercises (p < 0.05; ES = 0.29) in the eccentric and concentric phases (p < 0.116; ES = 0.20). Squat and split squat exercises present different profiles depending on the training level. In conclusion, it is recommended that practitioners perform a test to understand the inertial load-power profile (concentric, eccentric, and their ratio) for each exercise and also consider the user's strength level for selection of the inertial load and for the exercise to use in training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Asencio
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | | | | | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sport Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Moreno
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Rafael Sabido
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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Asencio P, Moreno FJ, Hernández-Davó JL, Sabido R. Effects of variable intensity and constant intensity flywheel resistance training programs on specific soccer players' performance. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1375438. [PMID: 38872837 PMCID: PMC11169896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1375438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance training programs play a crucial role in optimizing soccer performance. The aim of this study is to compare performance outcomes in sport-specific tasks after implementing two different flywheel resistance training (FRT) programs: variable intensity (VI) and constant intensity (CI). Seventeen (n = 17) amateur footballers were divided into VI and CI groups with the same training volume. For the VI group, a decrease in inertial load was implemented every four sessions, whereas the CI group maintained a constant load during the entire program. After different familiarization sessions and testing (sprint, change of direction, jump, one-repetition maximum and flywheel strength variables), ten sessions of FRT were performed over 5 weeks. Both groups showed similar improvements in the one-repetition maximum (p < 0.01) but the CI group had significant improvements in the 10-m sprint (p = 0.04; ES = 0.72), emphasizing the potential benefits of medium inertial loads to maximize power and specificity in sport tasks. However, no significant differences were observed in the countermovement jump, change of direction and 30-m sprint, possibly attributed to neuromuscular fatigue from a high-volume training schedule and friendly matches. The study highlights the importance of considering training load distribution in FRT programs. The findings emphasize the need for complementary training to maximize the jump and change of direction abilities and caution against high-volume training and friendly match scenarios. In conclusion, FRT programs, whether varying in intensity or not, can yield medium-term performance improvements for soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Asencio
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Moreno
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Sabido
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
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Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen W, Fu H, Zhang M, Fan Y. The effect of flywheel complex training with eccentric-overload on muscular adaptation in elite female volleyball players. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17079. [PMID: 38525282 PMCID: PMC10961060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks (24 sessions) between flywheel complex training with eccentric overload and traditional complex training of well-trained volleyball players on muscle adaptation, including hypertrophy, strength, and power variables. Fourteen athletes were recruited and randomly divided into the flywheel complex training with an eccentric-overload group (FCTEO, n = 7) and the control group (the traditional complex training group, TCT, n = 7). Participants performed half-squats using a flywheel device or Smith machine and drop jumps, with three sets of eight repetitions and three sets of 12 repetitions, respectively. The variables assessed included the muscle thickness at the proximal, mid, and distal sections of the quadriceps femoris, maximal half-squats strength (1RM-SS), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and three-step approach jump (AJ). In addition, a two-way repeated ANOVA analysis was used to find differences between the two groups and between the two testing times (pre-test vs. post-test). The indicators of the FCTEO group showed a significantly better improvement (p < 0.05) in CMJ (height: ES = 0.648, peak power: ES = 0.750), AJ (height: ES = 0.537, peak power: ES = 0.441), 1RM-SS (ES = 0.671) compared to the TCT group and the muscle thicknes at the mid of the quadriceps femoris (ES = 0.504) after FCTEO training. Since volleyball requires lower limb strength and explosive effort during repeated jumps and spiking, these results suggest that FCTEO affects muscular adaptation in a way that improves performance in well-trained female volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoqin Wang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | | | - Honghao Fu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Beato M, de Keijzer KL, Muñoz-Lopez A, Raya-González J, Pozzo M, Alkner BA, Dello Iacono A, Vicens-Bordas J, Coratella G, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Gonzalo-Skok O, McErlain-Naylor SA, Martin-Rivera F, Hernandez-Davo JL, Arrones LS, Sabido R, de Hoyo M, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Norrbrand L. Current Guidelines for the Implementation of Flywheel Resistance Training Technology in Sports: A Consensus Statement. Sports Med 2024; 54:541-556. [PMID: 38175461 PMCID: PMC10978721 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flywheel resistance training has become more integrated within resistance training programs in a variety of sports due to the neuromuscular, strength, and task-specific enhancements reported with this training. OBJECTIVE This paper aimed to present the consensus reached by internationally recognized experts during a meeting on current definitions and guidelines for the implementation of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. METHODS Nineteen experts from different countries took part in the consensus process; 16 of them were present at the consensus meeting (18 May 2023) while three submitted their recommendations by e-mail. Prior to the meeting, evidence summaries were developed relating to areas of priority. This paper discusses the available evidence and consensus process from which recommendations were made regarding the appropriate use of flywheel resistance training technology in sports. The process to gain consensus had five steps: (1) performing a systematic review of systematic reviews, (2) updating the most recent umbrella review published on this topic, (3) first round discussion among a sample of the research group included in this consensus statement, (4) selection of research group members-process of the consensus meeting and formulation of the recommendations, and (5) the consensus process. The systematic analysis of the literature was performed to select the most up-to-date review papers available on the topic, which resulted in nine articles; their methodological quality was assessed according to AMSTAR 2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Review 2) and GRADE (Grading Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation). Statements and recommendations scoring 7-9 were considered appropriate. RESULTS The recommendations were based on the evidence summary and researchers' expertise; the consensus statement included three statements and seven recommendations for the use of flywheel resistance training technology. These statements and recommendations were anonymously voted on and qualitatively analyzed. The three statements reported a score ranging from 8.1 to 8.8, and therefore, all statements included in this consensus were considered appropriate. The recommendations (1-7) had a score ranging from 7.7 to 8.6, and therefore, all recommendations were considered appropriate. CONCLUSIONS Because of the consensus achieved among the experts in this project, it is suggested that practitioners and researchers should adopt the guidelines reported in this consensus statement regarding the use of flywheel resistance technology in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK.
| | | | - Alejandro Muñoz-Lopez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Marco Pozzo
- Master de Fútbol, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- SmartCoach Technologies, Inc., Seville, Spain
| | - Björn A Alkner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eksjö, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland
| | - Jordi Vicens-Bordas
- Sport, Exercise, and Human Movement (SEaHM), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Martin-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Sabido
- Sport Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Moises de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Performance Department, Aston Villa Football Club, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Norrbrand
- Division of Environmental Physiology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
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Younes-Egaña O, Bird SP, Calleja-González J. From Theory to Practice: A Worldwide Cross-Sectional Survey About Flywheel Training in Basketball. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:185-194. [PMID: 38134893 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the global implementation of flywheel training (FT) by basketball strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches in various contexts, encompassing daily practice, games, and sessions. METHODS Survey data were collected from 117 basketball S&C coaches who participated in a 24-question online survey. The survey was structured into 6 key areas, including country and competition, S&C coach context, training methodology, flywheel and competition, postactivation performance enhancement, and recovery. RESULTS Notably, all respondents emphasized the necessity of a familiarization period with flywheel technology, with a substantial 96% indicating that FT yielded improved player performance on the court. The predominant mention was the conical pulley system. During the season, the prevalent approach involved integrating FT into training twice a week, allocating <15 minutes per session, often in conjunction with traditional strength training. A diverse array of lower-body closed kinetic chain exercises were reported, encompassing squats, decelerations, and backward lunges. Intriguingly, FT implementation on match days was unlikely (77%), with the primary aims cited as injury prevention (34%) and enhancing players' strength levels during various phases of the regular season (27%). CONCLUSIONS Recognizing its inherent limitations, this descriptive study provides valuable contextual insights and practical applications for professional basketball practitioners grappling with the utilization of FT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen P Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Shimizu T, Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, Izumi S, Ochi E. Effects of single and repeated bouts of flywheel exercise on jump performance and muscle damage in athletes and non athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:9. [PMID: 38167075 PMCID: PMC10763137 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent studies have investigated the effects of flywheel (FW) training on muscle function, the effects of transient FW exercise on jump performance in athletes are unknown. This study examined the effects of single and repeated bouts of FW squat exercises on jump performance and muscle damage in male collegiate basketball players. METHODS The participants were 10 healthy college-age men (nonathletes) and 11 male basketball players (athletes). The intervention involved 100 squat exercises (10 repetitions × 10 sets) using an FW device. To examine the repeated-bout effects, the protocol was conducted again after a 2-week interval. Squat jumps, countermovement jumps, drop jumps, and rebound jumps were evaluated as jump performance, while isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque in knee extension, muscle soreness, range of motion, thigh circumference, muscle thickness, and echo intensity were evaluated as markers of muscle damage. Measurements were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, 24 h later, and 72 h later. RESULTS The jump performance of nonathletes decreased after exercise (p < 0.05), while that of the athletes did not. The results were similar for muscle soreness. MVC torque decreased significantly after the first exercise in both groups (p < 0.05) and was significantly lower in the nonathletes versus athletes. Significant repeated-bout effects were found for muscle soreness in nonathletes but not athletes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a single bout of FW exercise reduces jump performance in male nonathletes but not basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shimizu
- Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, 2-51-4, Higashiikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo, 170-8445, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuchiya
- Center for Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, 1518, Kamikurata-Cho, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-8539, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ueda
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-1, Uruidominami, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-0193, Japan
| | - Shigeki Izumi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 4342, Aihara-Cho, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0298, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
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de Keijzer KL, McErlain-Naylor SA, Beato M. Six Weeks of Unilateral Flywheel Hip-Extension and Leg-Curl Training Improves Flywheel Eccentric Peak Power but Does Not Enhance Hamstring Isokinetic or Isometric Strength. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:34-43. [PMID: 37917962 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This preregistered trial investigated how 6 weeks of unilateral flywheel leg-curl and hip-extension training impact isokinetic, isometric, and flywheel strength and power outcomes. METHODS The study involved 11 male university athletes (age 22 [2] y; body mass 77.2 [11.3] kg; height 1.74 [0.09] m) with one leg randomly allocated to flywheel training and one leg to control. Unilateral eccentric and isometric knee-flexion torque and flywheel unilateral leg-curl and hip-extension peak power were tested. Training intensity and volume (3-4 sets of 6 + 2 repetitions) were progressively increased. RESULTS The intervention enhanced hip-extension concentric (P < .01, d = 1.76, large) and eccentric (P < .01, d = 1.33, large) peak power more than the control (significant interaction effect). Similarly, eccentric (P = .023, d = 1.05, moderate) peak power was enhanced for the leg curl. No statistically significant differences between conditions were found for isokinetic eccentric (P = .086, d = 0.77, moderate) and isometric (P = .431, d = 0.36, small) knee-flexor strength or leg-curl concentric peak power (P = .339, d = 0.52, small). Statistical parametric mapping analysis of torque-angle curves also revealed no significant (P > .05) time-limb interaction effect at any joint angle. CONCLUSION Unilateral flywheel hamstring training improved knee-flexor eccentric peak power during unilateral flywheel exercise but not flywheel concentric, isokinetic eccentric, or isometric (long-lever) knee-flexor strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A McErlain-Naylor
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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Petré H, Ovendal A, Westblad N, Ten Siethoff L, Rosdahl H, Psilander N. Effect of the Intrasession Exercise Order of Flywheel Resistance and High-Intensity Interval Training on Maximal Strength and Power Performance in Elite Team-Sport Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2389-2396. [PMID: 37389921 PMCID: PMC10671210 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Petré, H, Ovendal, A, Westblad, N, Ten Siethoff, L, Rosdahl, H, and Psilander, N. Effect of the intrasession exercise order of flywheel resistance and high-intensity interval training on maximal strength and power performance in elite team-sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2389–2396, 2023—This study aimed to investigate the effect of intrasession exercise order of maximal effort flywheel resistance training (RT; 4 × 6 repetitions [rep]) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 2–4 × 8 rep of 20 second at 130% of Watt at V̇o 2max [wV̇o 2max]), on the development of maximal strength and power in elite team-sport athletes. A 7-week training intervention involving 2 training sessions per week of either HIIT followed by RT (HIIT + RT, n = 8), RT followed by HIIT (RT + HIIT, n = 8), or RT alone (RT, n = 7) was conducted in 23 elite male bandy players (24.7 ± 4.3 years). Power and work were continuously measured during the flywheel RT. Isometric squat strength (ISq), countermovement jump, squat jump, and V̇o 2max were measured before and after the training period. Power output during training differed between the groups (p = 0.013, η p 2 = 0.365) with RT producing more power than HIIT + RT (p = 0.005). ISq improved following RT + HIIT (∼80%, d = 2.10, p = 0.001) and following HIIT + RT (∼40%, d = 1.64, p = 0.005), and RT alone (∼70%, d = 1.67, p = 0.004). V̇o 2max increased following RT + HIIT and HIIT + RT (∼10%, d = 1.98, p = 0.001 resp. d = 2.08, p = 0.001). HIIT before RT reduced power output during RT in elite team-sport athletes but did not lead to blunted development of maximal strength or power after a 7-week training period. During longer training periods (>7-weeks), it may be advantageous to schedule RT before HIIT because the negative effect of HIIT + RT on training quality increased during the final weeks of training. In addition, the largest training effect on maximal strength was observed following RT + HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Petré
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Ovendal
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Westblad
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lasse Ten Siethoff
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Rosdahl
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Psilander
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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Martínez-Calderon J. Overviews of systematic reviews in sports and exercise medicine: what are they and why are they important? Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1005-1006. [PMID: 37085325 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martínez-Calderon
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Uncertainty, Mindfulness, Self, Spirituality (UMSS) Research Group
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Younes-Egana O, Mielgo-Ayuso J, M. Stojanović MD, Bird SP, Calleja-González J. Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:243-257. [PMID: 37559764 PMCID: PMC10407313 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/167469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of flywheel eccentric overload training in order to improve or increase muscle volume and strength, as well as several performance-related fitness attributes, but to date, there are no studies that have reviewed the effects of these training methods in basketball. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to collect the updated information about the influence of flywheel training on performance of basketball players. A search in four electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) was conducted up to November 20, 2022. Articles were selected as valid for review if: (i) they were an experimental trial published in English; (ii) participants were basketball players without illnesses or injuries, and (iii) a rotational inertial overload method was used as a performance-dependent variable. A total of 93 articles were found. After filtering procedures, only seven studies were considered in this systematic review. In the selected studies, 203 participants were included, 58 females and 145 males. Focusing on basketball related performance variables, all the studies included the countermovement jump (CMJ), while five included sprinting and a change of direction test (COD). The results showed an improvement in performance-related variables associated with basketball (sprint, CMJ, and COD) through the use of inertial methods. Improvements were reported in professional, semi-professional and amateur players as well as both male and female players. However, given the low number of studies, additional investigations on this topic are warranted before a "clear picture" can be drawn concerning the effects of flywheel eccentric overload training in basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
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11
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Maroto-Izquierdo S, Martín-Rivera F, Nosaka K, Beato M, González-Gallego J, de Paz JA. Effects of submaximal and supramaximal accentuated eccentric loading on mass and function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1176835. [PMID: 37449014 PMCID: PMC10337133 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1176835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Eccentric-overload (EO) resistance training emerges as an alternative to more optimally prescribe intensity relative to the force generation capabilities of the eccentric muscle contraction. Given the difficulties to individually prescribe absolute eccentric loads relative to each person's eccentric ability, setting the load relative to the concentric one-repetition maximum (1-RM) is the most used EO training approach. Therefore, we investigated the effects of submaximal and supramaximal (i.e., eccentric loads above 100% of 1-RM) accentuated eccentric training on changes in lean mass, anabolic hormonal responses and muscle function. Methods: Physically active university students (n = 27) were randomly assigned to two training groups. Participants in the training groups performed dominant leg isotonic training twice a week for 10 weeks (four sets of eight repetitions). Isotonic resistance was generated by an electric-motor device at two different percentages of 1-RM for the eccentric phase; 90% submaximal load, SUB group) and 120% (supramaximal load, SUPRA group). Concentric load was the same for both groups (30% of 1-RM). Changes in total thigh lean mass (TTLM), anabolic hormonal responses (growth hormone, IGF-1, IL-6, and total testosterone), unilateral leg-press 1-RM, maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), local muscle endurance (XRM), muscle power at 40 (PP40), 60 (PP60) and 80% (PP80) of the 1-RM, and unilateral vertical jump height before and after training were compared between groups. Results: After training, both SUB and SUPRA groups showed similar increases (p < 0.05) in MVIC (19.2% and 19.6%), XRM (53.8% and 23.8%), PP40 (16.2% and 15.7%), TTLM (2.5% and 4.2%), IGF-1 (10.0% and 14.1%) and IL-6 (58.6% and 28.6%). However, increases in 1-RM strength (16.3%) and unilateral vertical jump height (10.0%-13.4%) were observed for SUPRA only. Indeed, SUPRA was shown to be more favorable than SUB training for increasing 1-RM [ES = 0.77 (1.49-0.05)]. Unilateral muscle power at medium and high intensity (10.2% and 10.5%) also increased in SUB but without significant differences between groups. Discussion: Similar functional and structural effects were demonstrated after 10 weeks EO training with submaximal and supramaximal eccentric loads. Although supramaximal loading might be superior for increasing 1-RM, the use of this approach does not appear to be necessary in healthy, active individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Marco Beato
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - José A. de Paz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Beato M, Raya-González J, Hernandez-Davo JL, Maroto-Izquierdo S. Editorial: The science of flywheel training: exercise physiology and practical applications. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1241529. [PMID: 37435310 PMCID: PMC10332935 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1241529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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Jarosz J, Królikowska P, Matykiewicz P, Aschenbrenner P, Ewertowska P, Krzysztofik M. Effects of Flywheel vs. Free-Weight Squats and Split Squats on Jumping Performance and Change of Direction Speed in Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:124. [PMID: 37505611 PMCID: PMC10386668 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare (i) The effects of a flywheel and free-weight resistance training program; and (ii) The effects of performing lateral and frontal split squats as part of a flywheel-resistance training program on jumping performance, the 5-0-5 change of direction test time, and the one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat in soccer players. Twenty-four male amateur soccer players participated in this study and were randomly and equally assigned to one of three different test groups: forward split-squat group (FSQ); lateral split-squat group (LSQ); and free-weight training group (TRAD). Athletes in the FSQ group performed a squat and a forward split squat on a flywheel device, while those in the LSQ group performed a squat and a lateral split squat (instead of a forward split squat) on a flywheel device. Each training lasted 4 weeks. The main finding was that all training groups, such as TRAD, FSQ, and LSQ, significantly improved broad jump length (p = 0.001; effect size [ES] = 0.36), 5-0-5 COD time with a turn on the dominant limb (p = 0.038; ES = 0.49), and 1RM back squat (p = 0.001; ES = 0.4). In turn, both flywheel-resistance training groups (FSQ and LSQ) significantly improved their counter-movement jump height (p = 0.001; ES = 0.8 and p = 0.002; ES = 0.58; respectively) with no effect in the TRAD (p = 0.676; ES = 0.07) training group. Both free-weight and flywheel-resistance training lasting 4 weeks performed in-season contributed to significant improvement in 1RM back squat, broad jump performance, and 5-0-5 change of direction testing time, while flywheel-resistance training might be superior in counter-movement jump height enhancement in soccer players. Moreover, the manner in which split squats were performed was not a factor influencing the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Królikowska
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patryk Matykiewicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Aschenbrenner
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paulina Ewertowska
- Division of Clinical Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Ryan S, Ramirez-Campillo R, Browne D, Moody JA, Byrne PJ. Intra- and Inter-Day Reliability of Inertial Loads with Cluster Sets When Performed during a Quarter Squat on a Flywheel Device. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:121. [PMID: 37368571 DOI: 10.3390/sports11060121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (i) estimate the intra- and inter-day reliability of mean concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) power at different inertial loads during a flywheel quarter-squat using a cluster set approach and (ii) to determine the acute effect of internal and external attentional focus on mean power when performing the flywheel quarter squat. Twelve collegiate field sport male athletes (age 22.4 ± 3.2 years, weight 81.4 ± 10.3 kg, height 1.81 ± 0.06 m) attended four cluster set testing sessions separated by 7 days. Sessions consisted of 4 sets of 15 repetitions using 4 inertial loads (0.025, 0.050, 0.075, and 0.100 kg·m2). A cluster block consisted of 5 repetitions, including "momentum repetitions" (4 × 5 + 5 + 5). Mean power (MP), CON power, ECC power, and ECC overload were recorded for both internal and external attentional focus groups. The external instructional group attained familiarization after two flywheel sessions (ES = 0.03-0.15) with little volatility between performance measures (CV% = 3.39-9.22). The internal instructional group showed large differences in MP output from session 2 to session 3 for all loads (ES = 0.59-1.25). In conclusion, the flywheel cluster set approach is a reliable training modality for maintaining MP output during all repetitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Ryan
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road Campus, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7550196, Chile
| | - Declan Browne
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road Campus, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland
| | - Jeremy A Moody
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Paul J Byrne
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, South East Technological University, Kilkenny Road Campus, R93 V960 Carlow, Ireland
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Bright TE, Handford MJ, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes. Sports Med 2023; 53:1219-1254. [PMID: 37097414 PMCID: PMC10185653 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under. METHODS Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar's advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Bright
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth, PL6 8BH UK
| | - Matthew J. Handford
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Chichester University, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Hughes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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Bishop C, de Keijzer KL, Turner AN, Beato M. Measuring Interlimb Asymmetry for Strength and Power: A Brief Review of Assessment Methods, Data Analysis, Current Evidence, and Practical Recommendations. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:745-750. [PMID: 36695841 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bishop, C, de Keijzer, KL, Turner, AN, and Beato, M. Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: A brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 745-750, 2023-The aim of this brief narrative review is to summarize the present evidence, provide recommendations for data analysis, and provide appropriate training methods to reduce strength and power asymmetries within athlete populations. Present evidence shows that a strong interest in the assessment of asymmetry exists. Despite the perceived associated relationship between asymmetry and injury and performance, a clear link is still missing. Practitioners need to be aware of this when they decide to assess asymmetries and later design training interventions. Several bilateral and unilateral tests could be used to assess asymmetries, such as isokinetic dynamometry, the isometric mid-thigh pull, squat, and Nordic hamstring exercise. Based on the current evidence, future investigations require further standardization of methodology and analysis to optimize interpretation (e.g., within session and between session), adoption, and implementation of interlimb asymmetry testing and appropriate interventions. In this review, 3 training interventions have been proposed to reduce existing lower limb asymmetries in sport populations: traditional resistance training, flywheel resistance training, and combined training interventions, with some evidence suggesting that such interventions can reduce lower limb asymmetries. Nonetheless, the number and quality of articles currently available are too limited to draw firm conclusions; therefore, further research is needed to verify whether training interventions can achieve these aims. To develop an understanding and application of interventions addressing interlimb asymmetries within the sport, greater methodological rigor should be applied toward study design, data analysis, and interpretation of future investigations and when appraising the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University at Stone-X Stadium, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kevin L de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony N Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University at Stone-X Stadium, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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de Keijzer KL, Raya-González J, López Samanés Á, Moreno Perez V, Beato M. Perception and use of flywheel resistance training amongst therapists in sport. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1141431. [PMID: 37122637 PMCID: PMC10130652 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1141431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flywheel (isoinertial) resistance training is a valid strength training method that has been incorporated in sport for decades, yet little is known about how therapists working in sport apply flywheel resistance training. We aimed to describe and understand current application and perception of flywheel resistance training amongst therapists working in sport. Seventy- three therapists (13 ± 10 years of experience) started part of this survey with 52 completing the entire electronic questionnaire. Nine multiple choice questions on application and perceptions of flywheel training (prerequisites, use of technology, barriers, and upper- and lower-body exercises) preceded two 6-point Likert scale statements on strength and reduction of injury likelihood. Most therapists (47/73) either used or intended to use flywheel training with their athletes and stated familiarisation would be a priority prior to initiating training. Although more than half suggested they were confident flywheel training could enhance strength (27/52) and muscular prehabilitation outcomes (40/52), many remained unsure. Nonetheless, it appears that therapists would mostly include flywheel training within prehabilitation (40/52) or during the later stages of rehabilitation (37/52). To monitor progress, therapists slightly prefer power (30/52) over velocity outputs, while few would not use them at all. Although therapists would prescribe most exercises - the squat, rotational exercise, and unilateral leg curl would be the most selected. Meanwhile, therapists reported remain most unsure or would avoid prescribing the lateral squat and unilateral hip extension. The biggest perceived barriers to flywheel training are equipment cost/space, evidence, and scheduling. The investigation provides valuable insight into the application and perception of flywheel training amongst therapists working in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. de Keijzer
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Álvaro López Samanés
- Exercise Physiology Group, School of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno Perez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, San Joan, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Marco Beato
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Concentric Phase Assistance Enhances Eccentric Peak Power During Flywheel Squats: Intersession Reliability and the Linear Relationship Between Concentric and Eccentric Phases. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:428-434. [PMID: 36863353 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unknown if flywheel-assisted squats can be reliably utilized to increase power outputs and if such outputs are related. OBJECTIVES To compare assisted and unassisted flywheel squat peak power outputs, determine their reliability, and analyze the relationship of the delta difference between peak power outputs during the squats. METHODS Twenty male athletes attended the laboratory 6 times-performing 3 sets of 8 repetitions of assisted and unassisted squats during 2 familiarization sessions and then 3 sets of 8 repetitions during experimental sessions 3 to 6 (2 sessions for unassisted and assisted squat in randomized order, respectively). RESULTS Concentric and eccentric peak power were significantly greater during assisted squats (both P < .001, d = 1.59, d = 1.57, respectively). Rating of perceived exertion (P = .23) and eccentric:concentric ratio (P = .094) did not differ between squat conditions. Peak power measures obtained excellent reliability, while rating of perceived exertion and eccentric:concentric ratio estimates were rated as acceptable to good, with greater uncertainty. A large to very large correlation (r = .77) was found between concentric and eccentric peak power delta difference of assisted and unassisted squats. CONCLUSIONS Greater concentric outputs during assisted squats induce greater eccentric outputs and obtain greater mechanical load. Peak power is a reliable metric for monitoring flywheel training, whereas the eccentric:concentric ratio should be used with caution. Eccentric and concentric peak power are strongly related during flywheel squats, evidencing the need to maximize the concentric output to enhance the eccentric output.
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Martín-Rivera F, Beato M, Alepuz-Moner V, Maroto-Izquierdo S. Use of concentric linear velocity to monitor flywheel exercise load. Front Physiol 2022; 13:961572. [PMID: 36035469 PMCID: PMC9412162 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.961572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To propose the concentric linear velocity measurement as a valid method to quantify load and individualise the prescription of flywheel training, we investigated the relationship between inertial load and mean concentric linear velocity (MCLV) during the flywheel squat exercise in a wide spectrum of intensities. In addition, we compared MCLV and subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE) after each load. Methods: Twenty-five physically active men volunteered for this study (26.5 ± 2.9 years, 179.5 ± 4.2 cm, 81.6 ± 8.6 kg). After familiarization, all participants performed two inertial progressive load tests on separated days to determine the flywheel load-velocity profile and its reliability. Each participant performed 5 set of 6 repetitions of the flywheel squat exercise with different inertial loads (0.047, 0.104, 0.161, 0.245, 0.321 kg m2) selected in a counterbalanced and randomized order for each testing day. Average MCLV and RPE for each load were compared. Results: The inter-session intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) showed values above 0.9 in all the included outcomes (MCLV: ICC = 0.91; RPE: ICC = 0.93). A significant correlation (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.80) between inertial load and MCLV was found. Similarly, significant correlation models (p < 0.01) were observed between RPE and load (R2 = 0.87) and (R2 = 0.71) between RPE and MCLV. Conclusion: The control of MCLV during flywheel exercise can be proposed as a valid method to quantify load and to individualize the prescription of flywheel training. In addition, RPE responses have demonstrated significant correlations with load and velocity. Therefore, RPE has been proposed as a valid and reliable alternative to control flywheel training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martín-Rivera
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Fernando Martín-Rivera,
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
- Proporción A, Applied Sports Science Centre, Valladolid, Spain
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Raya-González J, Castillo D, de Keijzer KL, Beato M. Considerations to Optimize Strength and Muscle Mass Gains Through Flywheel Resistance Devices: A Narrative Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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