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Matt GE, Greiner L, Record RA, Wipfli H, Long J, Dodder NG, Hoh E, Lopez Galvez N, Novotny TE, Quintana PJE, Destaillats H, Tang X, Snijders AM, Mao JH, Hang B, Schick S, Jacob P, Talbot P, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Northrup TF, Gundel L, Benowitz NL. Policy-relevant differences between secondhand and thirdhand smoke: strengthening protections from involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke pollutants. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-057971. [PMID: 37263783 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-057971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Starting in the 1970s, individuals, businesses and the public have increasingly benefited from policies prohibiting smoking indoors, saving thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare expenditures. Smokefree policies to protect against secondhand smoke exposure, however, do not fully protect the public from the persistent and toxic chemical residues from tobacco smoke (also known as thirdhand smoke) that linger in indoor environments for years after smoking stops. Nor do these policies address the economic costs that individuals, businesses and the public bear in their attempts to remediate this toxic residue. We discuss policy-relevant differences between secondhand smoke and thirdhand smoke exposure: persistent pollutant reservoirs, pollutant transport, routes of exposure, the time gap between initial cause and effect, and remediation and disposal. We examine four policy considerations to better protect the public from involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke pollutants from all sources. We call for (a) redefining smokefree as free of tobacco smoke pollutants from secondhand and thirdhand smoke; (b) eliminating exemptions to comprehensive smoking bans; (c) identifying indoor environments with significant thirdhand smoke reservoirs; and (d) remediating thirdhand smoke. We use the case of California as an example of how secondhand smoke-protective laws may be strengthened to encompass thirdhand smoke protections. The health risks and economic costs of thirdhand smoke require that smokefree policies, environmental protections, real estate and rental disclosure policies, tenant protections, and consumer protection laws be strengthened to ensure that the public is fully protected from and informed about the risks of thirdhand smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lydia Greiner
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachael A Record
- School of Communication, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heather Wipfli
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Long
- Public Health Law Center, Mitchell Hamline School of Law, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suzaynn Schick
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas F Northrup
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lara Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Tang X, Benowitz N, Gundel L, Hang B, Havel CM, Hoh E, Jacob Iii P, Mao JH, Martins-Green M, Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Russell ML, Sarker A, Schick SF, Snijders AM, Destaillats H. Thirdhand Exposures to Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines through Inhalation, Dust Ingestion, Dermal Uptake, and Epidermal Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12506-12516. [PMID: 35900278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are emitted during smoking and form indoors by nitrosation of nicotine. Two of them, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are human carcinogens with No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs) of 500 and 14 ng day-1, respectively. Another TSNA, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl) butanal (NNA), shows genotoxic and mutagenic activity in vitro. Here, we present additional evidence of genotoxicity of NNA, an assessment of TSNA dermal uptake, and predicted exposure risks through different pathways. Dermal uptake was investigated by evaluating the penetration of NNK and nicotine through mice skin. Comparable mouse urine metabolite profiles suggested that both compounds were absorbed and metabolized via similar mechanisms. We then investigated the effects of skin constituents on the reaction of adsorbed nicotine with nitrous acid (epidermal chemistry). Higher TSNA concentrations were formed on cellulose and cotton substrates that were precoated with human skin oils and sweat compared to clean substrates. These results were combined with reported air, dust, and surface concentrations to assess NNK intake. Five different exposure pathways exceeded the NSRL under realistic scenarios, including inhalation, dust ingestion, direct dermal contact, gas-to-skin deposition, and epidermal nitrosation of nicotine. These results illustrate potential long-term health risks for nonsmokers in homes contaminated with thirdhand tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Neal Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lara Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Hang
- Bioengineering & Biomedical Sciences Department, Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher M Havel
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Peyton Jacob Iii
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Bioengineering & Biomedical Sciences Department, Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92506, United States
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Altaf Sarker
- Bioengineering & Biomedical Sciences Department, Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Suzaynn F Schick
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Bioengineering & Biomedical Sciences Department, Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Wu JX, Lau ATY, Xu YM. Indoor Secondary Pollutants Cannot Be Ignored: Third-Hand Smoke. TOXICS 2022; 10:363. [PMID: 35878269 PMCID: PMC9316611 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Smoking has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the fifth highest threat to humanity. Smoking, a leading disease promoter, is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases. NCDs account for 63% of all deaths worldwide. Passive smoking is also a health risk. Globally, more than a third of all people are regularly exposed to harmful smoke. Air pollution is a common global problem in which pollutants emitted into the atmosphere undergo a series of physical or chemical reactions to produce various oxidation products, which are often referred to as secondary pollutants. Secondary pollutants include ozone (O3), sulfur trioxide (SO3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and respirable particulate matter (PM). It is worth mentioning that third-hand smoke (THS), formed by the reaction of nicotine with second-hand smoke (SHS) caused by indoor O3 or nitrous acid (HONO), is a major indoor secondary pollutant that cannot be ignored. As a form of indoor air pollution that is relatively difficult to avoid, THS exists in any corner of the environment where smokers live. In this paper, we summarize the important research progress on the main components, detection, and toxicity of THS and look forward to future research directions. Scientific understanding of THS and its hazards will facilitate smoking bans in indoor and public places and raise public concern for how to prevent and remove THS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xun Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | | | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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