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Kingsak M, Meethong T, Jongkhumkrong J, Cai L, Wang Q. Therapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses in the era of precision oncology. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2023; 4:67-84. [PMID: 38283919 PMCID: PMC10817786 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy has been shown to be an effective targeted cancer therapy treatment in recent years, providing an avenue of treatment that poses no damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Not only do OVs cause direct oncolysis, but they also amplify both innate and adaptive immune responses generating long-term anti-tumour immunity. Genetically engineered OVs have become the common promising strategy to enhance anti-tumour immunity, safety, and efficacy as well as targeted delivery. The studies of various OVs have been accomplished through phase I-III clinical trial studies. In addition, the uses of carrier platforms of organic materials such as polymer chains, liposomes, hydrogels, and cell carriers have played a vital role in the potentially targeted delivery of OVs. The mechanism, rational design, recent clinical trials, applications, and the development of targeted delivery platforms of OVs will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monchupa Kingsak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Thongpon Meethong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jinnawat Jongkhumkrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Carolina Lancaster, Lancaster, SC, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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2
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Alvarez-Rivera E, Rodríguez-Valentín M, Boukli NM. The Antiviral Compound PSP Inhibits HIV-1 Entry via PKR-Dependent Activation in Monocytic Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:804. [PMID: 36992512 PMCID: PMC10051440 DOI: 10.3390/v15030804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin depolymerization factor (ADF) cofilin-1 is a key cytoskeleton component that serves to lessen cortical actin. HIV-1 manipulates cofilin-1 regulation as a pre- and post-entry requisite. Disruption of ADF signaling is associated with denial of entry. The unfolded protein response (UPR) marker Inositol-Requiring Enzyme-1α (IRE1α) and interferon-induced protein (IFN-IP) double-stranded RNA- activated protein kinase (PKR) are reported to overlap with actin components. In our published findings, Coriolus versicolor bioactive extract polysaccharide peptide (PSP) has demonstrated anti-HIV replicative properties in THP1 monocytic cells. However, its involvement towards viral infectivity has not been elucidated before. In the present study, we examined the roles of PKR and IRE1α in cofilin-1 phosphorylation and its HIV-1 restrictive roles in THP1. HIV-1 p24 antigen was measured through infected supernatant to determine PSP's restrictive potential. Quantitative proteomics was performed to analyze cytoskeletal and UPR regulators. PKR, IRE1α, and cofilin-1 biomarkers were measured through immunoblots. Validation of key proteome markers was done through RT-qPCR. PKR/IRE1α inhibitors were used to validate viral entry and cofilin-1 phosphorylation through Western blots. Our findings show that PSP treatment before infection leads to an overall lower infectivity. Additionally, PKR and IRE1α show to be key regulators in cofilin-1 phosphorylation and viral restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Alvarez-Rivera
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamόn, PR 00960, USA
| | | | - Nawal M. Boukli
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamόn, PR 00960, USA
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3
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Sim TM, Ong SJ, Mak A, Tay SH. Type I Interferons in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Journey from Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052505. [PMID: 35269647 PMCID: PMC8910773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of type I interferons (IFNs) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) since the late 1970s. The majority of SLE patients demonstrate evidence of type I IFN pathway activation; however, studies attempting to address the relationship between type I IFN signature and SLE disease activity have yielded conflicting results. In addition to type I IFNs, type II and III IFNs may overlap and also contribute to the IFN signature. Different genetic backgrounds lead to overproduction of type I IFNs in SLE and contribute to the breakdown of peripheral tolerance by activation of antigen-presenting myeloid dendritic cells, thus triggering the expansion and differentiation of autoreactive lymphocytes. The consequence of the continuous stimulation of the immune system is manifested in different organ systems typical of SLE (e.g., mucocutaneous and cardiovascular involvement). After the discovery of the type I IFN signature, a number of different strategies have been developed to downregulate the IFN system in SLE patients, finally leading to the successful trial of anifrolumab, the second biologic to be approved for the treatment of SLE in 10 years. In this review, we will discuss the bench to bedside translation of the type I IFN pathway and put forward some issues that remain unresolved when selecting SLE patients for treatment with biologics targeting type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ming Sim
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (T.M.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Siying Jane Ong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore;
| | - Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (T.M.S.); (A.M.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore;
| | - Sen Hee Tay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; (T.M.S.); (A.M.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore;
- Correspondence:
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Sherwani MA, Ahmad I, Lewis MJ, Abdelgawad A, Rashid H, Yang K, Chen CY, Raman C, Elmets CA, Yusuf N. Type I Interferons Enhance the Repair of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Regulate Cutaneous Immune Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1822. [PMID: 35163747 PMCID: PMC8836948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are important enhancers of immune responses which are downregulated in human cancers, including skin cancer. Solar ultraviolet (UV) B radiation is a proven environmental carcinogen, and its exposure contributes to the high prevalence of skin cancer. The carcinogenic effects of UV light can be attributed to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and errors in the repair and replication of DNA. Treatment with a single dose of UVB (100 mJ/cm2) upregulated IFNα and IFNβ in the skin of C57BL/6 mice. IFNα and IFNβ were predominantly produced by CD11b+ cells. In mice lacking the type I IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1), the repair of CPD following cutaneous exposure to a single dose of UVB (100 mJ/cm2) was decreased. UVB induced the expression of the DNA repair gene xeroderma pigmentosum A (XPA) in wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, such treatment in IFNAR1 (IFNAR1-/-) mice downregulated XPA. A local UVB regimen consisting of UVB radiation (150 mJ/cm2) for 4 days followed by sensitization with hapten 2,4, dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) resulted in significant suppression of immune responses in both WT and IFNAR1-/- mice. However, there were significantly higher CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells in the draining lymph nodes of IFNAR1-/- mice in comparison to WT mice. Overall, our studies reveal a previously unknown action of type I IFNs in the repair of photodamage and the prevention of UVB-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif Sherwani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Israr Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Monica J. Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Abdelgawad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Harunur Rashid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Kevin Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Chander Raman
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Craig A. Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.A.S.); (I.A.); (M.J.L.); (A.A.); (H.R.); (K.Y.); (C.A.E.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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5
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Smyth R, Sun J. Protein Kinase R in Bacterial Infections: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2021; 12:702142. [PMID: 34305942 PMCID: PMC8297547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global antimicrobial resistance crisis poses a significant threat to humankind in the coming decades. Challenges associated with the development of novel antibiotics underscore the urgent need to develop alternative treatment strategies to combat bacterial infections. Host-directed therapy is a promising new therapeutic strategy that aims to boost the host immune response to bacteria rather than target the pathogen itself, thereby circumventing the development of antibiotic resistance. However, host-directed therapy depends on the identification of druggable host targets or proteins with key functions in antibacterial defense. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a well-characterized human kinase with established roles in cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and antiviral defense. However, its role in antibacterial defense has been surprisingly underappreciated. Although the canonical role of PKR is to inhibit protein translation during viral infection, this kinase senses and responds to multiple types of cellular stress by regulating cell-signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell death, and autophagy – mechanisms that are all critical for a protective host response against bacterial pathogens. Indeed, there is accumulating evidence to demonstrate that PKR contributes significantly to the immune response to a variety of bacterial pathogens. Importantly, there are existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that are well-tolerated in animals, indicating that PKR is a feasible target for host-directed therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of immune cell functions regulated by PKR and summarize the current knowledge on the role and functions of PKR in bacterial infections. We also review the non-canonical activators of PKR and speculate on the potential mechanisms that trigger activation of PKR during bacterial infection. Finally, we provide an overview of existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that could be explored as novel treatment strategies for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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Smyth R, Berton S, Rajabalee N, Chan T, Sun J. Protein Kinase R Restricts the Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Promoting Selective Autophagy. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:613963. [PMID: 33552025 PMCID: PMC7862720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.613963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly infectious lung disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The identification of macrophage signaling proteins exploited by Mtb during infection will enable the development of alternative host-directed therapies (HDT) for TB. HDT strategies will boost host immunity to restrict the intracellular replication of Mtb and therefore hold promise to overcome antimicrobial resistance, a growing crisis in TB therapy. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a key host sensor that functions in the cellular antiviral response. However, its role in defense against intracellular bacterial pathogens is not clearly defined. Herein, we demonstrate that expression and activation of PKR is upregulated in macrophages infected with Mtb. Immunological profiling of human THP-1 macrophages that overexpress PKR (THP-PKR) showed increased production of IP-10 and reduced production of IL-6, two cytokines that are reported to activate and inhibit IFNγ-dependent autophagy, respectively. Indeed, sustained expression and activation of PKR reduced the intracellular survival of Mtb, an effect that could be enhanced by IFNγ treatment. We further demonstrate that the enhanced anti-mycobacterial activity of THP-PKR macrophages is mediated by a mechanism dependent on selective autophagy, as indicated by increased levels of LC3B-II that colocalize with intracellular Mtb. Consistent with this mechanism, inhibition of autophagolysosome maturation with bafilomycin A1 abrogated the ability of THP-PKR macrophages to limit replication of Mtb, whereas pharmacological activation of autophagy enhanced the anti-mycobacterial effect of PKR overexpression. As such, PKR represents a novel and attractive host target for development of HDT for TB, and our data suggest value in the design of more specific and potent activators of PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stefania Berton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nusrah Rajabalee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Therese Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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7
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Bond S, Lopez-Lloreda C, Gannon PJ, Akay-Espinoza C, Jordan-Sciutto KL. The Integrated Stress Response and Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α in Neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:123-143. [PMID: 31913484 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposed molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative pathogenesis are varied, precluding the development of effective therapies for these increasingly prevalent disorders. One of the most consistent observations across neurodegenerative diseases is the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). eIF2α is a translation initiation factor, involved in cap-dependent protein translation, which when phosphorylated causes global translation attenuation. eIF2α phosphorylation is mediated by 4 kinases, which, together with their downstream signaling cascades, constitute the integrated stress response (ISR). While the ISR is activated by stresses commonly observed in neurodegeneration, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, it is a canonically adaptive signaling cascade. However, chronic activation of the ISR can contribute to neurodegenerative phenotypes such as neuronal death, memory impairments, and protein aggregation via apoptotic induction and other maladaptive outcomes downstream of phospho-eIF2α-mediated translation inhibition, including neuroinflammation and altered amyloidogenic processing, plausibly in a feed-forward manner. This review examines evidence that dysregulated eIF2a phosphorylation acts as a driver of neurodegeneration, including a survey of observations of ISR signaling in human disease, inspection of the overlap between ISR signaling and neurodegenerative phenomenon, and assessment of recent encouraging findings ameliorating neurodegeneration using developing pharmacological agents which target the ISR. In doing so, gaps in the field, including crosstalk of the ISR kinases and consideration of ISR signaling in nonneuronal central nervous system cell types, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bond
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Lopez-Lloreda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Gannon
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay-Espinoza
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Li M, Xin T, Gao X, Wu J, Wang X, Fang L, Sui X, Zhu H, Cui S, Guo X. Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural protein 2B negatively regulates the RLR-mediated IFN-β induction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:238-244. [PMID: 30177393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which is an acute and highly contagious disease affecting pigs, cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals. Several studies have shown that FMDV has evolved multiple strategies to evade the host innate immune response, but the underlying mechanisms for immune evasion are still not fully understood. In the current research, we have demonstrated that FMDV utilizes its non-structural protein 2B to sabotage the host immune response. Over-expression of the FMDV 2B inhibited Poly(I:C)-induced or SeV-triggered up-regulation of IFN-β, IL-6 as well as ISG15. When HEK293T cells were transfected with FMDV 2B, the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 was inhibited. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments indicated that FMDV 2B protein could interact with host RIG-I and MDA5. Moreover, FMDV 2B also inhibited the expression of the RIG-I and MDA5. Thus, FMDV 2B negatively regulates the RLR-mediated IFN-β induction by targeting RIG-I and MDA5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ting Xin
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Xixi Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lichun Fang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiukun Sui
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Gembloux Agro-bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Dvorak CM, Puvanendiran S, Murtaugh MP. Porcine circovirus 2 infection induces IFNβ expression through increased expression of genes involved in RIG-I and IRF7 signaling pathways. Virus Res 2018; 253:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Radetskyy R, Daher A, Gatignol A. ADAR1 and PKR, interferon stimulated genes with clashing effects on HIV-1 replication. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:48-58. [PMID: 29625900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The induction of hundreds of Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) subsequent to virus infection generates an antiviral state that functions to restrict virus growth at multiple steps of their replication cycles. In the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), ISGs also possess antiviral functions, but some ISGs show proapoptotic or proviral activity. One of the most studied ISGs, the RNA activated Protein Kinase (PKR), shuts down the viral protein synthesis upon activation. HIV-1 has evolved to evade its inhibition by PKR through viral and cellular mechanisms. One of the cellular mechanisms is the induction of another ISG, the Adenosine Deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). ADAR1 promotes viral replication by acting as an RNA sensing inhibitor, by editing viral RNA and by inhibiting PKR. This review challenges the orthodox dogma of ISGs as antiviral proteins, by demonstrating that two ISGs have opposing and clashing effects on viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Radetskyy
- Laboratory of Virus-Cell Interactions, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Canada
| | - Aïcha Daher
- Laboratory of Virus-Cell Interactions, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Canada
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Laboratory of Virus-Cell Interactions, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Canada; Department of Microbiology-Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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11
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Nice TJ, Osborne LC, Tomov VT, Artis D, Wherry EJ, Virgin HW. Type I Interferon Receptor Deficiency in Dendritic Cells Facilitates Systemic Murine Norovirus Persistence Despite Enhanced Adaptive Immunity. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005684. [PMID: 27327515 PMCID: PMC4915689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for a virus to persist, there must be a balance between viral replication and immune clearance. It is commonly believed that adaptive immunity drives clearance of viral infections and, thus, dysfunction or viral evasion of adaptive immunity is required for a virus to persist. Type I interferons (IFNs) play pleiotropic roles in the antiviral response, including through innate control of viral replication. Murine norovirus (MNoV) replicates in dendritic cells (DCs) and type I IFN signaling in DCs is important for early control of MNoV replication. We show here that the non-persistent MNoV strain CW3 persists systemically when CD11c positive DCs are unable to respond to type I IFN. Persistence in this setting is associated with increased early viral titers, maintenance of DC numbers, increased expression of DC activation markers and an increase in CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Furthermore, CD8 T cell function is maintained during the persistent phase of infection and adaptive immune cells from persistently infected mice are functional when transferred to Rag1-/- recipients. Finally, increased early replication and persistence are also observed in mixed bone marrow chimeras where only half of the CD11c positive DCs are unable to respond to type I IFN. These findings demonstrate that increased early viral replication due to a cell-intrinsic innate immune deficiency is sufficient for persistence and a functional adaptive immune response is not sufficient for viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lisa C. Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vesselin T. Tomov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, and Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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12
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Ganguly K, Giddaluru J, August A, Khan N. Post-transcriptional Regulation of Immunological Responses through Riboclustering. Front Immunol 2016; 7:161. [PMID: 27199986 PMCID: PMC4850162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological programing of immune cells varies in response to changing environmental signals. This process is facilitated by modifiers that regulate the translational fate of mRNAs encoding various immune mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, which in turn determine the rapid activation, tolerance, and plasticity of the immune system. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) recruited by the specific sequence elements in mRNA transcripts are one such modifiers. These RBPs form RBP-RNA complexes known as "riboclusters." These riboclusters serve as RNA sorting machinery, where depending upon the composition of the ribocluster, translation, degradation, or storage of mRNA is controlled. Recent findings suggest that this regulation of mRNA homeostasis is critical for controlling the immune response. Here, we present the current knowledge of the ribocluster-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of immune mediators and highlight recent findings regarding their implications for the pathogenesis of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Jeevan Giddaluru
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University , New York, NY , USA
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
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Teijaro JR. Type I interferons in viral control and immune regulation. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:31-40. [PMID: 26812607 PMCID: PMC4821698 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 interferons (IFN-I) exert pleiotropic biological effects during viral infections, all which contribute to balancing virus control and immune pathology. Despite extensive antiviral functions that subdue virus replication, recent studies demonstrate pathogenic and pro-viral roles for IFN-I signaling during acute and persistent virus infection. IFN-I signaling can promote morbidity and mortality through induction of aberrant inflammatory responses during acute viral infection. In contrast, IFN-I signaling during persistent viral infection supports immune suppression, lymphoid tissue disorganization and CD4 T cell dysfunction. Systematic characterization of the cellular populations and intricacies of IFN-I signaling that promote pathology or immune suppression during acute and persistent viral infections, respectively, should inform the development of treatments and modalities to control viral associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Abstract
Since Isaac's and Lindenmann's seminal experiments over 50 years ago demonstrating a soluble factor generated from heat killed virus-stimulated chicken embryos could inhibit live influenza virus replication, the term interferon has been synonymous with inhibition of virus replication. While the antiviral properties of type 1 interferon (IFN-I) are undeniable, recent studies have reported expanding and somewhat unexpected roles of IFN-I signaling during both acute and persistent viral infections. IFN-I signaling can promote morbidity and mortality through induction of aberrant inflammatory responses and recruitment of inflammatory innate immune cell populations during acute respiratory viral infections. During persistent viral infection, IFN-I signaling promotes containment of early viral replication/dissemination, however, also initiates and maintains immune suppression, lymphoid tissue disorganization, and CD4 T cell dysfunction through modulation of multiple immune cell populations. Finally, new data are emerging illuminating how specific IFN-I species regulate immune pathology and suppression during acute and persistent viral infections, respectively. Systematic characterization of the cellular populations that produce IFN-I, how the timing of IFN-I induction and intricacies of subtype specific IFN-I signaling promote pathology or immune suppression during acute and persistent viral infections should inform the development of treatments and modalities to control viral associated pathologies.
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15
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Martini H, Citro A, Martire C, D'Ettorre G, Labbadia G, Accapezzato D, Piconese S, De Marzio P, Cavallari EN, Calvo L, Rizzo F, Severa M, Coccia EM, Grazi GL, Di Filippo S, Sidney J, Vullo V, Sette A, Barnaba V. Apoptotic Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cells and Interferon Signaling Intersect in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:674-83. [PMID: 26386427 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells specific to caspase-cleaved antigens derived from apoptotic T cells represent a principal player in chronic immune activation. Here, we found that both apoptotic epitope-specific and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD8(+) T cells were mostly confined within the effector memory (EM) or terminally differentiated EM CD45RA(+) cell subsets expressing a dysfunctional T-helper 1-like signature program in chronic HCV infection. However, apoptotic epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells produced tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 2 at the intrahepatic level significantly more than HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells, despite both populations expressing high levels of programmed death 1 receptor. Contextually, only apoptotic epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells correlated with both interferon-stimulated gene levels in T cells and hepatic fibrosis score. Together, these data suggest that, compared with HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells, apoptotic epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells can better sustain chronic immune activation, owing to their capacity to produce tumor necrosis factor α, and exhibit greater resistance to inhibitory signals during chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriella D'Ettorre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma
| | | | | | | | | | - Eugenio N Cavallari
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma
| | | | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità
| | - Martina Severa
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità
| | - Eliana M Coccia
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità
| | - Gian Luca Grazi
- Chirurgia Epato-bilio-pancreatica, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Regina Elena
| | - Simona Di Filippo
- Chirurgia Epato-bilio-pancreatica, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Regina Elena
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza Università di Roma
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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16
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Dalet A, Gatti E, Pierre P. Integration of PKR-dependent translation inhibition with innate immunity is required for a coordinated anti-viral response. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1539-45. [PMID: 25979169 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Viral triggering of the innate immune response in infected cells aims at delaying viral replication and prevents tissue spreading. Viral replication is delayed by host protein synthesis inhibition and infected cell apoptosis on one hand, while infection spreading is controlled by the synthesis of specific proteins like type-I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines on the other hand. How do these two apparent conflicting responses cooperate within the same infected cells to mount effective defenses against pathogens? What are the molecules or the complexes resolving this contradiction over time? Some recent studies reveal unanticipated connections between innate immunity and stress pathways, giving important clues on how the cellular responses are orchestrated to limit infection efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dalet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine - iBiMED and Aveiro Health Sciences Program, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine - iBiMED and Aveiro Health Sciences Program, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important in the maintenance of self-tolerance, and the depletion of Treg cells correlates with autoimmune development. It has been shown that type I interferon (IFN) responses induced early in the infection of mice can drive memory (CD44hi) CD8 and CD4 T cells into apoptosis, and we questioned here whether the apoptosis of CD44-expressing Treg cells might be involved in the infection-associated autoimmune development. Instead, we found that Treg cells were much more resistant to apoptosis than CD44hi CD8 and CD4 T cells at days 2 to 3 after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, when type I IFN levels are high. The infection caused a downregulation of the interleukin-7 (IL-7) receptor, needed for survival of conventional T cells, while increasing on Treg cells the expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor, needed for STAT5-dependent survival of Treg cells. The stably maintained Treg cells early during infection may explain the relatively low incidence of autoimmune manifestations among infected patients. IMPORTANCE Autoimmune diseases are controlled in part by regulatory T cells (Treg) and are thought to sometimes be initiated by viral infections. We tested the hypothesis that Treg may die off at early stages of infection, when virus-induced factors kill other lymphocyte types. Instead, we found that Treg resisted this cell death, perhaps reducing the tendency of viral infections to cause immune dysfunction and induce autoimmunity.
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18
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Barjesteh N, Behboudi S, Brisbin JT, Villanueva AI, Nagy É, Sharif S. TLR ligands induce antiviral responses in chicken macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105713. [PMID: 25165812 PMCID: PMC4148336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken macrophages express several receptors for recognition of pathogens, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from bacterial or viral pathogens leading to the activation of macrophages. Macrophages play a critical role in immunity against viruses, including influenza viruses. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that treatment of chicken macrophages with TLR ligands reduces avian influenza replication. Furthermore, we sought to study the expression of some of the key mediators involved in the TLR-mediated antiviral responses of macrophages. Chicken macrophages were treated with the TLR2, 3, 4, 7 and 21 ligands, Pam3CSK4, poly(I:C), LPS, R848 and CpG ODN, respectively, at different doses and time points pre- and post-H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. The results revealed that pre-treatment of macrophages with Pam3CSK4, LPS and CpG ODN reduced the replication of AIV in chicken macrophages. In addition, the relative expression of genes involved in inflammatory and antiviral responses were quantified at 3, 8 and 18 hours post-treatment with the TLR2, 4 and 21 ligands. Pam3CSK4, LPS and CpG ODN increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-β and interferon regulatory factor (IFR) 7. The expression of these genes correlated with the reduction of viral replication in macrophages. These results shed light on the process of immunity to AIV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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Kafasla P, Skliris A, Kontoyiannis DL. Post-transcriptional coordination of immunological responses by RNA-binding proteins. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:492-502. [PMID: 24840980 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunological reactions are propelled by ever-changing signals that alter the translational ability of the RNA in the cells involved. Such alterations are considered to be consequential modifications in the transcriptomic decoding of the genetic blueprint. The identification of RNA-binding protein (RBP) assemblies engaged in the coordinative regulation of state-specific RNAs indicates alternative and exclusive means for determining the activation, plasticity and tolerance of cells of the immune system. Here we review current knowledge about RBP-regulated post-transcriptional events involved in the reactivity of cells of the immune system and the importance of their alteration during chronic inflammatory pathology and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kafasla
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Antonis Skliris
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Dimitris L Kontoyiannis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
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20
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Vitry MA, Hanot Mambres D, De Trez C, Akira S, Ryffel B, Letesson JJ, Muraille E. Humoral Immunity and CD4+Th1 Cells Are Both Necessary for a Fully Protective Immune Response upon Secondary Infection withBrucella melitensis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3740-52. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Kapil P, Stohlman SA, Hinton DR, Bergmann CC. PKR mediated regulation of inflammation and IL-10 during viral encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 270:1-12. [PMID: 24642385 PMCID: PMC4019976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) regulates antiviral activity, immune responses, apoptosis and neurotoxicity. Gliatropic coronavirus infection induced PKR activation in infected as well uninfected cells within the central nervous system (CNS). However, PKR deficiency only modestly increased viral replication and did not affect IFN-α/β or IL-1β expression. Despite reduced Il-6, Ccl5, and Cxcl10 mRNA, protein levels remained unaltered. Furthermore, PKR deficiency selectively reduced IL-10 production in CD4, but not CD8 T cells, without affecting CNS pathology. The results demonstrate the ability of PKR to balance neuroinflammation by selectively modulating key cytokines and chemokines in CNS resident and CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Kapil
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen A Stohlman
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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22
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Barra NG, Gillgrass A, Ashkar AA. Effective control of viral infections by the adaptive immune system requires assistance from innate immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 9:1143-7. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Yoshikawa A, Imagawa A, Nakata S, Fukui K, Kuroda Y, Miyata Y, Sato Y, Hanafusa T, Matsuoka TA, Kaneto H, Iwahashi H, Shimomura I. Interferon stimulated gene 15 has an anti-apoptotic effect on MIN6 cells. Endocr J 2014; 61:883-90. [PMID: 25031023 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes, one of two major forms of diabetes, results from the complete destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Viral infection has been suggested to be a trigger of beta cell destruction, the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of the protein encoded by intherferon stimulated gene (ISG) 15, an antiviral effector, in the development of this clinical entity. We used the mouse beta cell line MIN6 to investigate the role of ISG15 and paid special attention to apoptosis. Although not detected in native MIN6 cells, free ISG15 and ISG15 conjugated proteins were both present in dose-dependently increased amounts following stimulation with interferon alpha. As assessed both by caspase 3/7 activity and an annexin V assay, the percentage of apoptotic MIN6 cells (after exposure to the inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-1beta plus interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor alpha) was decreased by pretreatment with adenovirus-expressing ISG15 and increased by expressing a short hairpin RNA directed against ISG15. In conclusion, ISG15 has an anti-apoptotic effect on MIN6 cells. Thus, promoting ISG15 expression in the pancreatic beta cells could be a potential therapeutic approach for patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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The protein kinase double-stranded RNA-dependent (PKR) enhances protection against disease cause by a non-viral pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003557. [PMID: 23990781 PMCID: PMC3749959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PKR is well characterized for its function in antiviral immunity. Using Toxoplasma gondii, we examined if PKR promotes resistance to disease caused by a non-viral pathogen. PKR(-/-) mice infected with T. gondii exhibited higher parasite load and worsened histopathology in the eye and brain compared to wild-type controls. Susceptibility to toxoplasmosis was not due to defective expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, NOS2 or IL-6 in the retina and brain, differences in IL-10 expression in these organs or to impaired induction of T. gondii-reactive T cells. While macrophages/microglia with defective PKR signaling exhibited unimpaired anti-T. gondii activity in response to IFN-γ/TNF-α, these cells were unable to kill the parasite in response to CD40 stimulation. The TRAF6 binding site of CD40, but not the TRAF2,3 binding sites, was required for PKR phosphorylation in response to CD40 ligation in macrophages. TRAF6 co-immunoprecipitated with PKR upon CD40 ligation. TRAF6-PKR interaction appeared to be indirect, since TRAF6 co-immunoprecipitated with TRAF2 and TRAF2 co-immunoprecipitated with PKR, and deficiency of TRAF2 inhibited TRAF6-PKR co-immunoprecipitation as well as PKR phosphorylation induced by CD40 ligation. PKR was required for stimulation of autophagy, accumulation the autophagy molecule LC3 around the parasite, vacuole-lysosomal fusion and killing of T. gondii in CD40-activated macrophages and microglia. Thus, our findings identified PKR as a mediator of anti-microbial activity and promoter of protection against disease caused by a non-viral pathogen, revealed that PKR is activated by CD40 via TRAF6 and TRAF2, and positioned PKR as a link between CD40-TRAF signaling and stimulation of the autophagy pathway.
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Distinct roles of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral interferon regulatory factors in inflammatory response and cancer. J Virol 2013; 87:9398-410. [PMID: 23785197 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03315-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). Similar to other herpesviruses, KSHV has two life cycles, latency and lytic replication. In latency, the KSHV genome persists as a circular episome in the nucleus of the host cell and only a few viral genes are expressed. In this review, we focus on oncogenic, antiapoptotic, and immunomodulating properties of KSHV-encoded homologues of cellular interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)--viral IRF1 (vIRF1) to vIRF4--and their possible role in the KSHV-mediated antiviral response, apoptosis, and oncogenicity.
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Li Y, Xie J, Wu S, Xia J, Zhang P, Liu C, Zhang P, Huang X. Protein kinase regulated by dsRNA downregulates the interferon production in dengue virus- and dsRNA-stimulated human lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55108. [PMID: 23372823 PMCID: PMC3555826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) is found in the tropical and subtropical regions and affects millions of people annually. Currently, no specific vaccine or antiviral treatment against dengue virus is available. Innate immunity has been shown to be important for host resistance to DENV infection. Although protein kinase regulated by double-stranded RNA (PKR) has been found to promote the innate signaling in response to infection by several viruses, its role in the innate response to DENV infection is still unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the role of PKR in DENV-induced innate immune responses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By RNAi, silencing of PKR significantly enhanced the expression of interferon (IFN)-β in DENV infected human lung epithelial A549 cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy data showed that PKR knockdown upregulated the activation of innate signaling cascades including p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), interferon regulatory factor-3 and NF-κB, following DENV2 infection. Likewise, a negative regulatory effect of PKR on the IFN production was also observed in poly(IC) challenged cells. Moreover, the PKR knockdown-mediated IFN induction was attenuated by RIG-I or IPS-1 silencing. Finally, overexpression of a catalytically inactive PKR mutant (K296R), but not of a mutant lacking dsRNA binding activity (K64E) or the double mutant (K64EK296R), reversed the IFN induction mediated by PKR knockdown, suggesting that the dsRNA binding activity is required for PKR to downregulate IFN production. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE PKR acts as a negative regulator of IFN induction triggered by DENVs and poly(IC), and this regulation relies on its dsRNA binding activity. These findings reveal a novel regulatory role for PKR in innate immunity, suggesting that PKR might be a promising target for anti-DENV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Xie
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peifen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Irving AT, Wang D, Vasilevski O, Latchoumanin O, Kozer N, Clayton AHA, Szczepny A, Morimoto H, Xu D, Williams BRG, Sadler AJ. Regulation of actin dynamics by protein kinase R control of gelsolin enforces basal innate immune defense. Immunity 2012; 36:795-806. [PMID: 22633459 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary resistance to pathogens is reliant on both basal and inducible immune defenses. To date, research has focused upon inducible innate immune responses. In contrast to resistance via cytokine induction, basal defense mechanisms are less evident. Here we showed that the antiviral protein kinase R (PKR) inhibited the key actin-modifying protein gelsolin to regulate actin dynamics and control cytoskeletal cellular functions under homeostatic conditions. Through this mechanism, PKR controlled fundamental innate immune, actin-dependent processes that included membrane ruffling and particle engulfment. Accordingly, PKR counteracted viral entry into the cell. These findings identify a layer of host resistance, showing that the regulation of actin-modifying proteins during the innate immune response bolsters first-line defense against intracellular pathogens and has a sustained effect on virus production. Moreover, these data provide proof of principle for a concept in which the cell cytoskeleton could be targeted to elicit broad antiviral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Irving
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Ruscanu S, Pascale F, Bourge M, Hemati B, Elhmouzi-Younes J, Urien C, Bonneau M, Takamatsu H, Hope J, Mertens P, Meyer G, Stewart M, Roy P, Meurs EF, Dabo S, Zientara S, Breard E, Sailleau C, Chauveau E, Vitour D, Charley B, Schwartz-Cornil I. The double-stranded RNA bluetongue virus induces type I interferon in plasmacytoid dendritic cells via a MYD88-dependent TLR7/8-independent signaling pathway. J Virol 2012; 86:5817-28. [PMID: 22438548 PMCID: PMC3347300 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06716-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), especially plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), produce large amounts of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) upon infection with DNA or RNA viruses, which has impacts on the physiopathology of the viral infections and on the quality of the adaptive immunity. However, little is known about the IFN-α/β production by DCs during infections by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses. We present here novel information about the production of IFN-α/β induced by bluetongue virus (BTV), a vector-borne dsRNA Orbivirus of ruminants, in sheep primary DCs. We found that BTV induced IFN-α/β in skin lymph and in blood in vivo. Although BTV replicated in a substantial fraction of the conventional DCs (cDCs) and pDCs in vitro, only pDCs responded to BTV by producing a significant amount of IFN-α/β. BTV replication in pDCs was not mandatory for IFN-α/β production since it was still induced by UV-inactivated BTV (UV-BTV). Other inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-12p40, were also induced by UV-BTV in primary pDCs. The induction of IFN-α/β required endo-/lysosomal acidification and maturation. However, despite being an RNA virus, UV-BTV did not signal through Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) for IFN-α/β induction. In contrast, pathways involving the MyD88 adaptor and kinases dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) were implicated. This work highlights the importance of pDCs for the production of innate immunity cytokines induced by a dsRNA virus, and it shows that a dsRNA virus can induce IFN-α/β in pDCs via a novel TLR-independent and Myd88-dependent pathway. These findings have implications for the design of efficient vaccines against dsRNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Ruscanu
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florentina Pascale
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Centre de Recherche en Imagerie Interventionnelle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mickael Bourge
- IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, IMAGIF CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Behzad Hemati
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Céline Urien
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michel Bonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Imagerie Interventionnelle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Haru Takamatsu
- Vector Bourne Viral Disease Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Hope
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mertens
- Vector Bourne Viral Disease Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gilles Meyer
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, INRA UMR1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Meredith Stewart
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Roy
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eliane F. Meurs
- Institut Pasteur, Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dabo
- Institut Pasteur, Hepacivirus and Innate Immunity, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Charley
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Lee AJ, Ashkar AA. Herpes simplex virus-2 in the genital mucosa: insights into the mucosal host response and vaccine development. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012; 25:92-9. [PMID: 22143115 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32834e9a56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is the predominant cause of genital herpes and has been implicated in HIV infection and transmission. Thus far, vaccines developed against HSV-2 have been clinically ineffective in preventing infection. This review aims to summarize the innate and adaptive immune responses against HSV-2 and examines the current status of vaccine development. RECENT FINDINGS Both innate and adaptive immune responses are essential for an effective primary immune response and the generation of immunity. The innate response involves Toll-like receptors, natural killer cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and type I, II, and III interferons. The adaptive response requires a balance between CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells for optimal viral clearance. T-regulatory cells may be involved, although their exact function has yet to be determined. Current vaccine development involves the use of HSV-2 peptides or attenuated/replication-defective HSV-2 to generate adaptive anti-HSV-2 immune responses, however the generation of innate responses may also be an important consideration. SUMMARY Although vaccine development has primarily focused on the adaptive response, arguments for innate involvement are emerging. A greater understanding of the innate and adaptive processes underlying the response to HSV-2 infection will provide the foundation for the development of an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics and Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Wu K, Koo J, Jiang X, Chen R, Cohen SN, Nathan C. Improved control of tuberculosis and activation of macrophages in mice lacking protein kinase R. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30512. [PMID: 22359543 PMCID: PMC3281035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host factors that microbial pathogens exploit for their propagation are potential targets for therapeuic countermeasures. No host enzyme has been identified whose genetic absence benefits the intact mammalian host in vivo during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the leading cause of death from bacterial infection. Here, we report that the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is such an enzyme. PKR-deficient mice contained fewer viable Mtb and showed less pulmonary pathology than wild type mice. We identified two potential mechanisms for the protective effect of PKR deficiency: increased apoptosis of macrophages in response to Mtb and enhanced activation of macrophages in response to IFN-gamma. The restraining effect of PKR on macrophage activation was explained by its mediation of a previously unrecognized ability of IFN-gamma to induce low levels of the macrophage deactivating factor interleukin 10 (IL10). These observations suggest that PKR inhibitors may prove useful as an adjunctive treatment for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyun Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jovanka Koo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Stanley N. Cohen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Strobl B, Leitner NR, Müller M. Multifaceted Antiviral Actions of Interferon-stimulated Gene Products. JAK-STAT SIGNALING : FROM BASICS TO DISEASE 2012. [PMCID: PMC7121797 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0891-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are extremely powerful cytokines for the host defence against viral infections. Binding of IFNs to their receptors activates the JAK/STAT signalling pathway with the Janus kinases JAK1, 2 and TYK2 and the signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2. Depending on the cellular setting, additional STATs (STAT3-6) and additional signalling pathways are activated. The actions of IFNs on infected cells and the surrounding tissue are mediated by the induction of several hundred IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Since the cloning of the first ISGs, considerable progress has been made in describing antiviral effector proteins and their many modes of action. Effector proteins individually target distinct steps in the viral life cycle, including blocking virus entry, inhibition of viral transcription and translation, modification of viral nucleic acids and proteins and, interference with virus assembly and budding. Novel pathways of viral inhibition are constantly being elucidated and, additionally, unanticipated functions of known antiviral effector proteins are discovered. Herein, we outline IFN-induced antiviral pathways and review recent developments in this fascinating area of research.
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Δγ₁134.5 herpes simplex viruses encoding human cytomegalovirus IRS1 or TRS1 induce interferon regulatory factor 3 phosphorylation and an interferon-stimulated gene response. J Virol 2011; 86:610-4. [PMID: 22072777 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05099-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chimeric herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are Δγ₁34.5 vectors encoding the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IRS1 or TRS1 genes. They are capable of late viral protein synthesis and are superior to Δγ₁34.5 HSVs in oncolytic activity. The interferon (IFN) response limits efficient HSV gene expression and replication. HCMV TRS1 and IRS1 restore one γ₁34.5 gene function: evasion of IFN-inducible protein kinase R, allowing late viral protein synthesis. Here we show that, unlike wild-type HSV, the chimeric HSV do not restore another γ₁34.5 function, the suppression of early IFN signaling mediated by IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3).
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Drangsholt TMK, Gjerde B, Ødegård J, Finne-Fridell F, Evensen Ø, Bentsen HB. Quantitative genetics of disease resistance in vaccinated and unvaccinated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 107:471-7. [PMID: 21559049 PMCID: PMC3199929 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Furunculosis (Aeromonoas salmonicida) is an important disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming. Vaccination and selective breeding for increased resistance to the disease on the basis of challenge tests of unvaccinated fish are used as complementary prophylactic methods. An important issue is whether genetic predisposition to infection is consistent across vaccinated and unvaccinated fish. Hence, the main objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of the genetic associations (correlations) between resistance to furunculosis in vaccinated and unvaccinated fish, and to estimate the magnitude of the correlation of resistance to furunculosis with resistance to the viral diseases infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) and infectious salmon anaemia (ISA). Sub-samples of unvaccinated and vaccinated salmon from 150 full-sib families were subjected to separate cohabitation challenge tests. Substantial genetic variation was found in resistance to furunculosis in both the unvaccinated (heritabilities of 0.51 ± 0.05) and vaccinated (0.39 ± 0.06) fish. However, the genetic correlation between resistance to furunculosis in the two groups was low (0.32 ± 0.13), indicating a weak genetic association between resistance in the two groups. Hence, the current selection strategy on the basis of challenge tests of unvaccinated fish is likely to produce low genetic improvement in resistance to furunculosis under field conditions, where fish are vaccinated with an effective vaccine. Evidence was found of significantly favourable genetic associations of resistance to furunculosis in unvaccinated (but less so for vaccinated) fish with resistance to both IPN and ISA (unvaccinated fish), indicating that vaccination 'mask' genetic associations between resistance to different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M K Drangsholt
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Ås, Norway.
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Gerlier D, Lyles DS. Interplay between innate immunity and negative-strand RNA viruses: towards a rational model. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:468-90, second page of table of contents. [PMID: 21885681 PMCID: PMC3165544 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a new class of cytosolic receptors recognizing viral RNA, called the RIG-like receptors (RLRs), has revolutionized our understanding of the interplay between viruses and host cells. A tremendous amount of work has been accumulating to decipher the RNA moieties required for an RLR agonist, the signal transduction pathway leading to activation of the innate immunity orchestrated by type I interferon (IFN), the cellular and viral regulators of this pathway, and the viral inhibitors of the innate immune response. Previous reviews have focused on the RLR signaling pathway and on the negative regulation of the interferon response by viral proteins. The focus of this review is to put this knowledge in the context of the virus replication cycle within a cell. Likewise, there has been an expansion of knowledge about the role of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of viral infection. As a consequence, some discrepancies have arisen between the current models of cell-intrinsic innate immunity and current knowledge of virus biology. This holds particularly true for the nonsegmented negative-strand viruses (Mononegavirales), which paradoxically have been largely used to build presently available models. The aim of this review is to bridge the gap between the virology and innate immunity to favor the rational building of a relevant model(s) describing the interplay between Mononegavirales and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gerlier
- INSERM U758, CERVI, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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Conrady CD, Jones H, Zheng M, Carr DJJ. A Functional Type I Interferon Pathway Drives Resistance to Cornea Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection by Recruitment of Leukocytes. J Biomed Res 2011; 25:111-119. [PMID: 21709805 PMCID: PMC3119485 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(11)60014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons are critical antiviral cytokines produced following herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection that act to inhibit viral spread. In the present study, we identify HSV-infected and adjacent uninfected corneal epithelial cells as the source of interferon-α. We also report mice deficient in the A1 chain of the type I IFN receptor (CD118(-/-)) are extremely sensitive to ocular infection with low doses (100 PFU) of HSV-1 as seen by significantly elevated viral titers in the cornea compared to wild type (WT) controls. The enhanced susceptibility correlated with a loss of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell recruitment and aberrant chemokine production in the cornea despite mounting an adaptive immune response in the draining mandibular lymph node of CD118(-/-) mice. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of IFN production in both the innate immune response as well as eliciting chemokine production required to facilitate adaptive immune cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Conrady
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
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Whitmire JK. Induction and function of virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Virology 2011; 411:216-28. [PMID: 21236461 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells - often referred to as T-helper cells - play a central role in immune defense and pathogenesis. Virus infections and vaccines stimulate and expand populations of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in mice and in man. These virus-specific CD4+ T cells are extremely important in antiviral protection: deficiencies in CD4+ T cells are associated with virus reactivation, generalized susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and poor vaccine efficacy. As described below, CD4+ T cells influence effector and memory CD8+ T cell responses, humoral immunity, and the antimicrobial activity of macrophages and are involved in recruiting cells to sites of infection. This review summarizes a few key points about the dynamics of the CD4+ T cell response to virus infection, the positive role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the differentiation of virus-specific CD4+ T cells, and new areas of investigation to improve vaccines against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Whitmire
- Carolina Vaccine Institute, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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