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Pinna A, Ragaisyte I, Morton W, Angioletti-Uberti S, Proust A, D'Antuono R, Luk CH, Gutierrez MG, Cerrone M, Wilkinson KA, Mohammed AA, McGilvery CM, Suárez-Bonnet A, Zimmerman M, Gengenbacher M, Wilkinson RJ, Porter AE. Virus-Shaped Mesoporous Silica Nanostars to Improve the Transport of Drugs across the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37623-37640. [PMID: 38988046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Conditions affecting the brain are the second leading cause of death globally. One of the main challenges for drugs targeting brain diseases is passing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, the effectiveness of mesoporous silica nanostars (MSiNSs) with two different spike lengths to cross an in vitro BBB multicellular model was evaluated and compared to spherical nanoparticles (MSiNP). A modified sol-gel single-micelle epitaxial growth was used to produce MSiNS, which showed no cytotoxicity or immunogenicity at concentrations of up to 1 μg mL-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear and neuronal cells. The nanostar MSiNS effectively penetrated the BBB model after 24 h, and MSiNS-1 with a shorter spike length (9 ± 2 nm) crossed the in vitro BBB model more rapidly than the MSiNS-2 with longer spikes (18 ± 4 nm) or spherical MSiNP at 96 h, which accumulated in the apical and basolateral sides, respectively. Molecular dynamic simulations illustrated an increase in configurational flexibility of the lipid bilayer during contact with the MSiNS, resulting in wrapping, whereas the MSiNP suppressed membrane fluctuations. This work advances an effective brain drug delivery system based on virus-like shaped MSiNS for the treatment of different brain diseases and a mechanism for their interaction with lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pinna
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K
- The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Ieva Ragaisyte
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - William Morton
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | | | - Alizé Proust
- The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
| | - Rocco D'Antuono
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy STP, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AY, U.K
| | - Chak Hon Luk
- The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
| | | | | | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ali A Mohammed
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
- School of Design, Royal College of Art, SW11 4AY London, U.K
| | | | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mimms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, U.K
| | - Matthew Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, U.K
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, U.K
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Schirò G, Sorbello G, Di Liegro I. Involvement of Astrocytes in the Formation, Maintenance, and Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Cells 2024; 13:150. [PMID: 38247841 PMCID: PMC10813980 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental structure that protects the composition of the brain by determining which ions, metabolites, and nutrients are allowed to enter the brain from the blood or to leave it towards the circulation. The BBB is structurally composed of a layer of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) bound to each other through tight junctions (TJs). However, its development as well as maintenance and properties are controlled by the other brain cells that contact the BCECs: pericytes, glial cells, and even neurons themselves. Astrocytes seem, in particular, to have a very important role in determining and controlling most properties of the BBB. Here, we will focus on these latter cells, since the comprehension of their roles in brain physiology has been continuously expanding, even including the ability to participate in neurotransmission and in complex functions such as learning and memory. Accordingly, pathological conditions that alter astrocytic functions can alter the BBB's integrity, thus compromising many brain activities. In this review, we will also refer to different kinds of in vitro BBB models used to study the BBB's properties, evidencing its modifications under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienzee Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC), Foundation Institute “G. Giglio”, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sorbello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (G.S.)
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Ahn JJ, Islam Y, Clarkson-Paredes C, Karl MT, Miller RH. B cell depletion modulates glial responses and enhances blood vessel integrity in a model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106290. [PMID: 37709209 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) resulting in central nervous system (CNS) entry of peripheral lymphocytes, including T cells and B cells. While T cells have largely been considered the main contributors to neuroinflammation in MS, the success of B cell depletion therapies suggests an important role for B cells in MS pathology. Glial cells in the CNS are essential components in both disease progression and recovery, raising the possibility that they represent targets for B cell functions. Here, we examine astrocyte and microglia responses to B cell depleting treatments in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). B cell depleted EAE animals had markedly reduced disease severity and myelin damage accompanied by reduced microglia and astrocyte reactivity 20 days after symptom onset. To identify potential initial mechanisms mediating functional changes following B cell depletion, astrocyte and microglia transcriptomes were analyzed 3 days following B cell depletion. In control EAE animals, transcriptomic analysis revealed astrocytic inflammatory pathways were activated and microglial influence on neuronal function were inhibited. Following B cell depletion, initial functional recovery was associated with an activation of astrocytic pathways linked with restoration of neurovascular integrity and of microglial pathways associated with neuronal function. These studies reveal an important role for B cell depletion in influencing glial function and CNS vasculature in an animal model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Ahn
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ross Hall, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America
| | - Yusra Islam
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ross Hall, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Clarkson-Paredes
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nanofabrication and Imaging Center, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22(nd) St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America
| | - Molly T Karl
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ross Hall, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America
| | - Robert H Miller
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ross Hall, 2300 I St NW, Washington, DC 20037, United States of America.
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