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Chachei K. Greenhouse gas emissions in the Indian agriculture sector and mitigation by best management practices and smart farming technologies-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:44489-44510. [PMID: 38951399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for agricultural products, driven by the Green Revolution, has led to a significant increase in food production. However, the demand is surpassing production, making food security a major concern, especially under climatic variation. The Indian agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to extreme rainfall, drought, pests, and diseases in the present climate change scenario. Nonetheless, the key agriculture sub-sectors such as livestock, rice cultivation, and biomass burning also significantly contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a driver of global climate change. Agriculture activities alone account for 10-12% of global GHG emissions. India is an agrarian economy and a hub for global food production, which is met by intensive agricultural inputs leading to the deterioration of natural resources. It further contributes to 14% of the country's total GHG emissions. Identifying the drivers and best mitigation strategies in the sector is thus crucial for rigorous GHG mitigation. Therefore, this review aims to identify and expound the key drivers of GHG emissions in Indian agriculture and present the best strategies available in the existing literature. This will help the scientific community, policymakers, and stakeholders to evaluate the current agricultural practices and uphold the best approach available. We also discussed the socio-economic, and environmental implications to understand the impacts that may arise from intensive agriculture. Finally, we examined the current national climate policies, areas for further research, and policy amendments to help bridge the knowledge gap among researchers, policymakers, and the public in the national interest toward GHG reduction goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Chachei
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Upadhyay PK, Dey A, Singh VK, Dwivedi BS, Singh RK, Rajanna GA, Babu S, Rathore SS, Shekhawat K, Rai PK, Choudhury NK, Budhlakoti N, Mishra DC, Rai A, Singh A, Bhardwaj AK, Shukla G. Changes in microbial community structure and yield responses with the use of nano-fertilizers of nitrogen and zinc in wheat-maize system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1100. [PMID: 38212628 PMCID: PMC10784562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing popularity of nano-fertilization around the world for enhancing yield and nutrient use efficiency has been realized, however its influence on soil microbial structure is not fully understood. The purpose of carrying out this study was to assess the combined effect of nano and conventional fertilizers on the soil biological indicators and crop yield in a wheat-maize system. The results indicate that the at par grain yield of wheat and maize was obtained with application of 75% of recommended nitrogen (N) with full dose of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) through conventional fertilizers along with nano-N (nano-urea) or nano-N plus nano-Zn sprays and N100PK i.e. business as usual (recommended dose of fertilizer). Important soil microbial property like microbial biomass carbon was found statistically similar with nano fertilizer-based management (N75PK + nano-N, and N75PK + nano-N + nano-Zn) and conventional management (N100PK), during both wheat and maize seasons. The experimental data indicated that the application of foliar spray of nano-fertilizers along with 75% N as basal is a sustainable nutrient management approach with respect to growth, yield and rhizosphere biological activity. Furthermore, two foliar sprays of nano-N or nano-N + nano-Zn curtailed N requirement by 25%, furthermore enhanced soil microbial diversity and the microbial community structure. The specific microbial groups, including Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia, and Proteobacteria, were present in abundance and were positively correlated with wheat and maize yield and soil microbial biomass carbon. Thus, one of the best nutrient management approaches for sustaining productivity and maintaining sound microbial diversity in wheat-maize rotation is the combined use of nano-fertilizers and conventional fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abir Dey
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, 500 059, India.
| | - Brahma Swaroop Dwivedi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - G A Rajanna
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
- ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Regional Station, Ananthapur, 515 701, India
| | - Subhash Babu
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | | | - Kapila Shekhawat
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Rai
- IFFCO-Nano Fertilizer Plant, Phulpur Unit, Ghiyanagar, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 212404, India
| | | | - Neeraj Budhlakoti
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | | | - Anil Rai
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Awtar Singh
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | | | - Gaurav Shukla
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Sundararajan N, Habeebsheriff HS, Dhanabalan K, Cong VH, Wong LS, Rajamani R, Dhar BK. Mitigating Global Challenges: Harnessing Green Synthesized Nanomaterials for Sustainable Crop Production Systems. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2024; 8:2300187. [PMID: 38223890 PMCID: PMC10784203 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Green nanotechnology, an emerging field, offers economic and social benefits while minimizing environmental impact. Nanoparticles, pivotal in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture, are now sourced from green plants and microorganisms, overcoming limitations of chemically synthesized ones. In agriculture, these green-made nanoparticles find use in fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and fungicides. Nanofertilizers curtail mineral losses, bolster yields, and foster agricultural progress. Their biological production, preferred for environmental friendliness and high purity, is cost-effective and efficient. Biosensors aid early disease detection, ensuring food security and sustainable farming by reducing excessive pesticide use. This eco-friendly approach harnesses natural phytochemicals to boost crop productivity. This review highlights recent strides in green nanotechnology, showcasing how green-synthesized nanomaterials elevate crop quality, combat plant pathogens, and manage diseases and stress. These advancements pave the way for sustainable crop production systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vo Huu Cong
- Faculty of Natural Resources and EnvironmentVietnam National University of AgricultureTrau QuyGia LamHanoi10766Vietnam
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life SciencesINTI International UniversityPersiaran Perdana BBNPutra NilaiNilaiNegeri Sembilan71800Malaysia
| | | | - Bablu Kumar Dhar
- Business Administration DivisionMahidol University International CollegeMohidol UniversitySalaaya73170Thailand
- Faculty of Business AdministrationDaffodil International UniversityDhaka1216Bangladesh
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Tang Y, Zhao W, Zhu G, Tan Z, Huang L, Zhang P, Gao L, Rui Y. Nano-Pesticides and Fertilizers: Solutions for Global Food Security. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:90. [PMID: 38202545 PMCID: PMC10780761 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology emerges as an important way to safeguard global food security amid the escalating challenges posed by the expansion of the global population and the impacts of climate change. The perfect fusion of this breakthrough technology with traditional agriculture promises to revolutionize the way agriculture is traditionally practiced and provide effective solutions to the myriad of challenges in agriculture. Particularly noteworthy are the applications of nano-fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, which have become milestones in sustainable agriculture and offer lasting alternatives to traditional methods. This review meticulously explores the key role of nano-fertilizers and pesticides in advancing sustainable agriculture. By focusing on the dynamic development of nanotechnology in the field of sustainable agriculture and its ability to address the overarching issue of global food security, this review aims to shed light on the transformative potential of nanotechnology to pave the way for a more resilient and sustainable future for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Weichen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (W.Z.); (Z.T.)
| | - Guikai Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zhiqiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (W.Z.); (Z.T.)
| | - Lili Huang
- Jiaer Chen Academician Workstation, Jinan Huaxin Automation Engineering Co., Ltd., Xincheng Road, Shanghe County, Jinan 251616, China;
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yukui Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (G.Z.)
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Kumar N, Tripathi SC, Yadav DB, Samota SR, Venkatesh K, Sareen S, Singh G. Boosting wheat yield, profitability and NUE with prilled and nano urea in conservation tillage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18073. [PMID: 37872258 PMCID: PMC10593831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice-wheat production in the Indo-gangetic plains (IGPs) of India faces major concerns such as depleting resources, rice residue burning, excessive fertilizer use, and decreasing nitrogen use efficiency. These issues threaten sustainable crop production in the future. Therefore, a field study was conducted during the winter seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to evaluate the effect of combined conventional and nano fertilizers on nitrogen application just before or after irrigation to improve wheat productivity, profitability and NUE under conservation tillage. The study evaluated eight treatment combinations of nitrogen application through conventionally applied urea (46% N) and foliar applied nano urea (4% N) under zero tillage with rice residue retention. Results revealed that growth, physiological indices, yield, and quality parameters were enhanced with the application of 150 kg N/ha in three equal splits as basal and just before 1st and 2nd irrigation alone (T2) or along with a spray of nano urea (T5) compared to other treatments. T5 recorded 7.2%, 8.5%, and 7.8% more plant dry matter, number of tillers, and grain yield, respectively, over the conventional practice of applying 150 kg N/ha in three equal splits as basal and 7-10 days after 1st and 2nd irrigation (T3, farmers practice). Although, T2 showed similar results to T5, T5 recorded significantly higher gross ($2542/ha) and net returns ($1279/ha) than the other treatments. However, the benefit-cost ratio of T2 and T5 was same (2.01). A significant and positive correlation coefficient between grain yield and physiological parameters such as CCI and NDVI confirmed that increasing the nitrogen dose enhanced the chlorophyll content, greenness, and plant vigor. Based on the results, it can be concluded that applying 150 kg N/ha in three equal splits as basal and just before 1st and 2nd irrigation under conservation agriculture, along with a single spray of nano urea (4% N) at 60-65 days after sowing, can improve growth, yield attributes, wheat yield, and NUE compared to farmers practice (T3) in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agarsain Marg, P.B. No. 158, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
| | - S C Tripathi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agarsain Marg, P.B. No. 158, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India.
| | - D B Yadav
- CCS HAU, RRS, Bawal, Haryana, 123 501, India
| | - Shiv Ram Samota
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agarsain Marg, P.B. No. 158, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
| | - Karnam Venkatesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 030, India
| | - Sindhu Sareen
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agarsain Marg, P.B. No. 158, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
| | - Gyanendra Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Agarsain Marg, P.B. No. 158, Karnal, Haryana, 132 001, India
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