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da Silva TF, de Azevedo JC, Teixeira EB, Casseb SMM, Moreira FC, de Assumpção PP, dos Santos SEB, Calcagno DQ. From haystack to high precision: advanced sequencing methods to unraveling circulating tumor DNA mutations. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1423470. [PMID: 39165643 PMCID: PMC11333322 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1423470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying mutations in cancer-associated genes to guide patient treatments is essential for precision medicine. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) offers valuable insights for early cancer detection, treatment assessment, and surveillance. However, a key issue in ctDNA analysis from the bloodstream is the choice of a technique with adequate sensitivity to identify low frequent molecular changes. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, evolving from parallel to long-read capabilities, enhances ctDNA mutation analysis. In the present review, we describe different NGS approaches for identifying ctDNA mutation, discussing challenges to standardized methodologies, cost, specificity, clinical context, and bioinformatics expertise for optimal NGS application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Ferreira da Silva
- Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (Oncologia), Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Juscelino Carvalho de Azevedo
- Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (Oncologia), Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Danielle Queiroz Calcagno
- Programa de Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde (Oncologia), Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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2
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Sogbe M, Bilbao I, Marchese FP, Zazpe J, De Vito A, Pozuelo M, D’Avola D, Iñarrairaegui M, Berasain C, Arechederra M, Argemi J, Sangro B. Prognostic value of ultra-low-pass whole-genome sequencing of circulating tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma under systemic treatment. Clin Mol Hepatol 2024; 30:177-190. [PMID: 38163441 PMCID: PMC11016491 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2023.0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS New prognostic markers are needed to identify patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who carry a worse prognosis. Ultra-low-pass whole-genome sequencing (ULP-WGS) (≤0.5× coverage) of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has emerged as a low-cost promising tool to assess both circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) fraction and large structural genomic alterations. Here, we studied the performance of ULP-WGS of plasma cfDNA to infer prognosis in patients with HCC. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from patients with HCC prior to surgery, locoregional or systemic therapy, and were analyzed by ULP-WGS of cfDNA to an average genome-wide fold coverage of 0.3x. ctDNA and copy number alterations (CNA) were estimated using the software package ichorCNA. RESULTS Samples were obtained from 73 HCC patients at different BCLC stages (BCLC 0/A: n=37, 50.7%; BCLC B/C: n=36, 49.3%). ctDNA was detected in 18 out of 31 patients who received systemic treatment. Patients with detectable ctDNA showed significantly worse overall survival (median, 13.96 months vs not reached). ctDNA remained an independent predictor of prognosis after adjustment by clinical-pathologic features and type of systemic treatment (hazard ratio 7.69; 95%, CI 2.09-28.27). Among ctDNA-positive patients under systemic treatments, the loss of large genomic regions in 5q and 16q arms was associated with worse prognosis after multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION ULP-WGS of cfDNA provides clinically relevant information about the tumor biology. The presence of ctDNA and the loss of 5q and 16q arms in ctDNA-positive patients are independent predictors of worse prognosis in patients with advanced HCC receiving systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sogbe
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Liver Unit, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoia Bilbao
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Liver Unit, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesco P. Marchese
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Computational Biology and Translational Genomics Program, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Zazpe
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Computational Biology and Translational Genomics Program, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Annarosaria De Vito
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Computational Biology and Translational Genomics Program, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Pozuelo
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Computational Biology and Translational Genomics Program, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Delia D’Avola
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Internal Medicine Department, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Iñarrairaegui
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Liver Unit, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Arechederra
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Liver Unit, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Hepatology Laboratory, Solid Tumors Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Liver Unit, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Liver Unit, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Pamplona, Spain
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Li W, Huang X, Patel R, Schleifman E, Fu S, Shames DS, Zhang J. Analytical evaluation of circulating tumor DNA sequencing assays. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4973. [PMID: 38424110 PMCID: PMC10904763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In China, circulating tumor DNA analysis is widely used and numerous assays are available. Systematic evaluation to help users make informed selections is needed. Nine circulating tumor DNA assays, including one benchmark assay, were evaluated using 23 contrived reference samples. There were two sample types (cell-free DNA and plasma samples), three circulating tumor DNA inputs (low, < 20 ng; medium, 20-50 ng; high, > 50 ng), two variant allele frequency ranges (low, 0.1-0.5%; intermediate, 0.5-2.5%), and four variant types (single nucleotide, insertion/deletion, structural, and copy number). Sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and all processes from cell-free DNA extraction to bioinformatics analysis were assessed. The test assays were generally comparable or superior to the benchmark assay, demonstrating high analytical sensitivity. Variations in circulating tumor DNA extraction and quantification efficiency, sensitivity, and reproducibility were observed, particularly at lower inputs. These findings will guide circulating tumor DNA assay choice for research and clinical studies, allowing consideration of multiple technical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Li
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Roche (China) Holding Ltd, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiayu Huang
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Roche (China) Holding Ltd, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Ltd, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Erica Schleifman
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Ltd, South San Francisco, USA
| | - Shijing Fu
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Roche (China) Holding Ltd, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - David S Shames
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, Ltd, South San Francisco, USA.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Roche (China) Holding Ltd, Pudong, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Coakley M, Villacampa G, Sritharan P, Swift C, Dunne K, Kilburn L, Goddard K, Pipinikas C, Rojas P, Emmett W, Hall P, Harper-Wynne C, Hickish T, Macpherson I, Okines A, Wardley A, Wheatley D, Waters S, Palmieri C, Winter M, Cutts RJ, Garcia-Murillas I, Bliss J, Turner NC. Comparison of Circulating Tumor DNA Assays for Molecular Residual Disease Detection in Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:895-903. [PMID: 38078899 PMCID: PMC10870111 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in patients who have completed treatment for early-stage breast cancer is associated with a high risk of relapse, yet the optimal assay for ctDNA detection is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The cTRAK-TN clinical trial prospectively used tumor-informed digital PCR (dPCR) assays for ctDNA molecular residual disease (MRD) detection in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. We compared tumor-informed dPCR assays with tumor-informed personalized multimutation sequencing assays in 141 patients from cTRAK-TN. RESULTS MRD was first detected by personalized sequencing in 47.9% of patients, 0% first detected by dPCR, and 52.1% with both assays simultaneously (P < 0.001; Fisher exact test). The median lead time from ctDNA detection to relapse was 6.1 months with personalized sequencing and 3.9 months with dPCR (P = 0.004, mixed-effects Cox model). Detection of MRD at the first time point was associated with a shorter time to relapse compared with detection at subsequent time points (median lead time 4.2 vs. 7.1 months; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Personalized multimutation sequencing assays have potential clinically important improvements in clinical outcome in the early detection of MRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Coakley
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo Villacampa
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prithika Sritharan
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Swift
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Dunne
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Kilburn
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Goddard
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patricia Rojas
- NeoGenomics Ltd, Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Warren Emmett
- NeoGenomics Ltd, Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hall
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tamas Hickish
- University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alicia Okines
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wardley
- Outreach Research & Innovation Group Ltd, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Waters
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Velindre University NHS Trust, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Palmieri
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Winter
- Weston Park Cancer Centre, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind J. Cutts
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Garcia-Murillas
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Bliss
- Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Davis AA, Luo J, Zheng T, Dai C, Dong X, Tan L, Suresh R, Ademuyiwa FO, Rigden C, Rearden TP, Clifton K, Weilbaecher K, Frith A, Tandra PK, Summa T, Haas B, Thomas S, Hernandez-Aya LF, Peterson LL, Wang X, Luo SJ, Zhou K, Du P, Jia S, King BL, Krishnamurthy J, Ma CX. Genomic Complexity Predicts Resistance to Endocrine Therapy and CDK4/6 Inhibition in Hormone Receptor-Positive (HR+)/HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:1719-1729. [PMID: 36693175 PMCID: PMC10150240 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical biomarkers to identify patients unlikely to benefit from CDK4/6 inhibition (CDK4/6i) in combination with endocrine therapy (ET) are lacking. We implemented a comprehensive circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis to identify genomic features for predicting and monitoring treatment resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ctDNA was isolated from 216 plasma samples collected from 51 patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/HER2-negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) on a phase II trial of palbociclib combined with letrozole or fulvestrant (NCT03007979). Boosted whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed at baseline and clinical progression to evaluate genomic alterations, mutational signatures, and blood tumor mutational burden (bTMB). Low-pass whole-genome sequencing was performed at baseline and serial timepoints to assess blood copy-number burden (bCNB). RESULTS High bTMB and bCNB were associated with lack of clinical benefit and significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) compared with patients with low bTMB or low bCNB (all P < 0.05). Dominant APOBEC signatures were detected at baseline exclusively in cases with high bTMB (5/13, 38.5%) versus low bTMB (0/37, 0%; P = 0.0006). Alterations in ESR1 were enriched in samples with high bTMB (P = 0.0005). There was a high correlation between bTMB determined by WES and bTMB determined using a 600-gene panel (R = 0.98). During serial monitoring, an increase in bCNB score preceded radiographic progression in 12 of 18 (66.7%) patients. CONCLUSIONS Genomic complexity detected by noninvasive profiling of bTMB and bCNB predicted poor outcomes in patients treated with ET and CDK4/6i and identified early disease progression before imaging. Novel treatment strategies including immunotherapy-based combinations should be investigated in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Davis
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Science, Department of Surgery, Biostatistics Shared Resource, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Chao Dai
- Predicine, Inc., Hayward, California
| | | | - Lu Tan
- Predicine, Inc., Hayward, California
| | - Rama Suresh
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Foluso O. Ademuyiwa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Caron Rigden
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy P. Rearden
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Katherine Clifton
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Katherine Weilbaecher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ashley Frith
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Pavan K. Tandra
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tracy Summa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brittney Haas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shana Thomas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leonel F. Hernandez-Aya
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lindsay L. Peterson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | | | - Pan Du
- Predicine, Inc., Hayward, California
| | | | | | - Jairam Krishnamurthy
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Cynthia X. Ma
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
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Casotti MC, Meira DD, Alves LNR, Bessa BGDO, Campanharo CV, Vicente CR, Aguiar CC, Duque DDA, Barbosa DG, dos Santos EDVW, Garcia FM, de Paula F, Santana GM, Pavan IP, Louro LS, Braga RFR, Trabach RSDR, Louro TS, de Carvalho EF, Louro ID. Translational Bioinformatics Applied to the Study of Complex Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:419. [PMID: 36833346 PMCID: PMC9956936 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational Bioinformatics (TBI) is defined as the union of translational medicine and bioinformatics. It emerges as a major advance in science and technology by covering everything, from the most basic database discoveries, to the development of algorithms for molecular and cellular analysis, as well as their clinical applications. This technology makes it possible to access the knowledge of scientific evidence and apply it to clinical practice. This manuscript aims to highlight the role of TBI in the study of complex diseases, as well as its application to the understanding and treatment of cancer. An integrative literature review was carried out, obtaining articles through several websites, among them: PUBMED, Science Direct, NCBI-PMC, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Google Academic, published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, indexed in the referred databases and answering the following guiding question: "How does TBI provide a scientific understanding of complex diseases?" An additional effort is aimed at the dissemination, inclusion, and perpetuation of TBI knowledge from the academic environment to society, helping the study, understanding, and elucidating of complex disease mechanics and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Correia Casotti
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Débora Dummer Meira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Lyvia Neves Rebello Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Camilly Victória Campanharo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Creuza Rachel Vicente
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29040-090, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Carla Carvalho Aguiar
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Almeida Duque
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Débora Gonçalves Barbosa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Mariano Garcia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Paula
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Mendonça Santana
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Isabele Pagani Pavan
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Luana Santos Louro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Furlani Rocon Braga
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva dos Reis Trabach
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Thomas Santos Louro
- Escola Superior de Ciências da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória (EMESCAM), Vitória 29027-502, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Elizeu Fagundes de Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iúri Drumond Louro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-010, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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