1
|
Tsagkli P, Geropeppa M, Papadatou I, Spoulou V. Hybrid Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1051. [PMID: 39340081 PMCID: PMC11436074 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to a global health crisis and the burden of the disease continues to persist. The rapid development and emergency authorization of various vaccines, including mRNA-based vaccines, played a pivotal role in mitigating severe illness and mortality. However, rapid viral mutations, leading to several variants of concern, challenged vaccine effectiveness, particularly concerning immune evasion. Research on immunity, both from natural infection and vaccination, revealed that while neutralizing antibodies provide protection against infection, their effect is short-lived. The primary defense against severe COVID-19 is derived from the cellular immune response. Hybrid immunity, developed from a combination of natural infection and vaccination, offers enhanced protection, with convalescent vaccinated individuals showing significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies. As SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, understanding the durability and breadth of hybrid immunity becomes crucial. This narrative review examines the latest data on humoral and cellular immunity from both natural infection and vaccination, discussing how hybrid immunity could inform and optimize future vaccination strategies in the ongoing battle against COVID-19 and in fear of a new pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Tsagkli
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA", First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Geropeppa
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA", First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Papadatou
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA", First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vana Spoulou
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA", First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marquez-Martinez S, Salisch N, Serroyen J, Zahn R, Khan S. Peak transgene expression after intramuscular immunization of mice with adenovirus 26-based vector vaccines correlates with transgene-specific adaptive immune responses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299215. [PMID: 38626093 PMCID: PMC11020485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-replicating adenovirus-based vectors have been broadly used for the development of prophylactic vaccines in humans and are licensed for COVID-19 and Ebola virus disease prevention. Adenovirus-based vectored vaccines encode for one or more disease specific transgenes with the aim to induce protective immunity against the target disease. The magnitude and duration of transgene expression of adenovirus 5- based vectors (human type C) in the host are key factors influencing antigen presentation and adaptive immune responses. Here we characterize the magnitude, duration, and organ biodistribution of transgene expression after single intramuscular administration of adenovirus 26-based vector vaccines in mice and evaluate the differences with adenovirus 5-based vector vaccine to understand if this is universally applicable across serotypes. We demonstrate a correlation between peak transgene expression early after adenovirus 26-based vaccination and transgene-specific cellular and humoral immune responses for a model antigen and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, independent of innate immune activation. Notably, the memory immune response was similar in mice immunized with adenovirus 26-based vaccine and adenovirus 5-based vaccine, despite the latter inducing a higher peak of transgene expression early after immunization and a longer duration of transgene expression. Together these results provide further insights into the mode of action of adenovirus 26-based vector vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Salisch
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, CN, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Serroyen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, CN, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, CN, The Netherlands
| | - Selina Khan
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, CN, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuo HC, Kuo KC, Du PX, Keskin BB, Su WY, Ho TS, Tsai PS, Pau CH, Shih HC, Huang YH, Weng KP, Syu GD. Profiling humoral immunity after mixing and matching COVID-19 vaccines using SARS-CoV-2 variant protein microarrays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100507. [PMID: 36787877 PMCID: PMC9922205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In November 2022, 68% of the population received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccines. Due to the ongoing mutations, especially for the variants of concern (VOCs), it is important to monitor the humoral immune responses after different vaccination strategies. In this study, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 variant protein microarray that contained the spike proteins from the VOCs, e.g., alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and omicron, to quantify the binding antibody and surrogate neutralizing antibody. Plasmas were collected after two doses of matching AZD1222 (AZx2), two doses of matching mRNA-1273 (Mx2), or mixing AZD1222 and mRNA-1273 (AZ+M). The results showed a significant decrease of surrogate neutralizing antibodies against the receptor-binding domain in all VOCs in AZx2 and Mx2 but not AZ+M. A similar but minor reduction pattern of surrogate neutralizing antibodies against the extracellular domain was observed. While Mx2 exhibited a higher surrogate neutralizing level against all VOCs compared to AZx2, AZ+M showed an even higher surrogate neutralizing level in gamma and omicron compared to Mx2. It is worth noting that the binding antibody displayed a low correlation to the surrogate neutralizing antibody (R-square 0.130-0.382). This study delivers insights into humoral immunities, SARS-CoV-2 mutations, and mixing and matching vaccine strategies, which may provide a more effective vaccine strategy especially in preventing omicron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan,Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 33302
| | - Kuang-Che Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Xian Du
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Batuhan Birol Keskin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Su
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan R.O.C.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan R.O.C.,Department of Pediatrics, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Pei-Shan Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chi Ho Pau
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chang Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan,Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 33302
| | - Ken-Pen Weng
- Congenital Structural Heart Disease Center, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813414, Taiwan,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Da Syu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miao G, Chen Z, Cao H, Wu W, Chu X, Liu H, Zhang L, Zhu H, Cai H, Lu X, Shi J, Liu Y, Feng T. From Immunogen to COVID-19 vaccines: Prospects for the post-pandemic era. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114208. [PMID: 36800265 PMCID: PMC9805901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people and posed an unprecedented burden on healthcare systems and economies worldwide since the outbreak of the COVID-19. A considerable number of nations have investigated COVID-19 and proposed a series of prevention and treatment strategies thus far. The pandemic prevention strategies implemented in China have suggested that the spread of COVID-19 can be effectively reduced by restricting large-scale gathering, developing community-scale nucleic acid testing, and conducting epidemiological investigations, whereas sporadic cases have always been identified in numerous places. Currently, there is still no decisive therapy for COVID-19 or related complications. The development of COVID-19 vaccines has raised the hope for mitigating this pandemic based on the intercross immunity induced by COVID-19. Thus far, several types of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and released to into financial markets. From the perspective of vaccine use in globe, COVID-19 vaccines are beneficial to mitigate the pandemic, whereas the relative adverse events have been reported progressively. This is a review about the development, challenges and prospects of COVID-19 vaccines, and it can provide more insights into all aspects of the vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, China,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hengsong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leyao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital &The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaolan Lu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Canglang Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Molecular and Celluar Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease,The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Collatuzzo G, Lodi V, Feola D, De Palma G, Sansone E, Sala E, Janke C, Castelletti N, Porru S, Spiteri G, Monaco MGL, Larese Filon F, Negro C, Cegolon L, Beresova J, Fabianova E, Carrasco-Ribelles LA, Toràn-Monserrat P, Rodriguez-Suarez MM, Fernandez-Tardon G, Asafo SS, Ditano G, Abedini M, Boffetta P. Determinants of Anti-S Immune Response at 9 Months after COVID-19 Vaccination in a Multicentric European Cohort of Healthcare Workers-ORCHESTRA Project. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122657. [PMID: 36560660 PMCID: PMC9781450 DOI: 10.3390/v14122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The persistence of antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination has public health relevance. We analyzed the determinants of quantitative serology at 9 months after vaccination in a multicenter cohort. Methods: We analyzed data on anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody levels at 9 months from the first dose of vaccinated HCW from eight centers in Italy, Germany, Spain, Romania and Slovakia. Serological levels were log-transformed to account for the skewness of the distribution and normalized by dividing them by center-specific standard errors. We fitted center-specific multivariate regression models to estimate the cohort-specific relative risks (RR) of an increase of one standard deviation of log antibody level and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), and combined them in random-effects meta-analyses. Finally, we conducted a trend analysis of 1 to 7 months' serology within one cohort. Results: We included 20,216 HCW with up to two vaccine doses and showed that high antibody levels were associated with female sex (p = 0.01), age (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.86-0.88 per 10-year increase), 10-day increase in time since last vaccine (RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.97-0.98), previous infection (3.03, 95% CI = 2.92-3.13), two vaccine doses (RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09-1.36), use of Spikevax (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.39-1.64), Vaxzevria (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.44-0.73) or heterologous vaccination (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.12-1.57), compared to Comirnaty. The trend in the Bologna cohort, based on 3979 measurements, showed a decrease in mean standardized antibody level from 8.17 to 7.06 (1-7 months, p for trend 0.005). Conclusions: Our findings corroborate current knowledge on the determinants of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity and declining trend with time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lodi
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Feola
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sansone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emma Sala
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Christian Janke
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU Klinikum, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, LMU Klinikum, 80331 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefano Porru
- Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Spiteri
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Corrado Negro
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, 34121 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Cegolon
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Trieste, 34121 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jana Beresova
- Epidemiology Department, Regional Authority of Public Health, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Occupational Health Department, Regional Authority of Public Health, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Lucia A. Carrasco-Ribelles
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, 08302 Mataró, Spain
| | - Pere Toràn-Monserrat
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol, 08302 Mataró, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, 08911 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, 17001 Girona, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Research Group in Health and Society, 08001 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Maria Rodriguez-Suarez
- Health Research Institute of Asturias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 33001 Oviedo, Spain
- Public Health Department, University of Oviedo, 33001 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Guillermo Fernandez-Tardon
- Health Research Institute of Asturias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 33001 Oviedo, Spain
- Public Health Department, University of Oviedo, 33001 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Shuffield S. Asafo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Ditano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mahsa Abedini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 10041, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McCarthy MW. Original antigen sin and COVID-19: implications for seasonal vaccination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1353-1358. [PMID: 36243027 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2137402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Original antigenic sin describes the phenomenon in which immunity against pathogens or antigens is shaped by the host's first exposure to a related pathogen or antigen. AREAS COVERED When primary immunity is boosted not by the homologous but by a cross-reacting vaccine, the newly formed antibodies may react better with the primary antigen than with the antigen actually eliciting the response. This form of immune imprinting, which has been observed with influenza, dengue, human immunodeficiency virus, and other pathogens, has profound implications for the approach to seasonal vaccination against a variety of diseases, including COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Public health agencies and regulatory bodies have consistently recommended repeated vaccination every few months as a way to protect against COVID-19. However, the risks and benefits of this approach requires scrutiny given the concern for original antigenic sin in response to SARS-CoV-2. This manuscript examines what is known about immune imprinting and looks ahead to explore how this phenomenon may impact seasonal vaccination against emerging SARS-CoV-2 subvariants such as BA.4, BA.5, and BA.5.1, which have been associated increased transmissibility due to enhanced immune escape.
Collapse
|