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Lee SY, Lee E, Lim JU, Ku B, Seong YJ, Ryu JO, Cho HJ, Kim K, Hwang Y, Moon SW, Moon MH, Kim KS, Hyun K, Kim TJ, Sung YE, Choi JY, Park CK, Kim SW, Yeo CD, Kim SJ, Lee DW. U-Shape Pillar Strip for 3D Cell-Lumped Organoid Model (3D-COM) Mimicking Lung Cancer Hypoxia Conditions in High-Throughput Screening (HTS). Anal Chem 2024; 96:10246-10255. [PMID: 38858132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a representative tumor characteristic associated with malignant progression in clinical patients. Engineered in vitro models have led to significant advances in cancer research, allowing for the investigation of cells in physiological environments and the study of disease mechanisms and processes with enhanced relevance. In this study, we propose a U-shape pillar strip for a 3D cell-lumped organoid model (3D-COM) to study the effects of hypoxia on lung cancer in a high-throughput manner. We developed a U-pillar strip that facilitates the aggregation of PDCs mixed with an extracellular matrix to make the 3D-COM in 384-plate array form. The response to three hypoxia-activated prodrugs was higher in the 3D-COM than in the 2D culture model. The protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α, which are markers of hypoxia, was also higher in the 3D-COM than in the 2D culture. The results show that 3D-COM better recapitulated the hypoxic conditions of lung cancer tumors than the 2D culture. Therefore, the U-shape pillar strip for 3D-COM is a good tool to study the effects of hypoxia on lung cancer in a high-throughput manner, which can efficiently develop new drugs targeting hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Uk Lim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Bosung Ku
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Seong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-O Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Jun Cho
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Songeui Multiplex Hall, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhwan Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Songeui Multiplex Hall, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongki Hwang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Songeui Multiplex Hall, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Whan Moon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hyoung Moon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanyong Hyun
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoun Eun Sung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kwon Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Dong Yeo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, Songeui Multiplex Hall, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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Zhang B, Li C, Wu J, Zhang J, Cheng C. DeepCG: A cell graph model for predicting prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:2151-2161. [PMID: 38429627 PMCID: PMC11015971 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the first leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with lung adenocarcinoma as the major subtype accounting for 40% of all cases. To improve patient survival, image-based prognostic models were developed due to the ready availability of pathological images at diagnosis. However, the application of these models is hampered by two main challenges: the lack of publicly available image datasets with high-quality survival information and the poor interpretability of conventional convolutional neural network models. Here, we integrated matched transcriptomic and H&E staining data from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) to develop an image-based prognostic model, termed Deep-learning based Cell Graph (DeepCG) model. Instead of survival data, we used a gene signature to predict patient prognostic risks, which was then used as labels for training DeepCG. Importantly, by employing graph structures to capture cell patterns, DeepCG can provide cell-level interpretation, which was more biologically relevant than previous region-level insights. We validated the prognostic values of DeepCG in independent datasets and demonstrated its ability to identify prognostically informative cells in images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chenyang Li
- Genomic Medicine Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Genomic Medicine Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- The Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Purev E, Bahmed K, Kosmider B. Alveolar Organoids in Lung Disease Modeling. Biomolecules 2024; 14:115. [PMID: 38254715 PMCID: PMC10813493 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung organoids display a tissue-specific functional phenomenon and mimic the features of the original organ. They can reflect the properties of the cells, such as morphology, polarity, proliferation rate, gene expression, and genomic profile. Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells have a stem cell potential in the adult lung. They produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant and proliferate to restore the epithelium after damage. Therefore, AT2 cells are used to generate alveolar organoids and can recapitulate distal lung structures. Also, AT2 cells in human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived alveolospheres express surfactant proteins and other factors, indicating their application as suitable models for studying cell-cell interactions. Recently, they have been utilized to define mechanisms of disease development, such as COVID-19, lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this review, we show lung organoid applications in various pulmonary diseases, drug screening, and personalized medicine. In addition, stem cell-based therapeutics and approaches relevant to lung repair were highlighted. We also described the signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation of lung regeneration. It is critical to identify novel regulators of alveolar organoid generations to promote lung repair in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhee Purev
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Karim Bahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Lee SY, Cho HJ, Choi J, Ku B, Moon SW, Moon MH, Kim KS, Hyun K, Kim TJ, Sung YE, Hwang Y, Lee E, Ahn DH, Choi JY, Lim JU, Park CK, Kim SW, Kim SJ, Koo IS, Jung WS, Lee SH, Yeo CD, Lee DW. Cancer organoid-based diagnosis reactivity prediction (CODRP) index-based anticancer drug sensitivity test in ALK-rearrangement positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:309. [PMID: 37993887 PMCID: PMC10664561 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, cancer organoid-based drug sensitivity tests have been studied to predict patient responses to anticancer drugs. The area under curve (AUC) or IC50 value of the dose-response curve (DRC) is used to differentiate between sensitive and resistant patient's groups. This study proposes a multi-parameter analysis method (cancer organoid-based diagnosis reactivity prediction, CODRP) that considers the cancer stage and cancer cell growth rate, which represent the severity of cancer patients, in the sensitivity test. METHODS On the CODRP platform, patient-derived organoids (PDOs) that recapitulate patients with lung cancer were implemented by applying a mechanical dissociation method capable of high yields and proliferation rates. A disposable nozzle-type cell spotter with efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) has also been developed to dispense a very small number of cells due to limited patient cells. A drug sensitivity test was performed using PDO from the patient tissue and the primary cancer characteristics of PDOs were confirmed by pathological comparision with tissue slides. RESULTS The conventional index of drug sensitivity is the AUC of the DRC. In this study, the CODRP index for drug sensitivity test was proposed through multi-parameter analyses considering cancer cell proliferation rate, the cancer diagnosis stage, and AUC values. We tested PDOs from eight patients with lung cancer to verify the CODRP index. According to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement status, the conventional AUC index for the three ALK-targeted drugs (crizotinib, alectinib, and brigatinib) did not classify into sensitive and resistant groups. The proposed CODRP index-based drug sensitivity test classified ALK-targeted drug responses according to ALK rearrangement status and was verified to be consistent with the clinical drug treatment response. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the PDO-based HTS and CODRP index drug sensitivity tests described in this paper may be useful for predicting and analyzing promising anticancer drug efficacy for patients with lung cancer and can be applied to a precision medicine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Jun Cho
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Choi
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Bosung Ku
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Whan Moon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Mi Hyoung Moon
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Kwanyong Hyun
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Tae-Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Yeoun Eun Sung
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Korea
| | - Yongki Hwang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuck Ahn
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Uk Lim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kwon Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Songeui Multiplex Hall, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seong Koo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seok Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Decision (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang Dong Yeo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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DeWitt JT, Sharma MV, Kellogg DR. Expression of oncogenic HRAS G12V causes defects in control of cell size in NIH 3T3 cells. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000873. [PMID: 38021173 PMCID: PMC10654777 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe defects in control of cell size are closely associated with cancer. However, the mechanisms that drive cell size defects in cancer remain unknown and it is unclear whether they are a direct consequence of signals from primary oncogenic drivers or a secondary consequence of mutations that accumulate during evolution of cancer cells. Here, we report that expression of oncogenic HRAS G12V is sufficient to cause cell size defects in NIH 3T3 cells, which suggests that the cell size defects of cancer cells are a direct consequence of primary oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry T. DeWitt
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Michael V. Sharma
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Douglas R. Kellogg
- Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
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DeWitt JT, Chinwuba JC, Kellogg DR. Hyperactive Ras disrupts cell size control and a key step in cell cycle entry in budding yeast. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad144. [PMID: 37531631 PMCID: PMC10758756 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe defects in cell size are a nearly universal feature of cancer cells. However, the underlying causes are unknown. A previous study suggested that a hyperactive mutant of yeast Ras (ras2G19V) that is analogous to the human Ras oncogene causes cell size defects, which could provide clues to how oncogenes influence cell size. However, the mechanisms by which ras2G19V influences cell size are unknown. Here, we found that ras2G19V inhibits a critical step in cell cycle entry, in which an early G1 phase cyclin induces transcription of late G1 phase cyclins. Thus, ras2G19V drives overexpression of the early G1 phase cyclin Cln3, yet Cln3 fails to induce normal transcription of late G1 phase cyclins, leading to delayed cell cycle entry and increased cell size. ras2G19V influences transcription of late G1 phase cyclins via a poorly understood step in which Cln3 inactivates the Whi5 transcriptional repressor. Previous studies found that yeast Ras relays signals via protein kinase A (PKA); however, ras2G19V appears to influence late G1 phase cyclin expression via novel PKA-independent signaling mechanisms. Together, the data define new mechanisms by which hyperactive Ras influences cell cycle entry and cell size in yeast. Hyperactive Ras also influences expression of G1 phase cyclins in mammalian cells, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Further analysis of Ras signaling in yeast could lead to discovery of new mechanisms by which Ras family members control expression of G1 phase cyclins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry T DeWitt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jennifer C Chinwuba
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Hatton IA, Galbraith ED, Merleau NSC, Miettinen TP, Smith BM, Shander JA. The human cell count and size distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303077120. [PMID: 37722043 PMCID: PMC10523466 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303077120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell size and cell count are adaptively regulated and intimately linked to growth and function. Yet, despite their widespread relevance, the relation between cell size and count has never been formally examined over the whole human body. Here, we compile a comprehensive dataset of cell size and count over all major cell types, with data drawn from >1,500 published sources. We consider the body of a representative male (70 kg), which allows further estimates of a female (60 kg) and 10-y-old child (32 kg). We build a hierarchical interface for the cellular organization of the body, giving easy access to data, methods, and sources (https://humancelltreemap.mis.mpg.de/). In total, we estimate total body counts of ≈36 trillion cells in the male, ≈28 trillion in the female, and ≈17 trillion in the child. These data reveal a surprising inverse relation between cell size and count, implying a trade-off between these variables, such that all cells within a given logarithmic size class contribute an equal fraction to the body's total cellular biomass. We also find that the coefficient of variation is approximately independent of mean cell size, implying the existence of cell-size regulation across cell types. Our data serve to establish a holistic quantitative framework for the cells of the human body, and highlight large-scale patterns in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Hatton
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Eric D. Galbraith
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0E8, Canada
- ICREA, Barcelona08010, Spain
| | - Nono S. C. Merleau
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig04103, Germany
- Center for Scalable Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence, University of Leipzig, D-04105Leipzig, Germany
| | - Teemu P. Miettinen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Benjamin McDonald Smith
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QuebecH4A 3S5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY10032
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