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Cornwallis CK, van 't Padje A, Ellers J, Klein M, Jackson R, Kiers ET, West SA, Henry LM. Symbioses shape feeding niches and diversification across insects. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1022-1044. [PMID: 37202501 PMCID: PMC10333129 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly favoured the evolution of symbioses, and how this has influenced insect diversification. Here, using data on 1,850 microbe-insect symbioses across 402 insect families, we found that symbionts have allowed insects to specialize on a range of nutrient-imbalanced diets, including phloem, blood and wood. Across diets, the only limiting nutrient consistently associated with the evolution of obligate symbiosis was B vitamins. The shift to new diets, facilitated by symbionts, had mixed consequences for insect diversification. In some cases, such as herbivory, it resulted in spectacular species proliferation. In other niches, such as strict blood feeding, diversification has been severely constrained. Symbioses therefore appear to solve widespread nutrient deficiencies for insects, but the consequences for insect diversification depend on the feeding niche that is invaded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk van 't Padje
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malin Klein
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raphaella Jackson
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, section Ecology and Evolution, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee M Henry
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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2
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Brown JJ, Jandová A, Jeffs CT, Higgie M, Nováková E, Lewis OT, Hrček J. Microbiome Structure of a Wild Drosophila Community along Tropical Elevational Gradients and Comparison to Laboratory Lines. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0009923. [PMID: 37154737 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00099-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation along environmental gradients in host-associated microbial communities is not well understood compared to free-living microbial communities. Because elevational gradients may serve as natural proxies for climate change, understanding patterns along these gradients can inform our understanding of the threats hosts and their symbiotic microbes face in a warming world. In this study, we analyzed bacterial microbiomes from pupae and adults of four Drosophila species native to Australian tropical rainforests. We sampled wild individuals at high and low elevations along two mountain gradients to determine natural diversity patterns. Further, we sampled laboratory-reared individuals from isofemale lines established from the same localities to see if any natural patterns are retained in the lab. In both environments, we controlled for diet to help elucidate other deterministic patterns of microbiome composition. We found small but significant differences in Drosophila bacterial community composition across elevation, with some notable taxonomic differences between different Drosophila species and sites. Further, we found that field-collected fly pupae had significantly richer microbiomes than laboratory-reared pupae. We also found similar microbiome composition in both types of provided diet, suggesting that the significant differences found among Drosophila microbiomes are the products of surrounding environments with different bacterial species pools, possibly bound to elevational differences in temperature. Our results suggest that comparative studies between lab and field specimens help reveal the true variability in microbiome communities that can exist within a single species. IMPORTANCE Bacteria form microbial communities inside most higher-level organisms, but we know little about how the microbiome varies along environmental gradients and between natural host populations and laboratory colonies. To explore such effects on insect-associated microbiomes, we studied the gut microbiome in four Drosophila species over two mountain gradients in tropical Australia. We also compared these data to individuals kept in the laboratory to understand how different settings changed microbiome communities. We found that field-sampled individuals had significantly higher microbiome diversity than those from the lab. In wild Drosophila populations, elevation explains a small but significant amount of the variation in their microbial communities. Our study highlights the importance of environmental bacterial sources for Drosophila microbiome composition across elevational gradients and shows how comparative studies help reveal the true flexibility in microbiome communities that can exist within a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel J Brown
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jandová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Megan Higgie
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eva Nováková
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hrček
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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3
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Unraveling the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065753. [PMID: 36982826 PMCID: PMC10059942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules. AMPs are important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In addition to these well-known roles, AMPs exhibit many other, often unobvious, functions in the host. They support insects in the elimination of viral infections. AMPs participate in the regulation of brain-controlled processes, e.g., sleep and non-associative learning. By influencing neuronal health, communication, and activity, they can affect the functioning of the insect nervous system. Expansion of the AMP repertoire and loss of their specificity is connected with the aging process and lifespan of insects. Moreover, AMPs take part in maintaining gut homeostasis, regulating the number of endosymbionts as well as reducing the number of foreign microbiota. In turn, the presence of AMPs in insect venom prevents the spread of infection in social insects, where the prey may be a source of pathogens.
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Twort VG, Blande D, Duplouy A. One's trash is someone else's treasure: sequence read archives from Lepidoptera genomes provide material for genome reconstruction of their endosymbionts. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:209. [PMID: 36042402 PMCID: PMC9426245 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternally inherited bacterial symbionts are extremely widespread in insects. They owe their success to their ability to promote their own transmission through various manipulations of their hosts' life-histories. Many symbionts however very often go undetected. Consequently, we have only a restricted idea of the true symbiont diversity in insects, which may hinder our understanding of even bigger questions in the field such as the evolution or establishment of symbiosis. RESULTS In this study, we screened publicly available Lepidoptera genomic material for two of the most common insect endosymbionts, namely Wolbachia and Spiroplasma, in 1904 entries, encompassing 106 distinct species. We compared the performance of two screening software, Kraken2 and MetaPhlAn2, to identify the bacterial infections and using a baiting approach we reconstruct endosymbiont genome assemblies. Of the 106 species screened, 20 (19%) and nine (8.5%) were found to be infected with either Wolbachia or Spiroplasma, respectively. Construction of partial symbiotic genomes and phylogenetic analyses suggested the Wolbachia strains from the supergroup B were the most prevalent type of symbionts, while Spiroplasma infections were scarce in the Lepidoptera species screened here. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that many of the host-symbiont associations remain largely unexplored, with the majority of associations we identify never being recorded before. This highlights the usefulness of public databases to explore the hidden diversity of symbiotic entities, allowing the development of hypotheses regarding host-symbiont associations. The ever-expanding genomic databases provide a diverse databank from which one can characterize and explore the true diversity of symbiotic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Twort
- Finnish Natural History Museum, LUOMUS, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Daniel Blande
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Duplouy
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Siddiqui JA, Khan MM, Bamisile BS, Hafeez M, Qasim M, Rasheed MT, Rasheed MA, Ahmad S, Shahid MI, Xu Y. Role of Insect Gut Microbiota in Pesticide Degradation: A Review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:870462. [PMID: 35591988 PMCID: PMC9111541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.870462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect pests cause significant agricultural and economic losses to crops worldwide due to their destructive activities. Pesticides are designed to be poisonous and are intentionally released into the environment to combat the menace caused by these noxious pests. To survive, these insects can resist toxic substances introduced by humans in the form of pesticides. According to recent findings, microbes that live in insect as symbionts have recently been found to protect their hosts against toxins. Symbioses that have been formed are between the pests and various microbes, a defensive mechanism against pathogens and pesticides. Insects' guts provide unique conditions for microbial colonization, and resident bacteria can deliver numerous benefits to their hosts. Insects vary significantly in their reliance on gut microbes for basic functions. Insect digestive tracts are very different in shape and chemical properties, which have a big impact on the structure and composition of the microbial community. Insect gut microbiota has been found to contribute to feeding, parasite and pathogen protection, immune response modulation, and pesticide breakdown. The current review will examine the roles of gut microbiota in pesticide detoxification and the mechanisms behind the development of resistance in insects to various pesticides. To better understand the detoxifying microbiota in agriculturally significant pest insects, we provided comprehensive information regarding the role of gut microbiota in the detoxification of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Ali Siddiqui
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Musa Khan
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Kohsar University Murree, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Rasheed
- Department of Life Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif Rasheed
- Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yijuan Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Hoang KL, King KC. Symbiont-mediated immune priming in animals through an evolutionary lens. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35442184 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protective symbionts can defend hosts from parasites through several mechanisms, from direct interference to modulating host immunity, with subsequent effects on host and parasite fitness. While research on symbiont-mediated immune priming (SMIP) has focused on ecological impacts and agriculturally important organisms, the evolutionary implications of SMIP are less clear. Here, we review recent advances made in elucidating the ecological and molecular mechanisms by which SMIP occurs. We draw on current works to discuss the potential for this phenomenon to drive host, parasite, and symbiont evolution. We also suggest approaches that can be used to address questions regarding the impact of immune priming on host-microbe dynamics and population structures. Finally, due to the transient nature of some symbionts involved in SMIP, we discuss what it means to be a protective symbiont from ecological and evolutionary perspectives and how such interactions can affect long-term persistence of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Hoang
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Kayla C King
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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Cull B, Burkhardt NY, Wang XR, Thorpe CJ, Oliver JD, Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG. The Ixodes scapularis Symbiont Rickettsia buchneri Inhibits Growth of Pathogenic Rickettsiaceae in Tick Cells: Implications for Vector Competence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:748427. [PMID: 35071375 PMCID: PMC8770908 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.748427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis is the primary vector of tick-borne pathogens in North America but notably does not transmit pathogenic Rickettsia species. This tick harbors the transovarially transmitted endosymbiont Rickettsia buchneri, which is widespread in I. scapularis populations, suggesting that it confers a selective advantage for tick survival such as providing essential nutrients. The R. buchneri genome includes genes with similarity to those involved in antibiotic synthesis. There are two gene clusters not found in other Rickettsiaceae, raising the possibility that these may be involved in excluding pathogenic bacteria from the tick. This study explored whether the R. buchneri antibiotic genes might exert antibiotic effects on pathogens associated with I. scapularis. Markedly reduced infectivity and replication of the tick-borne pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum, R. monacensis, and R. parkeri were observed in IRE11 tick cells hosting R. buchneri. Using a fluorescent plate reader assay to follow infection dynamics revealed that the presence of R. buchneri in tick cells, even at low infection rates, inhibited the growth of R. parkeri by 86-100% relative to R. buchneri-free cells. In contrast, presence of the low-pathogenic species R. amblyommatis or the endosymbiont R. peacockii only partially reduced the infection and replication of R. parkeri. Addition of host-cell free R. buchneri, cell lysate of R. buchneri-infected IRE11, or supernatant from R. buchneri-infected IRE11 cultures had no effect on R. parkeri infection and replication in IRE11, nor did these treatments show any antibiotic effect against non-obligate intracellular bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. However, lysate from R. buchneri-infected IRE11 challenged with R. parkeri showed some inhibitory effect on R. parkeri infection of treated IRE11, suggesting that challenge by pathogenic rickettsiae may induce the antibiotic effect of R. buchneri. This research suggests a potential role of the endosymbiont in preventing other rickettsiae from colonizing I. scapularis and/or being transmitted transovarially. The confirmation that the observed inhibition is linked to R. buchneri's antibiotic clusters requires further investigation but could have important implications for our understanding of rickettsial competition and vector competence of I. scapularis for rickettsiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cull
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Nicole Y. Burkhardt
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Xin-Ru Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Cody J. Thorpe
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Oliver
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Timothy J. Kurtti
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Ulrike G. Munderloh
- Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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Prigot-Maurice C, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Why and how do protective symbionts impact immune priming with pathogens in invertebrates? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104245. [PMID: 34453995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that invertebrates display adaptive-like immune abilities, commonly known as "immune priming". Immune priming is a process by which a host improves its immune defences following an initial pathogenic exposure, leading to better protection after a subsequent infection with the same - or different - pathogens. Nevertheless, beneficial symbionts can enhance similar immune priming processes in hosts, such as when they face repeated infections with pathogens. This "symbiotic immune priming" protects the host against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, or eukaryotic parasites. In this review, we explore the extent to which protective symbionts interfere and impact immune priming against pathogens from both a mechanical (proximal) and an evolutionary (ultimate) point of view. We highlight that the immune priming of invertebrates is the cornerstone of the tripartite interaction of hosts/symbionts/pathogens. The main shared mechanism of immune priming (induced by symbionts or pathogens) is the sustained immune response at the beginning of host-microbial interactions. However, the evolutionary outcome of immune priming leads to a specific discrimination, which provides enhanced tolerance or resistance depending on the type of microbe. Based on several studies testing immune priming against pathogens in the presence or absence of protective symbionts, we observed that both types of immune priming could overlap and affect each other inside the same hosts. As protective symbionts could be an evolutionary force that influences immune priming, they may help us to better understand the heterogeneity of pathogenic immune priming across invertebrate populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France.
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
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9
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Marra A, Masson F, Lemaitre B. The iron transporter Transferrin 1 mediates homeostasis of the endosymbiotic relationship between Drosophila melanogaster and Spiroplasma poulsonii. MICROLIFE 2021; 2:uqab008. [PMID: 37223258 PMCID: PMC10117857 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Iron is involved in numerous biological processes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and is therefore subject to a tug-of-war between host and microbes upon pathogenic infections. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the iron transporter Transferrin 1 (Tsf1) mediates iron relocation from the hemolymph to the fat body upon infection as part of the nutritional immune response. The sequestration of iron in the fat body renders it less available for pathogens, hence limiting their proliferation and enhancing the host ability to fight the infection. Here we investigate the interaction between host iron homeostasis and Spiroplasma poulsonii, a facultative, vertically transmitted, endosymbiont of Drosophila. This low-pathogenicity bacterium is devoid of cell wall and is able to thrive in the host hemolymph without triggering pathogen-responsive canonical immune pathways. However, hemolymph proteomics revealed an enrichment of Tsf1 in infected flies. We find that S. poulsonii induces tsf1 expression and triggers an iron sequestration response similarly to pathogenic bacteria. We next demonstrate that free iron cannot be used by Spiroplasma while Tsf1-bound iron promotes bacterial growth, underlining the adaptation of Spiroplasma to the intra-host lifestyle where iron is mostly protein-bound. Our results show that Tsf1 is used both by the fly to sequester iron and by Spiroplasma to forage host iron, making it a central protein in endosymbiotic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Marra
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florent Masson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Dall'Agnol B, McCulloch JA, Mayer FQ, Souza U, Webster A, Antunes P, Doyle RL, Reck J, Ferreira CAS. Molecular characterization of bacterial communities of two neotropical tick species (Amblyomma aureolatum and Ornithodoros brasiliensis) using rDNA 16S sequencing. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101746. [PMID: 34091278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are one of the main vectors of pathogens for humans and animals worldwide. However, they harbor non-pathogenic microorganisms that are important for their survival, facilitating both their nutrition and immunity. We investigated the bacterial communities associated with two neotropical tick species of human and veterinary potential health importance from Brazil: Amblyomma aureolatum and Ornithodoros brasiliensis. In A. aureolatum (adult ticks collected from wild canids from Southern Brazil), the predominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (98.68%), Tenericutes (0.70%), Bacteroidetes (0.14%), Actinobacteria (0.13%), and Acidobacteria (0.05%). The predominant genera were Francisella (97.01%), Spiroplasma (0.70%), Wolbachia (0.51%), Candidatus Midichloria (0.25%), and Alkanindiges (0.13%). The predominant phyla in O. brasiliensis (adults, fed and unfed nymphs collected at the environment from Southern Brazil) were Proteobacteria (90.27%), Actinobacteria (7.38%), Firmicutes (0.77%), Bacteroidetes (0.44%), and Planctomycetes (0.22%). The predominant bacterial genera were Coxiella (87.71%), Nocardioides (1.73%), Saccharopolyspora (0.54%), Marmoricola (0.42%), and Staphylococcus (0.40%). Considering the genera with potential importance for human and animal health which can be transmitted by ticks, Coxiella sp. was found in all stages of O. brasiliensis, Francisella sp. in all stages of A. aureolatum and in unfed nymphs of O. brasiliensis, and Rickettsia sp. in females of A. aureolatum from Banhado dos Pachecos (BP) in Viamão municipality, Brazil, and in females and unfed nymphs of O. brasiliensis. These results deepen our understanding of the tick-microbiota relationship in Ixodidae and Argasidae, driving new studies with the focus on the manipulation of tick microbiota to prevent outbreaks of tick-borne diseases in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dall'Agnol
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Ugo Souza
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Anelise Webster
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Paola Antunes
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Rovaina Laureano Doyle
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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11
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Kang WN, Jin L, Fu KY, Guo WC, Li GQ. A switch of microbial flora coupled with ontogenetic niche shift in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21782. [PMID: 33724519 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Leptinotarsa decemlineata, a final-instar wandering larva typically undergoes an ontogenetic niche shift (ONS), from potato plant during the foraging stage to its pupation site below ground. Using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, we determined the hypothesis that the L. decemlineata pupae harbor stage-specific bacteria to meet the physiological requirements for underground habitat. We identified 34 bacterial phyla, comprising 73 classes, 208 orders, 375 families, and 766 genera in the collected specimens. Microbes across phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were enriched in the pupae, while those in the phylum Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes dominated in the larvae and adults. A total of 18 genera, including Blastococcus, Corynebacterium_1, Gordonia, Microbacterium, Nocardia, Nocardioides, Rhodococcus, Solirubrobacter, Tsukamurella, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, Escherichia_Shigella, Lysobacter, Pseudomonas, and Stenotrophomonas, were specifically distributed in pupae. Moreover, soil sterilizing removed a major portion of bacteria in pupae. Specifically, both Enterococcus and Pseudomonas were eliminated in the soil sterilizing and antibiotic-fed beetle groups. Furthermore, the pupation rate and fresh pupal weight were similar, whereas the emergence rate and adult weight were decreased in the antibiotic-fed beetles, compared with controls. The results demonstrate that a switch of bacterial communities occurs in the pupae; the pupal-specific bacteria genera are mainly originated from soil; this bacterial biodiversity improves pupa performance in soil. Our results provide new insight into the evolutionary fitness of L. decemlineata to different environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Nan Kang
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai-Yun Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen-Chao Guo
- Institute of Microbiological Application, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Jones TKL, Medina RF. Corn Stunt Disease: An Ideal Insect-Microbial-Plant Pathosystem for Comprehensive Studies of Vector-Borne Plant Diseases of Corn. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060747. [PMID: 32545891 PMCID: PMC7356856 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over 700 plant diseases identified as vector-borne negatively impact plant health and food security globally. The pest control of vector-borne diseases in agricultural settings is in urgent need of more effective tools. Ongoing research in genetics, molecular biology, physiology, and vector behavior has begun to unravel new insights into the transmission of phytopathogens by their insect vectors. However, the intricate mechanisms involved in phytopathogen transmission for certain pathosystems warrant further investigation. In this review, we propose the corn stunt pathosystem (Zea mays-Spiroplasma kunkelii-Dalbulus maidis) as an ideal model for dissecting the molecular determinants and mechanisms underpinning the persistent transmission of a mollicute by its specialist insect vector to an economically important monocotyledonous crop. Corn stunt is the most important disease of corn in the Americas and the Caribbean, where it causes the severe stunting of corn plants and can result in up to 100% yield loss. A comprehensive study of the corn stunt disease system will pave the way for the discovery of novel molecular targets for genetic pest control targeting either the insect vector or the phytopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara-kay L. Jones
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA;
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research—Weslaco, 2415 E. Business 83, Weslaco, TX 78596-8344, USA
| | - Raul F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2475, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-4775
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13
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Brown JJ, Mihaljevic JR, Des Marteaux L, Hrček J. Metacommunity theory for transmission of heritable symbionts within insect communities. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1703-1721. [PMID: 32076545 PMCID: PMC7029081 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial organisms are ubiquitous in nature and often form communities closely associated with their host, referred to as the microbiome. The microbiome has strong influence on species interactions, but microbiome studies rarely take interactions between hosts into account, and network interaction studies rarely consider microbiomes. Here, we propose to use metacommunity theory as a framework to unify research on microbiomes and host communities by considering host insects and their microbes as discretely defined "communities of communities" linked by dispersal (transmission) through biotic interactions. We provide an overview of the effects of heritable symbiotic bacteria on their insect hosts and how those effects subsequently influence host interactions, thereby altering the host community. We suggest multiple scenarios for integrating the microbiome into metacommunity ecology and demonstrate ways in which to employ and parameterize models of symbiont transmission to quantitatively assess metacommunity processes in host-associated microbial systems. Successfully incorporating microbiota into community-level studies is a crucial step for understanding the importance of the microbiome to host species and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel J. Brown
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Joseph R. Mihaljevic
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber SystemsNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
| | - Lauren Des Marteaux
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Jan Hrček
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
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14
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Oliver KM. Editorial overview: Microbial manipulation of insect-parasite interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:vi-ix. [PMID: 31113641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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15
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Oliver KM, Higashi CH. Variations on a protective theme: Hamiltonella defensa infections in aphids variably impact parasitoid success. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:1-7. [PMID: 31113620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protective mutualisms are common in nature and include insect infections with cryptic symbionts that defend against pathogens and parasites. An archetypal defensive symbiont, Hamiltonella defensa protects aphids against parasitoids by disabling wasp development. Successful defense requires H. defensa infection with bacteriophages (APSEs), which play other key roles in mutualism maintenance. Genomes of H. defensa strains are highly similar in gene inventories, varying primarily in mobile element content. Protective phenotypes are highly variable across aphid models depending on H. defensa/APSE, aphid and wasp genotypes. Infection frequencies of H. defensa are highly dynamic in field populations, influenced by a variety of selective and non-selective factors confounding biological control implications. Overall, H. defensa infections likely represent a global aphid protection network with effects radiating outward from focal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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16
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Garcia-Arraez MG, Masson F, Escobar JCP, Lemaitre B. Functional analysis of RIP toxins from the Drosophila endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:46. [PMID: 30786854 PMCID: PMC6383259 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insects frequently live in close relationship with symbiotic bacteria that carry out beneficial functions for their host, like protection against parasites and viruses. However, in some cases, the mutualistic nature of such associations is put into question because of detrimental phenotypes caused by the symbiont. One example is the association between the vertically transmitted facultative endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii and its natural host Drosophila melanogaster. Whereas S. poulsonii protects its host against parasitoid wasps and nematodes by the action of toxins from the family of Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), the presence of S. poulsonii has been reported to reduce host’s life span and to kill male embryos by a toxin called Spaid. In this work, we investigate the harmful effects of Spiroplasma RIPs on Drosophila in the absence of parasite infection. Results We show that only two Spiroplasma RIPs (SpRIP1 and SpRIP2) among the five RIP genes encoded in the S. poulsonii genome are significantly expressed during the whole Drosophila life cycle. Heterologous expression of SpRIP1 and 2 in uninfected flies confirms their toxicity, as indicated by a reduction of Drosophila lifespan and hemocyte number. We also show that RIPs can cause the death of some embryos, including females. Conclusion Our results indicate that RIPs released by S. poulsonii contribute to the reduction of host lifespan and embryo mortality. This suggests that SpRIPs may impact the insect-symbiont homeostasis beyond their protective function against parasites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1410-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gonzalo Garcia-Arraez
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Florent Masson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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Karimi S, Izadi H, Askari Seyahooei M, Bagheri A, Khodaygan P. Variation in bacterial endosymbionts associated with the date palm hopper, Ommatissus lybicus populations. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:271-281. [PMID: 28807085 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The date palm hopper, Ommatissus lybicus, is a key pest of the date palm, which is expected to be comprised of many allopatric populations. The current study was carried out to determine bacterial endosymbiont diversity in the different populations of this pest. Ten date palm hopper populations were collected from the main date palm growing regions in Iran and an additional four samples from Pakistan, Oman, Egypt and Tunisia for detection of primary and secondary endosymbionts using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with their specific primers. The PCR products were directly sequenced and edited using SeqMan software. The consensus sequences were subjected to a BLAST similarity search. The results revealed the presence of 'Candidatus Sulcia muelleri' (primary endosymbiont) and Wolbachia, Arsenophonus and Enterobacter (secondary endosymbionts) in all populations. This assay failed to detect 'Candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola' and Serratia in these populations. 'Ca. S. muelleri' exhibited a 100% infection frequency in populations and Wolbachia, Arsenophonus and Enterobacter demonstrated 100, 93.04 and 97.39% infection frequencies, respectively. The infection rate of Arsenophonus and Enterobacter ranged from 75 to 100% and 62.5 to 100%, respectively, in different populations of the insect. The results demonstrated multiple infections by 'Ca. Sulcia muelleri', Wolbachia, Arsenophonus and Enterobacter in the populations and may suggest significant roles for these endosymbionts on date palm hopper population fitness. This study provides an insight to endosymbiont variation in the date palm hopper populations; however, further investigation is needed to examine how these endosymbionts may affect host fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karimi
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture,Vali-e-Asr University,Rafsanjan,Iran
| | - H Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture,Vali-e-Asr University,Rafsanjan,Iran
| | - M Askari Seyahooei
- Plant Protection Research Department,Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center,Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),Bandar Abbas,Iran
| | - A Bagheri
- Plant Protection Research Department,Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center,Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),Bandar Abbas,Iran
| | - P Khodaygan
- Department of Plant Protection,Faculty of Agriculture,Vali-e-Asr University,Rafsanjan,Iran
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18
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Abstract
Male-killing is one strategy used by maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts to boost transmission and spread in populations. In Drosophila melanogaster, Spiroplasma target males by hijacking an essential, male-limited epigenetic process. A new study reveals clues to the mode of killing.
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19
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Chevignon G, Boyd BM, Brandt JW, Oliver KM, Strand MR. Culture-Facilitated Comparative Genomics of the Facultative Symbiont Hamiltonella defensa. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:786-802. [PMID: 29452355 PMCID: PMC5841374 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects host facultative, bacterial symbionts that confer conditional fitness benefits to their hosts. Hamiltonella defensa is a common facultative symbiont of aphids that provides protection against parasitoid wasps. Protection levels vary among strains of H. defensa that are also differentially infected by bacteriophages named APSEs. However, little is known about trait variation among strains because only one isolate has been fully sequenced. Generating complete genomes for facultative symbionts is hindered by relatively large genome sizes but low abundances in hosts like aphids that are very small. Here, we took advantage of methods for culturing H. defensa outside of aphids to generate complete genomes and transcriptome data for four strains of H. defensa from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Chosen strains also spanned the breadth of the H. defensa phylogeny and differed in strength of protection conferred against parasitoids. Results indicated that strains shared most genes with roles in nutrient acquisition, metabolism, and essential housekeeping functions. In contrast, the inventory of mobile genetic elements varied substantially, which generated strain specific differences in gene content and genome architecture. In some cases, specific traits correlated with differences in protection against parasitoids, but in others high variation between strains obscured identification of traits with likely roles in defense. Transcriptome data generated continuous distributions to genome assemblies with some genes that were highly expressed and others that were not. Single molecule real-time sequencing further identified differences in DNA methylation patterns and restriction modification systems that provide defense against phage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bret M Boyd
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia
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20
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Van Arnam EB, Currie CR, Clardy J. Defense contracts: molecular protection in insect-microbe symbioses. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1638-1651. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insects frequently host microbes that produce defensive molecules: a successful protective strategy and also an opportunity for antibiotic discovery
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B. Van Arnam
- Keck Science Department
- Claremont McKenna
- Pitzer
- and Scripps Colleges
- Claremont
| | | | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston
- USA
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21
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Doremus MR, Smith AH, Kim KL, Holder AJ, Russell JA, Oliver KM. Breakdown of a defensive symbiosis, but not endogenous defences, at elevated temperatures. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:2138-2151. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyungsun L. Kim
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | | | | | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
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22
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Gupta V, Vasanthakrishnan RB, Siva-Jothy J, Monteith KM, Brown SP, Vale PF. The route of infection determines Wolbachia antibacterial protection in Drosophila. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170809. [PMID: 28592678 PMCID: PMC5474083 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts are widespread among metazoans and provide a range of beneficial functions. Wolbachia-mediated protection against viral infection has been extensively demonstrated in Drosophila. In mosquitoes that are artificially transinfected with Drosophila melanogaster Wolbachia (wMel), protection from both viral and bacterial infections has been demonstrated. However, no evidence for Wolbachia-mediated antibacterial protection has been demonstrated in Drosophila to date. Here, we show that the route of infection is key for Wolbachia-mediated antibacterial protection. Drosophila melanogaster carrying Wolbachia showed reduced mortality during enteric-but not systemic-infection with the opportunist pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosaWolbachia-mediated protection was more pronounced in male flies and is associated with increased early expression of the antimicrobial peptide Attacin A, and also increased expression of a reactive oxygen species detoxification gene (Gst D8). These results highlight that the route of infection is important for symbiont-mediated protection from infection, that Wolbachia can protect hosts by eliciting a combination of resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms, and that these effects are sexually dimorphic. We discuss the importance of using ecologically relevant routes of infection to gain a better understanding of symbiont-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanika Gupta
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | | | - Jonathon Siva-Jothy
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Katy M Monteith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Sam P Brown
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
| | - Pedro F Vale
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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23
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Bonnet SI, Binetruy F, Hernández-Jarguín AM, Duron O. The Tick Microbiome: Why Non-pathogenic Microorganisms Matter in Tick Biology and Pathogen Transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28642842 PMCID: PMC5462901 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are among the most important vectors of pathogens affecting humans and other animals worldwide. They do not only carry pathogens however, as a diverse group of commensal and symbiotic microorganisms are also present in ticks. Unlike pathogens, their biology and their effect on ticks remain largely unexplored, and are in fact often neglected. Nonetheless, they can confer multiple detrimental, neutral, or beneficial effects to their tick hosts, and can play various roles in fitness, nutritional adaptation, development, reproduction, defense against environmental stress, and immunity. Non-pathogenic microorganisms may also play a role in driving transmission of tick-borne pathogens (TBP), with many potential implications for both human and animal health. In addition, the genetic proximity of some pathogens to mutualistic symbionts hosted by ticks is evident when studying phylogenies of several bacterial genera. The best examples are found within members of the Rickettsia, Francisella, and Coxiella genera: while in medical and veterinary research these bacteria are traditionally recognized as highly virulent vertebrate pathogens, it is now clear to evolutionary ecologists that many (if not most) Coxiella, Francisella, and Rickettsia bacteria are actually non-pathogenic microorganisms exhibiting alternative lifestyles as mutualistic ticks symbionts. Consequently, ticks represent a compelling yet challenging system in which to study microbiomes and microbial interactions, and to investigate the composition, functional, and ecological implications of bacterial communities. Ultimately, deciphering the relationships between tick microorganisms as well as tick symbiont interactions will garner invaluable information, which may aid in the future development of arthropod pest and vector-borne pathogen transmission control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Binetruy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290), IRD (UMR224), Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | | | - Olivier Duron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290), IRD (UMR224), Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
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24
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Martinez AJ, Doremus MR, Kraft LJ, Kim KL, Oliver KM. Multi‐modal defences in aphids offer redundant protection and increased costs likely impeding a protective mutualism. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:464-477. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Martinez
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | | | - Laura J. Kraft
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Kyungsun L. Kim
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA USA
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25
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Ma WJ, Schwander T. Patterns and mechanisms in instances of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:868-888. [PMID: 28299861 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Female-producing parthenogenesis can be induced by endosymbionts that increase their transmission by manipulating host reproduction. Our literature survey indicates that such endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis is known or suspected in 124 host species from seven different arthropod taxa, with Wolbachia as the most frequent endosymbiont (in 56-75% of host species). Most host species (81%, 100 out of 124) are characterized by haplo-diploid sex determination, but a strong ascertainment bias likely underestimates the frequency of endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis in hosts with other sex determination systems. In at least one taxon, hymenopterans, endosymbionts are a significant driver of transitions from sexual to parthenogenetic reproduction, with one-third of lineages being parthenogenetic as a consequence of endosymbiont infection. Endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis appears to facilitate the maintenance of reproductive polymorphism: at least 50% of species comprise both sexual (uninfected) and parthenogenetic (infected) strains. These strains feature distribution differences similar to the ones documented for lineages with genetically determined parthenogenesis, with endosymbiont-induced parthenogens occurring at higher latitudes than their sexual relatives. Finally, although gamete duplication is often considered as the main mechanism for endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis, it underlies parthenogenesis in only half of the host species studied thus far. We point out caveats in the methods used to test for endosymbiont-induced parthenogenesis and suggest specific approaches that allow for firm conclusions about the involvement of endosymbionts in the origin of parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-J Ma
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Duron O, Binetruy F, Noël V, Cremaschi J, McCoy KD, Arnathau C, Plantard O, Goolsby J, Pérez de León AA, Heylen DJA, Van Oosten AR, Gottlieb Y, Baneth G, Guglielmone AA, Estrada‐Peña A, Opara MN, Zenner L, Vavre F, Chevillon C. Evolutionary changes in symbiont community structure in ticks. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2905-2921. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Florian Binetruy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Valérie Noël
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Julie Cremaschi
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Karen D. McCoy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | - John Goolsby
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory USDA‐ARS Edinburg TX USA
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- Knipling‐Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory Veterinary Pest Genomics Center Kerrville TX USA
| | - Dieter J. A. Heylen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 Antwerp Belgium
| | - A. Raoul Van Oosten
- Evolutionary Ecology Group University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Yuval Gottlieb
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot Israel
| | - Alberto A. Guglielmone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Agustin Estrada‐Peña
- Department of Animal Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zaragoza Zaragoza Spain
| | - Maxwell N. Opara
- Ticks and Tick‐borne Pathogens Research Unit (TTbPRU) Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology University of Abuja Abuja Nigeria
| | - Lionel Zenner
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5558) – Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
| | - Fabrice Vavre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (LBBE) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5558) – Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
| | - Christine Chevillon
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR5290) – Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (UR224) – Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
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Wang N, Stelinski LL, Pelz-Stelinski KS, Graham JH, Zhang Y. Tale of the Huanglongbing Disease Pyramid in the Context of the Citrus Microbiome. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:380-387. [PMID: 28095208 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-16-0426-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Huanglongbing (HLB) disease pyramid is composed of Liberibacters, psyllid vectors, citrus hosts, and the environment. The epidemiological outcomes for Liberibacter-associated plant diseases are collectively determined by the inherent relationships among plant-Liberibacters-psyllids, and how various environmental factors affect plant-Liberibacter-psyllid interactions. Citrus-Liberibacter-psyllid interactions occur in a complex microbiome system. In this review, we focus on the progress in understanding the HLB disease pyramid, and how the microbiome affects the HLB disease pyramid including the interaction between HLB and the citrus microbiome; the interaction between Liberibacters and psyllids; the interaction between Liberibacters and gut microbiota in psyllids; and the effect of HLB on selected above- and belowground citrus pathogens. Their implications for HLB management are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - Kirsten S Pelz-Stelinski
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - James H Graham
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- First and fifth authors: Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, second and third authors: Department of Entomology and Nematology, and fourth author: Department of Soil and Water Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL
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Aphid Heritable Symbiont Exploits Defensive Mutualism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.03276-16. [PMID: 28159793 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03276-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and other animals commonly form symbioses with heritable bacteria, which can exert large influences on host biology and ecology. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, is a model for studying effects of infection with heritable facultative symbionts (HFS), and each of its seven common HFS species has been reported to provide resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses. However, one common HFS, called X-type, rarely occurs as a single infection in field populations and instead typically superinfects individual aphids with Hamiltonella defensa, another HFS that protects aphids against attack by parasitic wasps. Using experimental aphid lines comprised of all possible infection combinations in a uniform aphid genotype, we investigated whether the most common strain of X-type provides any of the established benefits associated with aphid HFS as a single infection or superinfection with H. defensa We found that X-type does not confer protection to any tested threats, including parasitoid wasps, fungal pathogens, or thermal stress. Instead, component fitness assays identified large costs associated with X-type infection, costs which were ameliorated in superinfected aphids. Together these findings suggest that X-type exploits the aphid/H. defensa mutualism and is maintained primarily as a superinfection by "hitchhiking" via the mutualistic benefits provided by another HFS. Exploitative symbionts potentially restrict the functions and distributions of mutualistic symbioses with effects that extend to other community members.IMPORTANCE Maternally transmitted bacterial symbionts are widespread and can have major impacts on the biology of arthropods, including insects of medical and agricultural importance. Given that host fitness and symbiont fitness are tightly linked, inherited symbionts can spread within host populations by providing beneficial services. Many insects, however, are frequently infected with multiple heritable symbiont species, providing potential alternative routes of symbiont maintenance. Here we show that a common pea aphid symbiont called X-type likely employs an exploitative strategy of hitchhiking off the benefits of a protective symbiont, Hamiltonella Infection with X-type provides none of the benefits conferred by other aphid symbionts and instead results in large fitness costs, costs lessened by superinfection with Hamiltonella These findings are corroborated by natural infections in field populations, where X-type is mostly found superinfecting aphids with Hamiltonella Exploitative symbionts may be common in hosts with communities of heritable symbionts and serve to hasten the breakdown of mutualisms.
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Okude G, Koga R, Hayashi T, Nishide Y, Meng XY, Nikoh N, Miyanoshita A, Fukatsu T. Novel bacteriocyte-associated pleomorphic symbiont of the grain pest beetle Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2017; 3:13. [PMID: 28828177 PMCID: PMC5563036 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-017-0073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a stored-product pest beetle. Early histological studies dating back to 1930s have reported that R. dominica and other bostrichid species possess a pair of oval symbiotic organs, called the bacteriomes, in which the cytoplasm is densely populated by pleomorphic symbiotic bacteria of peculiar rosette-like shape. However, the microbiological nature of the symbiont has remained elusive. RESULTS Here we investigated the bacterial symbiont of R. dominica using modern molecular, histological, and microscopic techniques. Whole-mount fluorescence in situ hybridization specifically targeting symbiotic bacteria consistently detected paired bacteriomes, in which the cytoplasm was full of pleomorphic bacterial cells, in the abdomen of adults, pupae and larvae, confirming previous histological descriptions. Molecular phylogenetic analysis identified the symbiont as a member of the Bacteroidetes, in which the symbiont constituted a distinct bacterial lineage allied to a variety of insect-associated endosymbiont clades, including Uzinura of diaspidid scales, Walczuchella of giant scales, Brownia of root mealybugs, Sulcia of diverse hemipterans, and Blattabacterium of roaches. The symbiont gene exhibited markedly AT-biased nucleotide composition and significantly accelerated molecular evolution, suggesting degenerative evolution of the symbiont genome. The symbiotic bacteria were detected in oocytes and embryos, confirming continuous host-symbiont association and vertical symbiont transmission in the host life cycle. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the symbiont of R. dominica constitutes a novel bacterial lineage in the Bacteroidetes. We propose that reductive evolution of the symbiont genome may be relevant to the amorphous morphology of the bacterial cells via disruption of genes involved in cell wall synthesis and cell division. Genomic and functional aspects of the host-symbiont relationship deserve future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Okude
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Koga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Toshinari Hayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yudai Nishide
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Ohwashi, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| | - Xian-Ying Meng
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Naruo Nikoh
- Department of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba, 261-8586 Japan
| | - Akihiro Miyanoshita
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8642 Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan
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Whitaker MRL, Salzman S, Sanders J, Kaltenpoth M, Pierce NE. Microbial Communities of Lycaenid Butterflies Do Not Correlate with Larval Diet. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1920. [PMID: 27965647 PMCID: PMC5129467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivores possess many counteradaptations to plant defenses, and a growing body of research describes the role of symbiotic gut bacteria in mediating herbivorous diets among insects. However, persistent bacterial symbioses have not been found in Lepidoptera, despite the fact that perhaps 99% of the species in this order are herbivorous. We surveyed bacterial communities in the guts of larvae from 31 species of lycaenid butterflies whose caterpillars had diets ranging from obligate carnivory to strict herbivory. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the bacterial communities of carnivorous and herbivorous caterpillars do not differ in richness, diversity, or composition. Many of the observed bacterial genera are commonly found in soil and plant surfaces, and we detected known homopteran endosymbionts in the guts of homopterophagous species, suggesting that larvae acquire gut bacteria from their food and environment. These results indicate that lycaenid butterflies do not rely on specific bacterial symbioses to mediate their diverse diets, and provide further evidence of taxonomically depauperate bacterial communities among Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R L Whitaker
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, CambridgeMA, USA; Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Shayla Salzman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Jon Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany; Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainz, Germany
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
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Li K, Chen H, Jiang J, Li X, Xu J, Ma Y. Diversity of bacteriome associated with Phlebotomus chinensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies in two wild populations from China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36406. [PMID: 27819272 PMCID: PMC5098245 DOI: 10.1038/srep36406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sand fly Phlebotomus chinensis is a primary vector of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in China. The sand flies have adapted to various ecological niches in distinct ecosystems. Characterization of the microbial structure and function will greatly facilitate the understanding of the sand fly ecology, which would provide critical information for developing intervention strategy for sand fly control. In this study we compared the bacterial composition between two populations of Ph. chinensis from Henan and Sichuan, China. The phylotypes were taxonomically assigned to 29 genera of 19 families in 9 classes of 5 phyla. The core bacteria include Pseudomonas and enterobacteria, both are shared in the sand flies in the two regions. Interestingly, the endosymbionts Wolbachia and Rickettsia were detected only in Henan, while the Rickettsiella and Diplorickettsia only in Sichuan. The intracellular bacteria Rickettsia, Rickettsiella and Diplorickettsia were reported for the first time in sand flies. The influence of sex and feeding status on the microbial structure was also detected in the two populations. The findings suggest that the ecological diversity of sand fly in Sichuan and Henan may contribute to shaping the structure of associated microbiota. The structural classification paves the way to function characterization of the sand fly associated microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Li
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinjin Jiang
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM 88003, USA
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Biology Department, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM 88003, USA
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Mateos M, Winter L, Winter C, Higareda-Alvear VM, Martinez-Romero E, Xie J. Independent origins of resistance or susceptibility of parasitic wasps to a defensive symbiont. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2679-87. [PMID: 27066241 PMCID: PMC4798148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect microbe associations are diverse, widespread, and influential. Among the fitness effects of microbes on their hosts, defense against natural enemies is increasingly recognized as ubiquitous, particularly among those associations involving heritable, yet facultative, bacteria. Protective mutualisms generate complex ecological and coevolutionary dynamics that are only beginning to be elucidated. These depend in part on the degree to which symbiont‐mediated protection exhibits specificity to one or more members of the natural enemy community. Recent findings in a well‐studied defensive mutualism system (i.e., aphids, bacteria, parasitoid wasps) reveal repeated instances of evolution of susceptibility or resistance to defensive bacteria by parasitoids. This study searched for similar patterns in an emerging model system for defensive mutualisms: the interaction of Drosophila, bacteria in the genus Spiroplasma, and wasps that parasitize larval stages of Drosophila. Previous work indicated that three divergent species of parasitic wasps are strongly inhibited by the presence of Spiroplasma in three divergent species of Drosophila, including D. melanogaster. The results of this study uncovered two additional wasp species that are susceptible to Spiroplasma and two that are unaffected by Spiroplasma, implying at least two instances of loss or gain of susceptibility to Spiroplasma among larval parasitoids of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mateos
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Lauryn Winter
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Caitlyn Winter
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | | | | | - Jialei Xie
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
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Diverse Bacteriophage Roles in an Aphid-Bacterial Defensive Mutualism. ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28068-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Hundreds of Drosophila cell lines have been established in the labs of many researchers over the last decades and have been important tools for research. Although these cells often deviate from normal cell physiology and genetic composition, such systems nonetheless are powerful models for biochemical, cell biological, and genetics studies that are experimentally difficult in vivo. While published descriptions of cell line generation are available in the literature, how to generate new Drosophila cell lines can be challenging for beginners. Here, we describe a detailed, simple protocol to establish new Drosophila cell lines.
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Abstract
Vertically transmitted symbionts that protect their hosts against parasites and pathogens are well known from insects, yet the underlying mechanisms of symbiont-mediated defense are largely unclear. A striking example of an ecologically important defensive symbiosis involves the woodland fly Drosophila neotestacea, which is protected by the bacterial endosymbiont Spiroplasma when parasitized by the nematode Howardula aoronymphium. The benefit of this defense strategy has led to the rapid spread of Spiroplasma throughout the range of D. neotestacea, although the molecular basis for this protection has been unresolved. Here, we show that Spiroplasma encodes a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) related to Shiga-like toxins from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and that Howardula ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is depurinated during Spiroplasma-mediated protection of D. neotestacea. First, we show that recombinant Spiroplasma RIP catalyzes depurination of 28S rRNAs in a cell-free assay, as well as Howardula rRNA in vitro at the canonical RIP target site within the α-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of 28S rRNA. We then show that Howardula parasites in Spiroplasma-infected flies show a strong signal of rRNA depurination consistent with RIP-dependent modification and large decreases in the proportion of 28S rRNA intact at the α-sarcin/ricin loop. Notably, host 28S rRNA is largely unaffected, suggesting targeted specificity. Collectively, our study identifies a novel RIP in an insect defensive symbiont and suggests an underlying RIP-dependent mechanism in Spiroplasma-mediated defense.
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Duron O, Sidi-Boumedine K, Rousset E, Moutailler S, Jourdain E. The Importance of Ticks in Q Fever Transmission: What Has (and Has Not) Been Demonstrated? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:536-552. [PMID: 26458781 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, a ubiquitous intracellular bacterium infecting humans and a variety of animals. Transmission is primarily but not exclusively airborne, and ticks are usually thought to act as vectors. We argue that, although ticks may readily transmit C. burnetii in experimental systems, they only occasionally transmit the pathogen in the field. Furthermore, we underscore that many Coxiella-like bacteria are widespread in ticks and may have been misidentified as C. burnetii. Our recommendation is to improve the methods currently used to detect and characterize C. burnetii, and we propose that further knowledge of Coxiella-like bacteria will yield new insights into Q fever evolutionary ecology and C. burnetii virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR 5290, Université Montpellier 1 - Université Montpellier 2 - Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement, Unité de Recherche UR 224, Montpellier, France
| | - Karim Sidi-Boumedine
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Animal Q fever Unit, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Elodie Rousset
- Anses, Sophia-Antipolis Laboratory, Animal Q fever Unit, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires et Fongiques (BIPAR), Laboratoire Santé Animale, ANSES, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Elsa Jourdain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Animale, UR 0346 INRA, Saint Genès Champanelle, France.
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Brutscher LM, Daughenbaugh KF, Flenniken ML. Antiviral Defense Mechanisms in Honey Bees. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 10:71-82. [PMID: 26273564 PMCID: PMC4530548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees are significant pollinators of agricultural crops and other important plant species. High annual losses of honey bee colonies in North America and in some parts of Europe have profound ecological and economic implications. Colony losses have been attributed to multiple factors including RNA viruses, thus understanding bee antiviral defense mechanisms may result in the development of strategies that mitigate colony losses. Honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms include RNA-interference, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered signal transduction cascades, and reactive oxygen species generation. However, the relative importance of these and other pathways is largely uncharacterized. Herein we review the current understanding of honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms and suggest important avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Brutscher
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA ; Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Katie F Daughenbaugh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Michelle L Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA ; Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Hurst GDD, Frost CL. Reproductive parasitism: maternally inherited symbionts in a biparental world. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a017699. [PMID: 25934011 PMCID: PMC4448626 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Most species of insect, and many other plants and animals, carry maternally heritable microorganisms-viruses, bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, and fungi that pass from a female host to her progeny. Maternal inheritance establishes a correlation between the fitness of symbiont and host female, which can select for the symbiont to contribute to host fitness. Nevertheless, its lack of transmission through male hosts places the symbiont in conflict with biparentally inherited nuclear genes. In this review, we first examine how this conflict is manifest in selection to promote the production and survival of infected female hosts and gametes. We then examine how the distorted population sex ratios that they produce may affect host reproductive ecology, and thus the intensity of other conflicts associated with sexual reproduction. Finally, we examine evolved host responses to symbiont manipulation. We argue that the unusual intensity of symbiont-host conflict generates extreme selection pressures that can drive changes in sex-determination systems, the basic pathway through which males and females are constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Crystal L Frost
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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Peña JM, Carrillo MA, Hallem EA. Variation in the susceptibility of Drosophila to different entomopathogenic nematodes. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1130-8. [PMID: 25561714 PMCID: PMC4333445 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02740-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are lethal parasites of insects that are of interest as models for understanding parasite-host interactions and as biocontrol agents for insect pests. EPNs harbor a bacterial endosymbiont in their gut that assists in insect killing. EPNs are capable of infecting and killing a wide range of insects, yet how the nematodes and their bacterial endosymbionts interact with the insect immune system is poorly understood. Here, we develop a versatile model system for understanding the insect immune response to parasitic nematode infection that consists of seven species of EPNs as model parasites and five species of Drosophila fruit flies as model hosts. We show that the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae, which is widely used for insect control, is capable of infecting and killing D. melanogaster larvae. S. carpocapsae is associated with the bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila, and we show that X. nematophila induces expression of a subset of antimicrobial peptide genes and suppresses the melanization response to the nematode. We further show that EPNs vary in their virulence toward D. melanogaster and that Drosophila species vary in their susceptibilities to EPN infection. Differences in virulence among different EPN-host combinations result from differences in both rates of infection and rates of postinfection survival. Our results establish a powerful model system for understanding mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and the insect immune response to parasitic nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Peña
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mayra A Carrillo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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41
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Su Q, Oliver KM, Xie W, Wu Q, Wang S, Zhang Y. The whitefly‐associated facultative symbiont
Hamiltonella defensa
suppresses induced plant defences in tomato. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Department of Plant Protection Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China
- College of Plant Protection Hunan Agricultural University Changsha Hunan 410128 China
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 China
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Flórez LV, Biedermann PHW, Engl T, Kaltenpoth M. Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:904-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms team up with symbiotic microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the known defensive symbioses in animals and the microbial secondary metabolites responsible for providing protection to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Flórez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Peter H. W. Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Tobias Engl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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Kim JK, Lee BL. Symbiotic factors in Burkholderia essential for establishing an association with the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 88:4-17. [PMID: 25521625 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria are common in insects and intimately affect the various aspects of insect host biology. In a number of insect symbiosis models, it has been possible to elucidate the effects of the symbiont on host biology, whereas there is a limited understanding of the impact of the association on the bacterial symbiont, mainly due to the difficulty of cultivating insect symbionts in vitro. Furthermore, the molecular features that determine the establishment and persistence of the symbionts in their host (i.e., symbiotic factors) have remained elusive. However, the recently established model, the bean bug Riptortus pedestris, provides a good opportunity to study bacterial symbiotic factors at a molecular level through their cultivable symbionts. Bean bugs acquire genus Burkholderia cells from the environment and harbor them as gut symbionts in the specialized posterior midgut. The genome of the Burkholderia symbiont was sequenced, and the genomic information was used to generate genetically manipulated Burkholderia symbiont strains. Using mutant symbionts, we identified several novel symbiotic factors necessary for establishing a successful association with the host gut. In this review, these symbiotic factors are classified into three categories based on the colonization dynamics of the mutant symbiont strains: initiation, accommodation, and persistence factors. In addition, the molecular characteristics of the symbiotic factors are described. These newly identified symbiotic factors and on-going studies of the Riptortus-Burkholderia symbiosis are expected to contribute to the understanding of the molecular cross-talk between insects and bacterial symbionts that are of ecological and evolutionary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeun Kate Kim
- Global Research Laboratory for Insect Symbiosis, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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Bacteria-bacteria interactions within the microbiota of the ancestral metazoan Hydra contribute to fungal resistance. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 9:1543-56. [PMID: 25514534 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces of most animals are colonized by diverse microbial communities. Although it is generally agreed that commensal bacteria can serve beneficial functions, the processes involved are poorly understood. Here we report that in the basal metazoan Hydra, ectodermal epithelial cells are covered with a multilayered glycocalyx that provides a habitat for a distinctive microbial community. Removing this epithelial microbiota results in lethal infection by the filamentous fungus Fusarium sp. Restoring the complex microbiota in gnotobiotic polyps prevents pathogen infection. Although mono-associations with distinct members of the microbiota fail to provide full protection, additive and synergistic interactions of commensal bacteria are contributing to full fungal resistance. Our results highlight the importance of resident microbiota diversity as a protective factor against pathogen infections. Besides revealing insights into the in vivo function of commensal microbes in Hydra, our findings indicate that interactions among commensal bacteria are essential to inhibit pathogen infection.
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Xie J, Winter C, Winter L, Mateos M. Rapid spread of the defensive endosymbiont Spiroplasma in Drosophila hydei under high parasitoid wasp pressure. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 91:1-11. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Oliver KM, Martinez AJ. How resident microbes modulate ecologically-important traits of insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 4:1-7. [PMID: 28043402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota inhabiting insects influence a wide range of ecologically-important traits. In addition to their better-known roles in nutrient provisioning and degrading plant polymers, there is emerging evidence that microorganisms also aid herbivores in countering plant defenses. The latter can be mediated by enzymes that degrade plant allelochemicals or via the modulation of plant signaling pathways. Symbionts are also increasingly recognized to protect insects from attack by a wide range of natural enemies. Underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, but some microbes produce antimicrobials or toxins, while others modulate insect immune responses. Ecologically-relevant symbioses can exhibit dynamic variation in strength and specificity of conferred phenotypes, transfer key traits among unrelated insects, and have effects that extend to interacting players and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Adam J Martinez
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Duron O. Arsenophonus insect symbionts are commonly infected with APSE, a bacteriophage involved in protective symbiosis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:184-94. [PMID: 25041857 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects commonly have intimate associations with maternally inherited bacterial symbionts. While many inherited symbionts are not essential for host survival, they often act as conditional mutualists, conferring protection against certain environmental stresses. The defensive symbiont Hamiltonella defensa which protects aphids against attacks by parasitoid wasps is one of these conditional mutualists. The protection afforded by Hamiltonella depends on the presence of a lysogenic bacteriophage, called APSE, encoding homologs of toxins that are suspected to target wasp cells. In this study, an important diversity of APSE variants is reported from another heritable symbiont, Arsenophonus, which is exceptionally widespread in insects. APSE was found in association with two-thirds of the Arsenophonus strains examined and from a variety of insect groups such as aphids, white flies, parasitoid wasps, triatomine bugs, louse flies, and bat flies. No APSE was, however, found from Arsenophonus relatives such as the recently described Aschnera chinzeii and ALO-3 endosymbionts. Phylogenetic investigations revealed that APSE has a long evolutionary history in heritable symbionts, being secondarily acquired by Hamiltonella through lateral transfer from Arsenophonus. Overall, this highlights the role of lateral transfer as a major evolutionary process shaping the emergence of defensive symbiosis in heritable bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duron
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS-UM2 (UMR5554), Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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