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Zhu X, Zhu P, Chen X, Zhang L, Wu C, Zhang H, Shen X, Qi Y, Chen M, Wang S, Yi X. Correlation of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (PAPSS1) expression with clinical parameters and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Histol Histopathol 2023; 38:1327-1335. [PMID: 36734141 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (PAPSS1) has been found to be highly expressed in some cancers and significantly associated with prognosis. Nevertheless, the role of PAPSS1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is poorly understood. METHODS In this study, PAPSS1 expression in ESCC samples was researched through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot (WB) techniques. siRNA technology was then used to inhibit PAPSS1 expression in ESCC cells, and cytologic tests were conducted to research gene affection on cell apoptosis, proliferation, and migration. Then, the expression of Bcl2, Ki67, and Snail was detected using qPCR and WB tests. These experimental data were analyzed by GraphPad software, where the P-value<0.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS The results showed that PAPSS1 expression level in ESCC tissues was higher than in the adjacent tissues. The data also showed that PAPSS1 was significantly correlated with N stage, and that the patients with high expressions had longer survival time. After transfection for 48 hours, the cell apoptosis rate of siRNA-PAPSS1 transfected groups decreased significantly, whereas the cell proliferation rate and migration ability increased relative to the control. At the same time, the expression levels of Bcl2, Ki67 and Snail were all upregulated by siRNA-PAPSS1. PAPSS1, however, was suppressed. CONCLUSIONS PAPSS1 may be an ESCC suppressor gene, and its specific molecular mechanism in ESCC needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyou Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Wu
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yao Qi
- Shanghai OUTDO Biotech Co. Ltd. Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shunli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xianghua Yi
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Zhang L, Song W, Li T, Mu Y, Zhang P, Hu J, Lin H, Zhang J, Gao H, Zhang L. Redox switching mechanism of the adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase domain (APSK2) of human PAPS synthase 2. Structure 2023; 31:826-835.e3. [PMID: 37207644 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase (APSK) catalyzes the rate-limiting biosynthetic step of the universal sulfuryl donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In higher eukaryotes, the APSK and ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) domains are fused in a single chain. Humans have two bifunctional PAPS synthetase isoforms: PAPSS1 with the APSK1 domain and PAPSS2 containing the APSK2 domain. APSK2 displays a distinct higher activity for PAPSS2-mediated PAPS biosynthesis during tumorigenesis. How APSK2 achieves excess PAPS production has remained unclear. APSK1 and APSK2 lack the conventional redox-regulatory element present in plant PAPSS homologs. Here we elucidate the dynamic substrate recognition mechanism of APSK2. We discover that APSK1 contains a species-specific Cys-Cys redox-regulatory element that APSK2 lacks. The absence of this element in APSK2 enhances its enzymatic activity for excess PAPS production and promotes cancer development. Our results help to understand the roles of human PAPSSs during cell development and may facilitate PAPSS2-specific drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenyan Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yajuan Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jingyan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Houwen Lin
- Research Centre for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Hai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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3
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Liu R, Zhang Y, Kumar A, Huhn S, Hullinger L, Du Z. Modulating tyrosine sulfation of recombinant antibodies in CHO cell culture by host selection and sodium chlorate supplementation. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100142. [PMID: 34081410 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification found on many surface receptors and plays an important role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. However, tyrosine sulfation of therapeutic antibodies has only been reported very recently. Because of potential potency and immunogenicity concerns, tyrosine sulfation needs to be controlled during the manufacturing process. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we explored methods to modulate antibody tyrosine sulfation during cell line development and upstream production process. We found that tyrosine sulfation levels were significantly different in various Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines due to differential expression of genes in the sulfation pathway including tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 (TPST2) and the sulfation substrate transporter SLC35B2. We also screened chemical inhibitors to reduce tyrosine sulfation in CHO culture and found that sodium chlorate could significantly inhibit tyrosine sulfation while having minimal impact on cell growth and antibody production. We further confirmed this finding in a standard fed-batch production assay. Sodium chlorate at 16 mM markedly inhibited tyrosine sulfation by more than 50% and had no significant impact on antibody titer or quality. CONCLUSION These data suggest that we can control tyrosine sulfation by selecting CHO cell lines based on the expression level of TPST2 and SLC35B2 or adding sodium chlorate in upstream production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven Huhn
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Laurie Hullinger
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhimei Du
- Process Cell Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Bruce JW, Bracken M, Evans E, Sherer N, Ahlquist P. ZBTB2 represses HIV-1 transcription and is regulated by HIV-1 Vpr and cellular DNA damage responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009364. [PMID: 33635925 PMCID: PMC7946322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that cellular transcription factor ZASC1 facilitates DNA-dependent/RNA-independent recruitment of HIV-1 TAT and the cellular elongation factor P-TEFb to the HIV-1 promoter and is a critical factor in regulating HIV-1 transcriptional elongation (PLoS Path e1003712). Here we report that cellular transcription factor ZBTB2 is a novel repressor of HIV-1 gene expression. ZBTB2 strongly co-immunoprecipitated with ZASC1 and was dramatically relocalized by ZASC1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Mutations abolishing ZASC1/ZBTB2 interaction prevented ZBTB2 nuclear relocalization. We show that ZBTB2-induced repression depends on interaction of cellular histone deacetylases (HDACs) with the ZBTB2 POZ domain. Further, ZASC1 interaction specifically recruited ZBTB2 to the HIV-1 promoter, resulting in histone deacetylation and transcription repression. Depleting ZBTB2 by siRNA knockdown or CRISPR/CAS9 knockout in T cell lines enhanced transcription from HIV-1 vectors lacking Vpr, but not from these vectors expressing Vpr. Since HIV-1 Vpr activates the viral LTR by inducing the ATR kinase/DNA damage response pathway, we investigated ZBTB2 response to Vpr and DNA damaging agents. Expressing Vpr or stimulating the ATR pathway with DNA damaging agents impaired ZASC1’s ability to localize ZBTB2 to the nucleus. Moreover, the effects of DNA damaging agents and Vpr on ZBTB2 localization could be blocked by ATR kinase inhibitors. Critically, Vpr and DNA damaging agents decreased ZBTB2 binding to the HIV-1 promoter and increased promoter histone acetylation. Thus, ZBTB2 is recruited to the HIV-1 promoter by ZASC1 and represses transcription, but ATR pathway activation leads to ZBTB2 removal from the promoter, cytoplasmic sequestration and activation of viral transcription. Together, our data show that ZASC1/ZBTB2 integrate the functions of TAT and Vpr to maximize HIV-1 gene expression. The Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) TAT and VPR proteins, in combination with cellular transcription factors, regulate the switch between transcriptionally active productive infection and the transcriptionally inactive latent state. Previously we reported that ZASC1, a cellular transcription factor linked to multiple squamous cell carcinomas and inherited ataxias, contributes to an RNA-independent, DNA-dependent step in recruiting the TAT/P-TEFb complex that is critical for HIV-1 transcription elongation to the HIV-1 promoter. Here we show ZASC1 interacts with ZBTB2, another cellular transcription factor with strong links to cancer. ZASC1 interaction relocalizes ZBTB2 from the cytoplasm to the HIV-1 promoter in the nucleus where ZBTB2 interacts with cellular HDACs, increases HIV-1 promoter histone deacetylation and represses viral transcription. We show that Vpr-mediated activation of the ATR/DNA damage pathway regulates ZBTB2 relocalization by ZASC1. Thus, the cellular transcription factors ZASC1 and ZBTB2 regulate the transcription elongation activities of HIV-1 TAT and the Vpr activation of the cellular DNA damage response pathway to determine the transcriptional fate of the HIV-1 provirus. These results also have strong implications for the role of ZASC1/ZBTB2 and the DNA damage response in cancer and inherited ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Bruce
- Rowe Center for Research in Virology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Megan Bracken
- Rowe Center for Research in Virology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Edward Evans
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan Sherer
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- Rowe Center for Research in Virology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Abstract
Sulfur is present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine and in a large range of essential coenzymes and cofactors and is therefore essential for all organisms. It is also a constituent of sulfate esters in proteins, carbohydrates, and numerous cellular metabolites. The sulfation and desulfation reactions modifying a variety of different substrates are commonly known as sulfation pathways. Although relatively little is known about the function of most sulfated metabolites, the synthesis of activated sulfate used in sulfation pathways is essential in both animal and plant kingdoms. In humans, mutations in the genes encoding the sulfation pathway enzymes underlie a number of developmental aberrations, and in flies and worms, their loss-of-function is fatal. In plants, a lower capacity for synthesizing activated sulfate for sulfation reactions results in dwarfism, and a complete loss of activated sulfate synthesis is also lethal. Here, we review the similarities and differences in sulfation pathways and associated processes in animals and plants, and we point out how they diverge from bacteria and yeast. We highlight the open questions concerning localization, regulation, and importance of sulfation pathways in both kingdoms and the ways in which findings from these "red" and "green" experimental systems may help reciprocally address questions specific to each of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Günal
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hardman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
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6
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Foster PA, Mueller JW. SULFATION PATHWAYS: Insights into steroid sulfation and desulfation pathways. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T271-T283. [PMID: 29764919 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation and desulfation pathways represent highly dynamic ways of shuttling, repressing and re-activating steroid hormones, thus controlling their immense biological potency at the very heart of endocrinology. This theme currently experiences growing research interest from various sides, including, but not limited to, novel insights about phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate synthase and sulfotransferase function and regulation, novel analytics for steroid conjugate detection and quantification. Within this review, we will also define how sulfation pathways are ripe for drug development strategies, which have translational potential to treat a number of conditions, including chronic inflammatory diseases and steroid-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR)University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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7
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Leung AWY, Backstrom I, Bally MB. Sulfonation, an underexploited area: from skeletal development to infectious diseases and cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55811-55827. [PMID: 27322429 PMCID: PMC5342455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonation is one of the most abundant cellular reactions modifying a wide range of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules which regulate important biological processes including blood clotting, formation of connective tissues, and functionality of secreted proteins, hormones, and signaling molecules. Sulfonation is ubiquitous in all tissues and widespread in nature (plants, animals, and microorganisms). Although sulfoconjugates were discovered over a century ago when, in 1875, Baumann isolated phenyl sulfate in the urine of a patient given phenol as an antiseptic, the significance of sulfonation and its roles in human diseases have been underappreciated until recent years. Here, we provide a current overview of the significance of sulfonation reactions in a variety of biological functions and medical conditions (with emphasis on cancer). We also discuss research areas that warrant further attention if we are to fully understand how deficiencies in sulfonation could impact human health which, in turn, could help define treatments to effect improvements in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W. Y. Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Backstrom
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Leung AWY, Veinotte CJ, Melong N, Oh MH, Chen K, Enfield KSS, Backstrom I, Warburton C, Yapp D, Berman JN, Bally MB, Lockwood WW. In Vivo Validation of PAPSS1 (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1) as a Cisplatin-sensitizing Therapeutic Target. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6555-6566. [PMID: 28790117 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Our previous screening efforts found that inhibition of PAPSS1 increases the potency of DNA-damaging agents in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Here, we explored the clinical relevance of PAPSS1 and further investigated it as a therapeutic target in preclinical model systems.Experimental Design: PAPSS1 expression and cisplatin IC50 values were assessed in 52 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Effects of PAPSS1 inhibition on A549 cisplatin sensitivity under hypoxic and starvation conditions, in 3D spheroids, as well as in zebrafish and mouse xenografts, were evaluated. Finally, the association between PAPSS1 expression levels and survival in patients treated with standard chemotherapy was assessed.Results: Our results show a positive correlation between low PAPSS1 expression and increased cisplatin sensitivity in lung adenocarcinoma. In vitro, the potentiation effect was greatest when A549 cells were serum-starved under hypoxic conditions. When treated with low-dose cisplatin, PAPSS1-deficient A549 spheroids showed a 58% reduction in size compared with control cells. In vivo, PAPSS1 suppression and low-dose cisplatin treatment inhibited proliferation of lung tumor cells in zebrafish xenografts and significantly delayed development of subcutaneous tumors in mice. Clinical data suggest that NSCLC and ovarian cancer patients with low PAPSS1 expression survive longer following platinum-based chemotherapy.Conclusions: These results suggest that PAPSS1 inhibition enhances cisplatin activity in multiple preclinical model systems and that low PAPSS1 expression may serve as a biomarker for platin sensitivity in cancer patients. Developing strategies to target PAPSS1 activity in conjunction with platinum-based chemotherapy may offer an approach to improving treatment outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6555-66. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W Y Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chansey J Veinotte
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University/IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nicole Melong
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University/IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Min Hee Oh
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kent Chen
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katey S S Enfield
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian Backstrom
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Corinna Warburton
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Donald Yapp
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason N Berman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University/IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, Life Sciences Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William W Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Pietilä MK, Hellström K, Ahola T. Alphavirus polymerase and RNA replication. Virus Res 2017; 234:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Recent advances in the identification of Tat-mediated transactivation inhibitors: progressing toward a functional cure of HIV. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:421-42. [PMID: 26933891 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.16.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The current anti-HIV combination therapy does not eradicate the virus that persists mainly in quiescent infected CD4(+) T cells as a latent integrated provirus that resumes after therapy interruption. The Tat-mediated transactivation (TMT) is a critical step in the HIV replication cycle that could give the opportunity to reduce the size of latent reservoirs. More than two decades of research led to the identification of various TMT inhibitors. While none of them met the criteria to reach the market, the search for a suitable TMT inhibitor is still actively pursued. Really promising compounds, including one in a Phase III clinical trial, have been recently identified, thus warranting an update.
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11
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Swann J, Murry J, Young JAT. Cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A1 regulates HIV-1 minus-strand DNA elongation in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Virol J 2016; 13:30. [PMID: 26906565 PMCID: PMC4765207 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular sulfonation pathway modulates key steps of virus replication. This pathway comprises two main families of sulfonate-conjugating enzymes: Golgi sulfotransferases, which sulfonate proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids and proteoglycans; and cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs), which sulfonate various small molecules including hormones, neurotransmitters, and xenobiotics. Sulfonation controls the functions of numerous cellular factors such as those involved in cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and small molecule detoxification. We previously showed that the cellular sulfonation pathway regulates HIV-1 gene expression and reactivation from latency. Here we show that a specific cellular sulfotransferase can regulate HIV-1 replication in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) by yet another mechanism, namely reverse transcription. Methods MDMs were derived from monocytes isolated from donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from the San Diego Blood Bank. After one week in vitro cell culture under macrophage-polarizing conditions, MDMs were transfected with sulfotranserase-specific or control siRNAs and infected with HIV-1 or SIV constructs expressing a luciferase reporter. Infection levels were subsequently monitored by luminescence. Western blotting was used to assay siRNA knockdown and viral protein levels, and qPCR was used to measure viral RNA and DNA products. Results We demonstrate that the cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT1A1 is highly expressed in primary human MDMs, and through siRNA knockdown experiments, we show that this enzyme promotes infection of MDMs by single cycle VSV-G pseudotyped human HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus vectors and by replication-competent HIV-1. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that SULT1A1 affects HIV-1 replication in MDMs by modulating the kinetics of minus-strand DNA elongation during reverse transcription. Conclusions These studies have identified SULT1A1 as a cellular regulator of HIV-1 reverse transcription in primary human MDMs. The normal substrates of this enzyme are small phenolic-like molecules, raising the possibility that one or more of these substrates may be involved. Targeting SULT1A1 and/or its substrate(s) may offer a novel host-directed strategy to improve HIV-1 therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0491-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Swann
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jeff Murry
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA, 94401, USA.
| | - John A T Young
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Roche Innovation Center Basel, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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12
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Murry JP, Godoy J, Mukim A, Swann J, Bruce JW, Ahlquist P, Bosque A, Planelles V, Spina CA, Young JAT. Sulfonation pathway inhibitors block reactivation of latent HIV-1. Virology 2014; 471-473:1-12. [PMID: 25310595 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived pools of latently infected cells are a significant barrier to the development of a cure for HIV-1 infection. A better understanding of the mechanisms of reactivation from latency is needed to facilitate the development of novel therapies that address this problem. Here we show that chemical inhibitors of the sulfonation pathway prevent virus reactivation, both in latently infected J-Lat and U1 cell lines and in a primary human CD4+ T cell model of latency. In each of these models, sulfonation inhibitors decreased transcription initiation from the HIV-1 promoter. These inhibitors block transcription initiation at a step that lies downstream of nucleosome remodeling and affects RNA polymerase II recruitment to the viral promoter. These results suggest that the sulfonation pathway acts by a novel mechanism to regulate efficient virus transcription initiation during reactivation from latency, and further that augmentation of this pathway could be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Murry
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joseph Godoy
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amey Mukim
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Justine Swann
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James W Bruce
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Celsa A Spina
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John A T Young
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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13
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Rodgers MJ, Banks DJ, Bradley KA, Young JA. CHD1 and CHD2 are positive regulators of HIV-1 gene expression. Virol J 2014; 11:180. [PMID: 25297984 PMCID: PMC4283154 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retroviruses encode a very limited number of proteins and therefore must exploit a wide variety of host proteins for completion of their lifecycle. METHODS We performed an insertional mutagenesis screen to identify novel cellular regulators of retroviral replication. RESULTS This approach identified the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler, chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 2 (CHD2), as well as the highly related CHD1 protein, as positive regulators of both MLV and HIV-1 replication in rodent and human cells. RNAi knockdown of either CHD2 or the related CHD1 protein, in human cells resulted in a block to infection by HIV-1, specifically at the level of transcription. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that CHD1 and CHD2 can act as positive regulators of HIV-1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John At Young
- The Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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14
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Bruce JW, Reddington R, Mathieu E, Bracken M, Young JAT, Ahlquist P. ZASC1 stimulates HIV-1 transcription elongation by recruiting P-TEFb and TAT to the LTR promoter. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003712. [PMID: 24204263 PMCID: PMC3812036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription from the HIV-1 LTR promoter efficiently initiates but rapidly terminates because of a non-processive form of RNA polymerase II. This premature termination is overcome by assembly of an HIV-1 TAT/P-TEFb complex at the transactivation response region (TAR), a structured RNA element encoded by the first 59 nt of HIV-1 mRNA. Here we have identified a conserved DNA-binding element for the cellular transcription factor, ZASC1, in the HIV-1 core promoter immediately upstream of TAR. We show that ZASC1 interacts with TAT and P-TEFb, co-operating with TAT to regulate HIV-1 gene expression, and promoting HIV-1 transcriptional elongation. The importance of ZASC1 to HIV-1 transcription elongation was confirmed through mutagenesis of the ZASC1 binding sites in the LTR promoter, shRNAs targeting ZASC1 and expression of dominant negative ZASC1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that ZASC1 recruits Tat and P-TEFb to the HIV-1 core promoter in a TAR-independent manner. Thus, we have identified ZASC1 as novel regulator of HIV-1 gene expression that functions through the DNA-dependent, RNA-independent recruitment of TAT/P-TEFb to the HIV-1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Bruce
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rachel Reddington
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Mathieu
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Megan Bracken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John A. T. Young
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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van den Boom J, Heider D, Martin SR, Pastore A, Mueller JW. 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthases, naturally fragile enzymes specifically stabilized by nucleotide binding. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17645-17655. [PMID: 22451673 PMCID: PMC3366831 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.325498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated sulfate in the form of 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is needed for all sulfation reactions in eukaryotes with implications for the build-up of extracellular matrices, retroviral infection, protein modification, and steroid metabolism. In metazoans, PAPS is produced by bifunctional PAPS synthases (PAPSS). A major question in the field is why two human protein isoforms, PAPSS1 and -S2, are required that cannot complement for each other. We provide evidence that these two proteins differ markedly in their stability as observed by unfolding monitored by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence as well as circular dichroism spectroscopy. At 37 °C, the half-life for unfolding of PAPSS2 is in the range of minutes, whereas PAPSS1 remains structurally intact. In the presence of their natural ligand, the nucleotide adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), PAPS synthase proteins are stabilized. Invertebrates only possess one PAPS synthase enzyme that we classified as PAPSS2-type by sequence-based machine learning techniques. To test this prediction, we cloned and expressed the PPS-1 protein from the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and also subjected this protein to thermal unfolding. With respect to thermal unfolding and the stabilization by APS, PPS-1 behaved like the unstable human PAPSS2 protein suggesting that the less stable protein is evolutionarily older. Finally, APS binding more than doubled the half-life for unfolding of PAPSS2 at physiological temperatures and effectively prevented its aggregation on a time scale of days. We propose that protein stability is a major contributing factor for PAPS availability that has not as yet been considered. Moreover, naturally occurring changes in APS concentrations may be sensed by changes in the conformation of PAPSS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes van den Boom
- Departments for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Heider
- Departments for Bioinformatics, ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephen R Martin
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Mueller
- Departments for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
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16
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Schneider WM, Wu DT, Amin V, Aiyer S, Roth MJ. MuLV IN mutants responsive to HDAC inhibitors enhance transcription from unintegrated retroviral DNA. Virology 2012; 426:188-96. [PMID: 22365328 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV), sustained viral infections require expression from an integrated provirus. For many applications, non-integrating retroviral vectors have been utilized to avoid the unwanted effects of integration, however, the level of expression from unintegrated DNA is significantly less than that of integrated provirus. We find that unintegrated DNA expression can be increased in the presence of HDAC inhibitors, such as TSA, when applied in combination with integrase (IN) mutations. These mutants include an active site mutation as well as catalytically active INs bearing mutations of K376 in the MuLV C-terminal domain of IN. MuLV IN K376 is homologous to K266 in HIV-1 IN, a known substrate for acetylation. The MuLV IN protein is acetylated by p300 in vitro, however, the effect of HDAC inhibitors on gene expression from unintegrated DNA is not dependent on the acetylation state of MuLV IN K376.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Schneider
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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17
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Schröder E, Gebel L, Eremeev AA, Morgner J, Grum D, Knauer SK, Bayer P, Mueller JW. Human PAPS synthase isoforms are dynamically regulated enzymes with access to nucleus and cytoplasm. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29559. [PMID: 22242175 PMCID: PMC3252339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, PAPS synthases are the only enzymes producing the essential sulphate-donor 3'-phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS). Recently, PAPS synthases have been associated with several genetic diseases and retroviral infection. To improve our understanding of their pathobiological functions, we analysed the intracellular localisation of the two human PAPS synthases, PAPSS1 and PAPSS2. For both enzymes, we observed pronounced heterogeneity in their subcellular localisation. PAPSS1 was predominantly nuclear, whereas PAPSS2 localised mainly within the cytoplasm. Treatment with the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B had little effect on their localisation. However, a mutagenesis screen revealed an Arg-Arg motif at the kinase interface exhibiting export activity. Notably, both isoforms contain a conserved N-terminal basic Lys-Lys-Xaa-Lys motif indispensable for their nuclear localisation. This nuclear localisation signal was more efficient in PAPSS1 than in PAPSS2. The activities of the identified localisation signals were confirmed by microinjection studies. Collectively, we describe unusual localisation signals of both PAPS synthase isoforms, mobile enzymes capable of executing their function in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schröder
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lena Gebel
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrey A. Eremeev
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jessica Morgner
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grum
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Shirley K. Knauer
- Department of Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jonathan W. Mueller
- Department of Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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18
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Evaluation of residual promoter activity in γ-retroviral self-inactivating (SIN) vectors. Mol Ther 2011; 20:84-90. [PMID: 22008914 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic gene delivery mediated by retroviral vectors has the advantage of stable integration into the host genome. A major safety concern for gene delivery achieved by murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based retroviral vectors is the activation of adjacent cellular genes including oncogenes following integration into the host genome. Self-inactivating (SIN) vectors lacking viral enhancers/promoters in their 3' long terminal repeat (LTR) have been proposed as a means of overcoming this safety concern. However the MLV-based SIN vectors currently used by laboratories to assess insertional mutagenesis, integration site selection, and the potency of transgene expression are not uniform in the composition of their 3' LTRs. We constructed a series of SIN vectors representative of the currently employed vectors, but lacking an internal promoter. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as a reporter gene. Target cells exposed to these vectors were evaluated for number of integrants and GFP expression at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level and protein level. We found that viral promoter activity in the 3' LTR is not attenuated in many currently employed SIN vectors. These results suggest that the influence of strong residual promoter activity should be taken into consideration when interpreting experimental results obtained using SIN vectors in gene therapy research.
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19
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Chen Y, Chen X, Zhang S, Chen G. Influenza A virus infection activates cholesterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) in the lung of female C57BL/6 mice. Biol Chem 2011; 392:869-76. [PMID: 21871008 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of hormones, neurotransmitters, and xenobiotics, increasing their water solubility. SULTs are not only important for xenobiotic detoxification but they also play important biological roles in the regulation of the activities of various biosignaling molecules and other cellular functions. In this study, we investigated the effects of influenza A virus lung infection on the expression of SULTs in the lung, brain, and liver of female C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrate for the first time that SULT2B1b enzyme activity and protein expression are significantly up-regulated in the lung and brain of female mice in response to lung influenza A virus infection. Real-time quantitative PCR results are consistent with Western blot and enzymatic activity data. In mouse liver, mSULT2B1b is not significantly changed. Enzyme activities, protein expression, and mRNA expression of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 in the lung, brain, and liver of mice were not significantly affected by the infection. The induction of SULT2B1b may be used to inactivate natural liver X receptor ligands and activate the proliferation of T cells in response to influenza A virus infection in the lung and brain of mice. Our results raise the possibility that regulation of SULT2B1b may influence acquired immune responses to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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20
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Gancarz BL, Hao L, He Q, Newton MA, Ahlquist P. Systematic identification of novel, essential host genes affecting bromovirus RNA replication. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23988. [PMID: 21915247 PMCID: PMC3161824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA virus replication involves viral proteins and cellular proteins at nearly every replication step. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is a well-established model for dissecting virus-host interactions and is one of very few viruses whose RNA replication, gene expression and encapsidation have been reproduced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previously, our laboratory identified ∼100 non-essential host genes whose loss inhibited or enhanced BMV replication at least 3-fold. However, our isolation of additional BMV-modulating host genes by classical genetics and other results underscore that genes essential for cell growth also contribute to BMV RNA replication at a frequency that may be greater than that of non-essential genes. To systematically identify novel, essential host genes affecting BMV RNA replication, we tested a collection of ∼900 yeast strains, each with a single essential gene promoter replaced by a doxycycline-repressible promoter, allowing repression of gene expression by adding doxycycline to the growth medium. Using this strain array of ∼81% of essential yeast genes, we identified 24 essential host genes whose depleted expression reproducibly inhibited or enhanced BMV RNA replication. Relevant host genes are involved in ribosome biosynthesis, cell cycle regulation and protein homeostasis, among other cellular processes. BMV 2aPol levels were significantly increased in strains depleted for a heat shock protein (HSF1) or proteasome components (PRE1 and RPT6), suggesting these genes may affect BMV RNA replication by directly or indirectly modulating 2aPol localization, post-translational modification or interacting partners. Investigating the diverse functions of these newly identified essential host genes should advance our understanding of BMV-host interactions and normal cellular pathways, and suggest new modes of virus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Gancarz
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Linhui Hao
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Qiuling He
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Newton
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Friedrich BM, Dziuba N, Li G, Endsley MA, Murray JL, Ferguson MR. Host factors mediating HIV-1 replication. Virus Res 2011; 161:101-14. [PMID: 21871504 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) infection is the leading cause of death worldwide in adults attributable to infectious diseases. Although the majority of infections are in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, HIV-1 is also a major health concern in most countries throughout the globe. While current antiretroviral treatments are generally effective, particularly in combination therapy, limitations exist due to drug resistance occurring among the drug classes. Traditionally, HIV-1 drugs have targeted viral proteins, which are mutable targets. As cellular genes mutate relatively infrequently, host proteins may prove to be more durable targets than viral proteins. HIV-1 replication is dependent upon cellular proteins that perform essential roles during the viral life cycle. Maraviroc is the first FDA-approved antiretroviral drug to target a cellular factor, HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5, and serves to intercept viral-host protein-protein interactions mediating entry. Recent large-scale siRNA and shRNA screens have revealed over 1000 candidate host factors that potentially support HIV-1 replication, and have implicated new pathways in the viral life cycle. These host proteins and cellular pathways may represent important targets for future therapeutic discoveries. This review discusses critical cellular factors that facilitate the successive steps in HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Friedrich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0435, United States.
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22
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Vozzolo L, Loh B, Gane PJ, Tribak M, Zhou L, Anderson I, Nyakatura E, Jenner RG, Selwood D, Fassati A. Gyrase B inhibitor impairs HIV-1 replication by targeting Hsp90 and the capsid protein. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39314-28. [PMID: 20937817 PMCID: PMC2998086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical genetics is an emerging approach to investigate the biology of host-pathogen interactions. We screened several inhibitors of ATP-dependent DNA motors and detected the gyrase B inhibitor coumermycin A1 (C-A1) as a potent antiretroviral. C-A1 inhibited HIV-1 integration and gene expression from acutely infected cell, but the two activities mapped to distinct targets. Target discovery identified Hsp90 as the C-A1 target affecting viral gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that Hsp90 associates with the viral promoter and may directly regulate gene expression. Molecular docking suggested that C-A1 binds to two novel pockets at the C terminal domain of Hsp90. C-A1 inhibited Hsp90 dimer formation, suggesting that it impairs viral gene expression by preventing Hsp90 dimerization at the C terminus. The inhibition of HIV-1 integration imposed by C-A1 was independent of Hsp90 and mapped to the capsid protein, and a point mutation at residue 105 made the virus resistant to this block. HIV-1 susceptibility to the integration block mediated by C-A1 was influenced by cyclophilin A. Our chemical genetic approach revealed an unexpected function of capsid in HIV-1 integration and provided evidence for a role of Hsp90 in regulating gene expression in mammalian cells. Both activities were amenable to inhibition by small molecules and represent novel antiretroviral drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Vozzolo
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, W1T 4JF London, United Kingdom
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23
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Loh B, Vozzolo L, Mok BJ, Lee CC, Fitzmaurice RJ, Caddick S, Fassati A. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by isoxazolidine and isoxazole sulfonamides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:461-74. [PMID: 20486932 PMCID: PMC2917890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Targeting host factors is a complementary strategy for the development of new antiviral drugs. We screened a library of isoxazolidine and isoxazole sulfonamides and found four compounds that inhibited HIV-1 infection in human CD4+ lymphocytic T cells with no toxicity at IC90 concentrations. Structure-activity relationship showed that benzyl sulfonamides and a halo-substituted aromatic ring on the heterocycle scaffold were critical for antiretroviral activity. The size and position of the incorporated halogen had a marked effect on the antiretroviral activity. The sulfonamide derivatives had no significant effect on HIV-1 entry, reverse transcription and integration but impaired a step necessary for activation of viral gene expression. This step was Tat-independent, strongly suggesting that the target is a cell factor. A virus partially resistant to the least potent compounds could be selected but could not be propagated in the long term, consistent with the possibility that HIV-1 may be less likely to develop resistance against drugs targeting some host factors. Here, we provide evidence that novel synthetic methods can be applied to develop small molecules with antiretroviral activity that target host factors important for HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Loh
- Wohl Virion Centre, MRC Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, UCL, London, UK
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24
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Cellular transcription factor ZASC1 regulates murine leukemia virus transcription. J Virol 2010; 84:7473-83. [PMID: 20484494 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00299-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify cellular processes involved in retroviral infection, we employed a high-volume forward genetic screen of insertionally mutagenized somatic cells using a murine leukemia virus (MLV) vector. This approach identified a clonal cell line that exhibited approximately 10-fold reduced gene expression from MLV vectors following infection despite supporting normal levels of MLV reverse transcription and integration. The defect in this cell line was specific for the MLV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, as normal levels of reporter gene expression were obtained from both an internal cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter contained within an LTR-defective MLV vector and LTR expression from an avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) vector. Complementation and shRNA knockdown experiments demonstrated that the defective gene in these cells is ZASC1 (ZNF639), a transcription factor with strong links to cancer and inherited ataxias. We demonstrated that ZASC1 is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein with three closely related binding sites located within the MLV LTR promoter, but it does not bind to the ASLV promoter. Mutating these putative ZASC1 binding sites significantly reduced levels of MLV gene expression. While wild-type ZASC1 activated expression from the MLV promoter, a green fluorescent protein-ZASC1 fusion protein showed dominant-negative inhibition of MLV gene expression. These studies identify the cellular transcription factor ZASC1 as an activator of MLV gene expression and provide tools that should be useful in studying the links between ZASC1 and human diseases.
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25
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Grum D, van den Boom J, Neumann D, Matena A, Link NM, Mueller JW. A heterodimer of human 3'-phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS) synthases is a new sulphate activating complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 395:420-5. [PMID: 20382111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
3'-Phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS) synthases are fundamental to mammalian sulphate metabolism. These enzymes have recently been linked to a rising number of human diseases. Despite many studies, it is not yet understood how the mammalian PAPS synthases 1 and 2 interact with each other. We provide first evidence for heterodimerisation of these two enzymes by pull-down assays and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. Kinetics of dimer dissociation/association indicates that these heterodimers form as soon as PAPSS1 and -S2 encounter each other in solution. Affinity of the homo- and heterodimers were found to be in the low nanomolar range using anisotropy measurements employing proteins labelled with the fluorescent dye IAEDANS that--in spite of its low quantum yield--is well suited for anisotropy due to its large Stokes shift. Within its kinase domain, the PAPS synthase heterodimer displays similar substrate inhibition by adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate (APS) as the homodimers. Due to divergent catalytic efficacies of PAPSS1 and -S2, the heterodimer might be a way of regulating PAPS synthase function within mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grum
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology - ZMB, Faculty of Biology and Geography, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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Shih WL, Yu MW, Chen PJ, Wu TW, Lin CL, Liu CJ, Lin SM, Tai DI, Lee SD, Liaw YF. Evidence for association with hepatocellular carcinoma at the PAPSS1 locus on chromosome 4q25 in a family-based study. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1250-9. [PMID: 19337310 PMCID: PMC2986632 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A region on chromosome 4q25 has recently been highlighted as linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we performed a family-based association analysis with 67 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to map this linkage region in 240 families with HCC, 212 (88.3%) of which were ascertained through hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive index cases. Individual SNP analysis with correction for multiple testing identified 10 SNPs in two correlated haplotype blocks, located in or around the 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase-1 (PAPSS1) gene (all P-values: <0.0075). Our linkage data and GIST (Genotype identity-by-descent sharing test) indicate that 6 of these 10 SNPs contributed to the linkage signal. The haplotype block of the strongest association with HCC extended from the intron 5 to the 3'-flanking region of PAPSS1; multiple consecutive three-SNP haplotypes in this region were significant. The most significant haplotype showed odd ratios of 3.41 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.36-8.53) for homozygous individuals in a case-unaffected sibling analysis. This haplotype also revealed an association with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein and with poor survival in familial cases and an independent series of HBsAg-positive cases with small tumor present at the time of hospital admission. These results implicate PAPSS1 as a candidate HCC-susceptibility gene in hepatitis B carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Shih
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Whei Yu
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 522 No.17, Xuzhou Road Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 10055, Taiwan. Tel: +886 2 332 280 31; Fax: +886 2 235 119 55; E-mail:
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Ming Lin
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dar-In Tai
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Dong Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fan Liaw
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mao H, Chen H, Fesseha Z, Chang S, Ung-Medoff H, Van Dyke J, Kohli M, Li WB, Goldblatt M, Kinch MS. Identification of novel host-oriented targets for Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 using Random Homozygous Gene Perturbation. Virol J 2009; 6:154. [PMID: 19788744 PMCID: PMC2760863 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global threat to public health. Current therapies that directly target the virus often are rendered ineffective due to the emergence of drug-resistant viral variants. An emerging concept to combat drug resistance is the idea of targeting host mechanisms that are essential for the propagation of the virus, but have a minimal cellular effect. Results Herein, using Random Homozygous Gene Perturbation (RHGP), we have identified cellular targets that allow human MT4 cells to survive otherwise lethal infection by a wild type HIV-1NL4-3. These gene targets were validated by the reversibility of the RHGP technology, which confirmed that the RHGP itself was responsible for the resistance to HIV-1 infection. We further confirmed by siRNA knockdowns that the RHGP-identified cellular pathways are responsible for resistance to infection by either CXCR4 or CCR5 tropic HIV-1 variants. We also demonstrated that cell clones with these gene targets disrupted by RHGP were not permissible to the replication of a drug resistant HIV-1 mutant. Conclusion These studies demonstrate the power of RHGP to identify novel host targets that are essential for the viral life cycle but which can be safely perturbed without overt cytotoxicity. These findings suggest opportunities for the future development of host-oriented therapeutics with the broad spectrum potential for safe and effective inhibition of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Mao
- Functional Genetics, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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