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Tian L, Zhao C, Yan Y, Jia Q, Cui S, Chen H, Li X, Jiang H, Yao Y, He K, Zhao X. Ceramide-1-phosphate alleviates high-altitude pulmonary edema by stabilizing circadian ARNTL-mediated mitochondrial dynamics. J Adv Res 2024; 60:75-92. [PMID: 37479181 PMCID: PMC11156611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a severe and potentially fatal condition with limited treatment options. Although ceramide kinase (CERK)-derived ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) has been demonstrated to offer protection against various pulmonary diseases, its effects on HAPE remain unclear. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to investigate the potential role of CERK-derived C1P in the development of HAPE and to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying its protective effects. We hypothesized that CERK-derived C1P could protect against HAPE by stabilizing circadian rhythms and maintaining mitochondrial dynamics. METHODS To test our hypothesis, we used CERK-knockout mice and established HAPE mouse models using a FLYDWC50-1C hypobaric hypoxic cabin. We utilized a range of methods, including lipidomics, transcriptomics, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy, to identify the mechanisms of regulation. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that CERK-derived C1P played a protective role against HAPE. Inhibition of CERK exacerbated HAPE induced by the hypobaric hypoxic environment. Specifically, we identified a novel mechanism in which CERK inhibition induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (ARNTL) autophagic degradation, inducing the circadian rhythm and triggering mitochondrial damage by controlling the expression of proteins required for mitochondrial fission and fusion. The decreased ARNTL caused by CERK inhibition impaired mitochondrial dynamics, induced oxidative stress damage, and resulted in defects in mitophagy, particularly under hypoxia. Exogenous C1P prevented ARNTL degradation, alleviated mitochondrial damage, neutralized oxidative stress induced by CERK inhibition, and ultimately relieved HAPE. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the protective effect of C1P against HAPE, specifically, through stabilizing circadian rhythms and maintaining mitochondrial dynamics. Exogenous C1P therapy may be a promising strategy for treating HAPE. Our findings also highlight the importance of the circadian rhythm and mitochondrial dynamics in the pathogenesis of HAPE, suggesting that targeting these pathways may be a potential therapeutic approach for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Tian
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Medical Big Data Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; National Engineering Research Center for Medical Big Data Application Technology, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chenghui Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Medical Big Data Application Technology, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qian Jia
- National Engineering Research Center for Medical Big Data Application Technology, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Saijia Cui
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Huining Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Experimental Research Center, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Experimental Research Center, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongming Yao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Kunlun He
- Medical Big Data Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; National Engineering Research Center for Medical Big Data Application Technology, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Medical Big Data Application Technology, the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Lang J, Soddemann M, Edwards MJ, Wilson GC, Lang KS, Gulbins E. Sphingosine Prevents Rhinoviral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2486. [PMID: 38473734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviral infections cause approximately 50% of upper respiratory tract infections and novel treatment options are urgently required. We tested the effects of 10 μM to 20 μM sphingosine on the infection of cultured and freshly isolated human cells with minor and major group rhinovirus in vitro. We also performed in vivo studies on mice that were treated with an intranasal application of 10 μL of either a 10 μM or a 100 μM sphingosine prior and after infection with rhinovirus strains 1 and 2 and determined the infection of nasal epithelial cells in the presence or absence of sphingosine. Finally, we determined and characterized a direct binding of sphingosine to rhinovirus. Our data show that treating freshly isolated human nasal epithelial cells with sphingosine prevents infections with rhinovirus strains 2 (minor group) and 14 (major group). Nasal infection of mice with rhinovirus 1b and 2 is prevented by the intranasal application of sphingosine before or as long as 8 h after infection with rhinovirus. Nasal application of the same doses of sphingosine exerts no adverse effects on epithelial cells as determined by hemalaun and TUNEL stainings. The solvent, octylglucopyranoside, was without any effect in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the positively charged lipid sphingosine binds to negatively charged molecules in the virus, which seems to prevent the infection of epithelial cells. These findings indicate that exogenous sphingosine prevents infections with rhinoviruses, a finding that could be therapeutically exploited. In addition, we demonstrated that sphingosine has no obvious adverse effects on the nasal mucosa. Sphingosine prevents rhinoviral infections by a biophysical mode of action, suggesting that sphingosine could serve to prevent many viral infections of airways and epithelial cells in general. Future studies need to determine the molecular mechanisms of how sphingosine prevents rhinoviral infections and whether sphingosine also prevents infections with other viruses inducing respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, our studies do not provide detailed pharmacokinetics that are definitely required before the further development of sphingosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lang
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Soddemann
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Clinic, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael J Edwards
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Clinic, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Gregory C Wilson
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Karl S Lang
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Clinic, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Vollmuth N, Sin J, Kim BJ. Host-microbe interactions at the blood-brain barrier through the lens of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain-like endothelial cells. mBio 2024; 15:e0286223. [PMID: 38193670 PMCID: PMC10865987 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02862-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbe-induced meningoencephalitis/meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that occurs when pathogens are able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and gain access to the CNS. The BBB consists of highly specialized brain endothelial cells that exhibit specific properties to allow tight regulation of CNS homeostasis and prevent pathogen crossing. However, during meningoencephalitis/meningitis, the BBB fails to protect the CNS. Modeling the BBB remains a challenge due to the specialized characteristics of these cells. In this review, we cover the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived, brain-like endothelial cell model during host-pathogen interaction, highlighting the strengths and recent work on various pathogens known to interact with the BBB. As stem cell technologies are becoming more prominent, the stem cell-derived, brain-like endothelial cell model has been able to reveal new insights in vitro, which remain challenging with other in vitro cell-based models consisting of primary human brain endothelial cells and immortalized human brain endothelial cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Vollmuth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Jon Sin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Convergent Biosciences and Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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Fohmann I, Weinmann A, Schumacher F, Peters S, Prell A, Weigel C, Spiegel S, Kleuser B, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Sphingosine kinase 1/S1P receptor signaling axis is essential for cellular uptake of Neisseria meningitidis in brain endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011842. [PMID: 38033162 PMCID: PMC10715668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of brain endothelial cells (BECs) is central to the pathogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis infection. Here, we established a key role for the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptor (S1PR) 2 in the uptake process. Quantitative sphingolipidome analyses of BECs infected with N. meningitidis revealed elevated S1P levels, which could be attributed to enhanced expression of the enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 and its activity. Increased activity was dependent on the interaction of meningococcal type IV pilus with the endothelial receptor CD147. Concurrently, infection led to increased expression of the S1PR2. Blocking S1PR2 signaling impaired epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation, which has been shown to be involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and bacterial endocytosis. Strikingly, targeting S1PR1 or S1PR3 also interfered with bacterial uptake. Collectively, our data support a critical role of the SphK/S1P/S1PR axis in the invasion of N. meningitidis into BECs, defining a potential target for adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Fohmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alina Weinmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agata Prell
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Weigel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Pauletto PJT, Delgado CP, da Rocha JBT. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and COVID-19: A review of the potential use of ASM inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:284-295. [PMID: 36929117 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last 2 years, different pharmacological agents have been indicated as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Specifically, drugs termed as functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMAs) have proved to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication using different types of cells. Those therapeutic agents share several chemical structure characteristics and some well-known representatives are fluoxetine, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, and others. Most of the FIASMAs are primarily used as effective therapeutic agents to treat different pathologies, therefore, they are natural drug candidates for repositioning strategy. In this review, we summarize the two main proposed mechanisms mediating acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) inhibition and how they can explain the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication by FIASMAs. The first mechanism implies a disruption in the lysosomal pH fall as the endosome-lysosome moves toward the interior of the cell. In fact, changes in cholesterol levels in endosome-lysosome membranes, which are associated with ASM inhibition is thought to be mediated by lysosomal proton pump (ATP-ase) inactivation. The second mechanism involves the formation of an extracellular ceramide-rich domain, which is blocked by FIASMAs. The ceramide-rich domains are believed to facilitate the SARS-CoV-2 entrance into the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Tronco Pauletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cassia Pereira Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Endres LM, Jungblut M, Divyapicigil M, Sauer M, Stigloher C, Christodoulides M, Kim BJ, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Development of a multicellular in vitro model of the meningeal blood-CSF barrier to study Neisseria meningitidis infection. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:81. [PMID: 36289516 PMCID: PMC9597984 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening disease that occurs when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis cross the meningeal blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (mBCSFB) and infect the meninges. Due to the human-specific nature of N. meningitidis, previous research investigating this complex host–pathogen interaction has mostly been done in vitro using immortalized brain endothelial cells (BECs) alone, which often do not retain relevant barrier properties in culture. Here, we developed physiologically relevant mBCSFB models using BECs in co-culture with leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) to examine N. meningitidis interaction. Methods We used BEC-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iBECs) or hCMEC/D3 cells in co-culture with LMCs derived from tumor biopsies. We employed TEM and structured illumination microscopy to characterize the models as well as bacterial interaction. We measured TEER and sodium fluorescein (NaF) permeability to determine barrier tightness and integrity. We then analyzed bacterial adherence and penetration of the cell barrier and examined changes in host gene expression of tight junctions as well as chemokines and cytokines in response to infection. Results Both cell types remained distinct in co-culture and iBECs showed characteristic expression of BEC markers including tight junction proteins and endothelial markers. iBEC barrier function as determined by TEER and NaF permeability was improved by LMC co-culture and remained stable for seven days. BEC response to N. meningitidis infection was not affected by LMC co-culture. We detected considerable amounts of BEC-adherent meningococci and a relatively small number of intracellular bacteria. Interestingly, we discovered bacteria traversing the BEC-LMC barrier within the first 24 h post-infection, when barrier integrity was still high, suggesting a transcellular route for N. meningitidis into the CNS. Finally, we observed deterioration of barrier properties including loss of TEER and reduced expression of cell-junction components at late time points of infection. Conclusions Here, we report, for the first time, on co-culture of human iPSC derived BECs or hCMEC/D3 with meningioma derived LMCs and find that LMC co-culture improves barrier properties of iBECs. These novel models allow for a better understanding of N. meningitidis interaction at the mBCSFB in a physiologically relevant setting. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00379-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M. Endres
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marvin Jungblut
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mustafa Divyapicigil
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Center for Convergent Biosciences & Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Markus Sauer
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stigloher
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Brandon J. Kim
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.265892.20000000106344187Department of Microbiology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Center for Convergent Biosciences & Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA ,grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Mikucki A, McCluskey NR, Kahler CM. The Host-Pathogen Interactions and Epicellular Lifestyle of Neisseria meningitidis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:862935. [PMID: 35531336 PMCID: PMC9072670 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.862935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a gram-negative diplococcus and a transient commensal of the human nasopharynx. It shares and competes for this niche with a number of other Neisseria species including N. lactamica, N. cinerea and N. mucosa. Unlike these other members of the genus, N. meningitidis may become invasive, crossing the epithelium of the nasopharynx and entering the bloodstream, where it rapidly proliferates causing a syndrome known as Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD). IMD progresses rapidly to cause septic shock and meningitis and is often fatal despite aggressive antibiotic therapy. While many of the ways in which meningococci survive in the host environment have been well studied, recent insights into the interactions between N. meningitidis and the epithelial, serum, and endothelial environments have expanded our understanding of how IMD develops. This review seeks to incorporate recent work into the established model of pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on the competition that N. meningitidis faces in the nasopharynx from other Neisseria species, and how the genetic diversity of the meningococcus contributes to the wide range of inflammatory and pathogenic potentials observed among different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Mikucki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolie R. McCluskey
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Telethon Kids Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Charlene M. Kahler
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Charlene M. Kahler,
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Peters S, Fohmann I, Rudel T, Schubert-Unkmeir A. A Comprehensive Review on the Interplay between Neisseria spp. and Host Sphingolipid Metabolites. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113201. [PMID: 34831424 PMCID: PMC8623382 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent a class of structural related lipids involved in membrane biology and various cellular processes including cell growth, apoptosis, inflammation and migration. Over the past decade, sphingolipids have become the focus of intensive studies regarding their involvement in infectious diseases. Pathogens can manipulate the sphingolipid metabolism resulting in cell membrane reorganization and receptor recruitment to facilitate their entry. They may recruit specific host sphingolipid metabolites to establish a favorable niche for intracellular survival and proliferation. In contrast, some sphingolipid metabolites can also act as a first line defense against bacteria based on their antimicrobial activity. In this review, we will focus on the strategies employed by pathogenic Neisseria spp. to modulate the sphingolipid metabolism and hijack the sphingolipid balance in the host to promote cellular colonization, invasion and intracellular survival. Novel techniques and innovative approaches will be highlighted that allow imaging of sphingolipid derivatives in the host cell as well as in the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (S.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Ingo Fohmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (S.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (S.P.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-31-46721; Fax: +49-931-31-46445
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Wang J, Chen YL, Li YK, Chen DK, He JF, Yao N. Functions of Sphingolipids in Pathogenesis During Host-Pathogen Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:701041. [PMID: 34408731 PMCID: PMC8366399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.701041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of membrane lipids that serve as vital structural and signaling bioactive molecules in organisms ranging from yeast to animals. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of sphingolipids as signaling molecules in the development and pathogenicity of microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In particular, sphingolipids play key roles in regulating the delicate balance between microbes and hosts during microbial pathogenesis. Some pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, harness host sphingolipids to promote development and infection, whereas sphingolipids from both the host and pathogen are involved in fungus-host interactions. Moreover, a regulatory role for sphingolipids has been described, but their effects on host physiology and metabolism remain to be elucidated. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the roles of sphingolipids in pathogenesis and interactions with host factors, including how sphingolipids modify pathogen and host metabolism with a focus on pathogenesis regulators and relevant metabolic enzymes. In addition, we discuss emerging perspectives on targeting sphingolipids that function in host-microbe interactions as new therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ding-Kang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Fan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Ceramide and Related Molecules in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115676. [PMID: 34073578 PMCID: PMC8197834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a lipid messenger at the heart of sphingolipid metabolism. In concert with its metabolizing enzymes, particularly sphingomyelinases, it has key roles in regulating the physical properties of biological membranes, including the formation of membrane microdomains. Thus, ceramide and its related molecules have been attributed significant roles in nearly all steps of the viral life cycle: they may serve directly as receptors or co-receptors for viral entry, form microdomains that cluster entry receptors and/or enable them to adopt the required conformation or regulate their cell surface expression. Sphingolipids can regulate all forms of viral uptake, often through sphingomyelinase activation, and mediate endosomal escape and intracellular trafficking. Ceramide can be key for the formation of viral replication sites. Sphingomyelinases often mediate the release of new virions from infected cells. Moreover, sphingolipids can contribute to viral-induced apoptosis and morbidity in viral diseases, as well as virus immune evasion. Alpha-galactosylceramide, in particular, also plays a significant role in immune modulation in response to viral infections. This review will discuss the roles of ceramide and its related molecules in the different steps of the viral life cycle. We will also discuss how novel strategies could exploit these for therapeutic benefit.
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Shabbir MA, Mehak F, Khan ZM, Ahmad W, Khan MR, Zia S, Rahaman A, Aadil RM. Interplay between ceramides and phytonutrients: New insights in metabolic syndrome. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Dos Santos Souza I, Maïssa N, Ziveri J, Morand PC, Coureuil M, Nassif X, Bourdoulous S. Meningococcal disease: A paradigm of type-IV pilus dependent pathogenesis. Cell Microbiol 2021; 22:e13185. [PMID: 32185901 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for two devastating forms of invasive diseases: purpura fulminans and meningitis. Interaction with both peripheral and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells is at the heart of meningococcal pathogenesis. During the last two decades, an essential role for meningococcal type IV pili in vascular colonisation and disease progression has been unravelled. This review summarises 20 years of research on meningococcal type IV pilus-dependent virulence mechanisms, up to the identification of promising anti-virulence compounds that target type IV pili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Dos Santos Souza
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nawal Maïssa
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jason Ziveri
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe C Morand
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nassif
- Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1151, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Bourdoulous
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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13
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Chung HY, Claus RA. Keep Your Friends Close, but Your Enemies Closer: Role of Acid Sphingomyelinase During Infection and Host Response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:616500. [PMID: 33553211 PMCID: PMC7859284 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.616500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of the inert and constitutive membrane building block sphingomyelin to the highly active lipid mediator ceramide by extracellularly active acid sphingomyelinase is tightly regulated during stress response and opens the gate for invading pathogens, triggering the immune response, development of remote organ failure, and tissue repair following severe infection. How do one enzyme and one mediator manage all of these affairs? Under physiological conditions, the enzyme is located in the lysosomes and takes part in the noiseless metabolism of sphingolipids, but following stress the protein is secreted into circulation. When secreted, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is able to hydrolyze sphingomyelin present at the outer leaflet of membranes to ceramide. Its generation troubles the biophysical context of cellular membranes resulting in functional assembly and reorganization of proteins and receptors, also embedded in highly conserved response mechanisms. As a consequence of cellular signaling, not only induction of cell death but also proliferation, differentiation, and fibrogenesis are affected. Here, we discuss the current state of the art on both the impact and function of the enzyme during host response and damage control. Also, the potential role of lysosomotropic agents as functional inhibitors of this upstream alarming cascade is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf A Claus
- Department for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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14
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Interactions and Signal Transduction Pathways Involved during Central Nervous System Entry by Neisseria meningitidis across the Blood-Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228788. [PMID: 33233688 PMCID: PMC7699760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis, also called meningococcus, exclusively infects humans and can cause meningitis, a severe disease that can lead to the death of the afflicted individuals. To cause meningitis, the bacteria have to enter the central nervous system (CNS) by crossing one of the barriers protecting the CNS from entry by pathogens. These barriers are represented by the blood–brain barrier separating the blood from the brain parenchyma and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers at the choroid plexus and the meninges. During the course of meningococcal disease resulting in meningitis, the bacteria undergo several interactions with host cells, including the pharyngeal epithelium and the cells constituting the barriers between the blood and the CSF. These interactions are required to initiate signal transduction pathways that are involved during the crossing of the meningococci into the blood stream and CNS entry, as well as in the host cell response to infection. In this review we summarize the interactions and pathways involved in these processes, whose understanding could help to better understand the pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis.
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15
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Azimi S, Wheldon LM, Oldfield NJ, Ala'Aldeen DAA, Wooldridge KG. A role for fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 in the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104534. [PMID: 33045339 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) remains an important cause of human disease, including meningitis and sepsis. Adaptation to the host environment includes many interactions with specific cell surface receptors, resulting in intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal rearrangements that contribute to pathogenesis. Here, we assessed the interactions between meningococci and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1-IIIc (FGFR1-IIIc): a receptor specific to endothelial cells of the microvasculature, including that of the blood-brain barrier. We show that the meningococcus recruits FGFR1-IIIc onto the surface of human blood microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). Furthermore, we demonstrate that expression of FGFR1-IIIc is required for optimal invasion of HBMECs by meningococci. We show that the ability of N. meningitidis to interact with the ligand-binding domain of FGFR1-IIIc is shared with the other pathogenic Neisseria species, N. gonorrhoeae, but not with commensal bacteria including non-pathogenic Neisseria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Azimi
- Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Lee M Wheldon
- Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Neil J Oldfield
- Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Dlawer A A Ala'Aldeen
- Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Karl G Wooldridge
- Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
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16
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Edwards MJ, Becker KA, Gripp B, Hoffmann M, Keitsch S, Wilker B, Soddemann M, Gulbins A, Carpinteiro E, Patel SH, Wilson GC, Pöhlmann S, Walter S, Fassbender K, Ahmad SA, Carpinteiro A, Gulbins E. Sphingosine prevents binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike to its cellular receptor ACE2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15174-15182. [PMID: 32917722 PMCID: PMC7650243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine has been shown to prevent and eliminate bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, but it is unknown whether sphingosine can be also employed to prevent viral infections. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed whether sphingosine regulates the infection of cultured and freshly isolated ex vivo human epithelial cells with pseudoviral particles expressing SARS–CoV-2 spike (pp-VSV–SARS–CoV-2 spike) that served as a bona fide system mimicking SARS–CoV-2 infection. We demonstrate that exogenously applied sphingosine suspended in 0.9% NaCl prevents cellular infection with pp-SARS–CoV-2 spike. Pretreatment of cultured Vero epithelial cells or freshly isolated human nasal epithelial cells with low concentrations of sphingosine prevented adhesion of and infection with pp-VSV–SARS–CoV-2 spike. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that sphingosine binds to ACE2, the cellular receptor of SARS–CoV-2, and prevents the interaction of the receptor-binding domain of the viral spike protein with ACE2. These data indicate that sphingosine prevents at least some viral infections by interfering with the interaction of the virus with its receptor. Our data also suggest that further preclinical and finally clinical examination of sphingosine is warranted for potential use as a prophylactic or early treatment for coronavirus disease-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katrin Anne Becker
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Gripp
- Zentrum für Seelische Gesundheit des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Sana-Klinikum Remscheid GmbH, Remscheid, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Keitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilker
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Soddemann
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Gulbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisa Carpinteiro
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sameer H Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gregory C Wilson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silke Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Syed A Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander Carpinteiro
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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17
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Cai BB, Lu YN, Xu M. Acid sphingomyelinase downregulation alleviates vascular endothelial leptin resistance in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:650-660. [PMID: 31848475 PMCID: PMC7471453 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin resistance in endothelial cells leads to vascular endothelial dysfunction, which is the beginning and crucial link of atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism of leptin resistance remains obscure. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to produce ceramide, which plays an important role in the progression of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we investigated whether ASM could regulate leptin resistance in vascular endothelial cells. We induced endothelial leptin resistance in rat aortic endothelial cells through treatment with palmitic acid (0.3 mM) or knockdown of leptin receptor (Ob-Rb), which resulted in the increase of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression, the decrease of Ob-Rb expression, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation at Tyr705. We found that these indicators of leptin resistance were reversed by knockdown of ASM or by the selective ASM inhibitors amitriptyline (AMI) and imipramine (IMI). Supplementation of ceramide inhibited Ob-Rb expression and STAT3 phosphorylation by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of ASM enhanced endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity and NO production, as well as the Akt phosphorylation at ser473, which was regulated by STAT3. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding-induced leptin resistance in rats in vivo; administration of AMI and IMI (10 mg· kg−1 per day, intraperitoneally, for 2 weeks) increased the release of endothelial NO to relieve the vasodilatory response and improved the endothelial leptin resistance in the aorta of HFD-fed rats. These results suggest that ASM downregulation reverses endothelial leptin resistance, and consequently improves vascular endothelial dysfunction. This study highlighted ASM as a potential therapeutic target for endothelial leptin resistance.
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18
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Zuconelli CR, Schmidt S, Wallbrecher R, van Oostrum J, Bartels YL, Didan Y, Berendsen ML, Brock R, Adjobo-Hermans MJ. Modulation of Orai1 by cationic peptides triggers their direct cytosolic uptake. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Le Guennec L, Coureuil M, Nassif X, Bourdoulous S. Strategies used by bacterial pathogens to cross the blood-brain barrier. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13132. [PMID: 31658405 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skull, spine, meninges, and cellular barriers at the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid interfaces well protect the brain and meningeal spaces against microbial invasion. However, once in the bloodstream, a range of pathogenic bacteria is able to reach the brain and cause meningitis. Despite advances in antibacterial therapy, bacterial meningitis remains one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. The most common causative bacteria in children and adults are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis associated with high morbidity and mortality, while among neonates, most cases of bacterial meningitis are due to group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli. Here we summarise our current knowledge on the strategies used by these bacterial pathogens to survive in the bloodstream, to colonise the brain vasculature and to cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Le Guennec
- Inserm (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS (Centre National de la recherche Scientifique), UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Inserm (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), unité U1151, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS (Centre National de la recherche Scientifique), UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nassif
- Inserm (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), unité U1151, Institut-Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.,CNRS (Centre National de la recherche Scientifique), UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Bourdoulous
- Inserm (Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale), U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS (Centre National de la recherche Scientifique), UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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20
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Virulence Factors of Meningitis-Causing Bacteria: Enabling Brain Entry across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215393. [PMID: 31671896 PMCID: PMC6862235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traversal of the barriers protecting the brain by pathogens is a prerequisite for the development of meningitis. Bacteria have developed a variety of different strategies to cross these barriers and reach the CNS. To this end, they use a variety of different virulence factors that enable them to attach to and traverse these barriers. These virulence factors mediate adhesion to and invasion into host cells, intracellular survival, induction of host cell signaling and inflammatory response, and affect barrier function. While some of these mechanisms differ, others are shared by multiple pathogens. Further understanding of these processes, with special emphasis on the difference between the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as well as virulence factors used by the pathogens, is still needed.
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21
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Kunz TC, Kozjak-Pavlovic V. Diverse Facets of Sphingolipid Involvement in Bacterial Infections. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:203. [PMID: 31608278 PMCID: PMC6761390 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are constituents of the cell membrane that perform various tasks as structural elements and signaling molecules, in addition to regulating many important cellular processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that sphingolipids and sphingolipid signaling play a vital role in infection processes. In many cases the attachment and uptake of pathogenic bacteria, as well as bacterial development and survival within the host cell depend on sphingolipids. In addition, sphingolipids can serve as antimicrobials, inhibiting bacterial growth and formation of biofilms. This review will give an overview of our current information about these various aspects of sphingolipid involvement in bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Schlegel J, Peters S, Doose S, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Sauer M. Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals Local Accumulation of Plasma Membrane Gangliosides at Neisseria meningitidis Invasion Sites. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:194. [PMID: 31572726 PMCID: PMC6753371 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for epidemic meningitis and sepsis worldwide. A critical step in the development of meningitis is the interaction of bacteria with cells forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which requires tight adhesion of the pathogen to highly specialized brain endothelial cells. Two endothelial receptors, CD147 and the β2-adrenergic receptor, have been found to be sequentially recruited by meningococci involving the interaction with type IV pilus. Despite the identification of cellular key players in bacterial adhesion the detailed mechanism of invasion is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated cellular dynamics and mobility of the type IV pilus receptor CD147 upon treatment with pili enriched fractions and specific antibodies directed against two extracellular Ig-like domains in living human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Modulation of CD147 mobility after ligand binding revealed by single-molecule tracking experiments demonstrates receptor activation and indicates plasma membrane rearrangements. Exploiting the binding of Shiga (STxB) and Cholera toxin B (CTxB) subunits to the two native plasma membrane sphingolipids globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and raft-associated monosialotetrahexosylganglioside GM1, respectively, we investigated their involvement in bacterial invasion by super-resolution microscopy. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) unraveled accumulation and coating of meningococci with GM1 upon cellular uptake. Blocking of CTxB binding sites did not impair bacterial adhesion but dramatically reduced bacterial invasion efficiency. In addition, cell cycle arrest in G1 phase induced by serum starvation led to an overall increase of GM1 molecules in the plasma membrane and consequently also in bacterial invasion efficiency. Our results will help to understand downstream signaling events after initial type IV pilus-host cell interactions and thus have general impact on the development of new therapeutics targeting key molecules involved in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Peters
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sören Doose
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Ceramide Domains in Health and Disease: A Biophysical Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1159:79-108. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21162-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Rolando M, Buchrieser C. A Comprehensive Review on the Manipulation of the Sphingolipid Pathway by Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:168. [PMID: 31497599 PMCID: PMC6712060 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have developed many different strategies to hijack host cell responses to promote their own survival. The manipulation of lipid biogenesis and cell membrane stability is emerging as a key player in bacterial host cell control. Indeed, many bacterial pathogens such as Legionella, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Staphylococci, Mycobacteria, Helicobacter, or Clostridia are able to manipulate and use host sphingolipids during multiple steps of the infectious process. Sphingolipids have long been considered only as structural components of cell membranes, however, it is now well known that they are also intracellular and intercellular signaling molecules that play important roles in many eukaryotic cell functions as well as in orchestrating immune responses. Furthermore, they are important to eliminate invading pathogens and play a crucial role in infectious diseases. In this review, we focus on the different strategies employed by pathogenic bacteria to hijack the sphingolipid balance in the host cell to promote cellular colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rolando
- Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Buchrieser
- Biologie des Bactéries Intracellulaires, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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25
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Neisseria meningitidis Type IV Pili Trigger Ca 2+-Dependent Lysosomal Trafficking of the Acid Sphingomyelinase To Enhance Surface Ceramide Levels. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00410-19. [PMID: 31160362 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00410-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a lipid hydrolase that converts sphingomyelin to ceramide and that can be activated by various cellular stress mechanisms, including bacterial pathogens. Vesicle transportation or trafficking of ASM from the lysosomal compartment to the cell membrane is a prerequisite for its activation in response to bacterial infections; however, the effectors and mechanisms of ASM translocation and activation are poorly defined. Our recent work documented the key importance of ASM for Neisseria meningitidis uptake into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). We clearly identified OpcA to be one bacterial effector promoting ASM translocation and activity, though it became clear that additional bacterial components were involved, as up to 80% of ASM activity and ceramide generation was retained in cells infected with an opcA-deficient mutant. We hypothesized that N. meningitidis might use pilus components to promote the translocation of ASM into HBMEC. Indeed, we found that both live, piliated N. meningitidis and pilus-enriched fractions trigger transient ASM surface display, followed by the formation of ceramide-rich platforms (CRPs). By using indirect immunocytochemistry and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, we show that the overall number of CRPs with a size of ∼80 nm in the plasma membrane is significantly increased after exposure to pilus-enriched fractions. Infection with live bacteria as well as exposure to pilus-enriched fractions transiently increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels in HBMEC, and this was found to be important for ASM surface display mediated by lysosomal exocytosis, as depletion of cytosolic Ca2+ resulted in a significant decrease in ASM surface levels, ASM activity, and CRP formation.
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26
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Coureuil M, Jamet A, Bille E, Lécuyer H, Bourdoulous S, Nassif X. Molecular interactions between Neisseria meningitidis and its human host. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13063. [PMID: 31167044 PMCID: PMC6899865 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a Gram‐negative bacterium that asymptomatically colonises the nasopharynx of humans. For an unknown reason, N. meningitidis can cross the nasopharyngeal barrier and invade the bloodstream where it becomes one of the most harmful extracellular bacterial pathogen. This infectious cycle involves the colonisation of two different environments. (a) In the nasopharynx, N. meningitidis grow on the top of mucus‐producing epithelial cells surrounded by a complex microbiota. To survive and grow in this challenging environment, the meningococcus expresses specific virulence factors such as polymorphic toxins and MDAΦ. (b) Meningococci have the ability to survive in the extra cellular fluids including blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The interaction of N. meningitidis with human endothelial cells leads to the formation of typical microcolonies that extend overtime and promote vascular injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and acute inflammation. In this review, we will focus on the interplay between N. meningitidis and these two different niches at the cellular and molecular level and discuss the use of inhibitors of piliation as a potent therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Coureuil
- Inserm, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, U1151, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR_S 1151, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Anne Jamet
- Inserm, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, U1151, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR_S 1151, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bille
- Inserm, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, U1151, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR_S 1151, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lécuyer
- Inserm, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, U1151, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR_S 1151, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Bourdoulous
- Université de Paris, UMR_S 1151, Paris, France.,Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nassif
- Inserm, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, U1151, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, UMR_S 1151, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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27
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Andrews NW. Solving the secretory acid sphingomyelinase puzzle: Insights from lysosome-mediated parasite invasion and plasma membrane repair. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13065. [PMID: 31155842 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a lysosomal enzyme that cleaves the phosphorylcholine head group of sphingomyelin, generating ceramide. Recessive mutations in SMPD1, the gene encoding ASM, cause Niemann-Pick Disease Types A and B. These disorders are attributed not only to lipid accumulation inside lysosomes but also to changes on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, highlighting an extracellular role for ASM. Secretion of ASM occurs under physiological conditions, and earlier studies proposed two forms of the enzyme, one resident in lysosomes and another form that would be diverted to the secretory pathway. Such differential intracellular trafficking has been difficult to explain because there is only one SMPD1 transcript that generates an active enzyme, found primarily inside lysosomes. Unexpectedly, studies of cell invasion by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi revealed that conventional lysosomes can fuse with the plasma membrane in response to elevations in intracellular Ca2+ , releasing their contents extracellularly. ASM exocytosed from lysosomes remodels the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, promoting parasite invasion and wound repair. Here, we discuss the possibility that ASM release during lysosomal exocytosis, in response to various forms of stress, may represent a major source of the secretory form of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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28
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Simonis A, Schubert-Unkmeir A. The role of acid sphingomyelinase and modulation of sphingolipid metabolism in bacterial infection. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1135-1146. [PMID: 29924727 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a key enzyme in sphingolipid metabolism that converts sphingomyelin to ceramide, thereby modulating membrane structures and signal transduction. Bacterial pathogens can manipulate ASM activity and function, and use host sphingolipids during multiple steps of their infection process. An increase in ceramides upon infection results in the formation of ceramide-enriched membrane platforms that serve to cluster receptor molecules and organize intracellular signaling molecules, thus facilitating bacterial uptake. In this review, we focus on how extracellular bacterial pathogens target ASM and modulate membrane properties and signaling pathways to gain entry into eukaryotic cells or induce cell death. We describe how intracellular pathogens interfere with the intralysosomal functions of ASM to favor replication and survival. In addition, bacteria utilize their own sphingomyelinases as virulence factors to modulate sphingolipid metabolism. The potential of ASM as a target for treating bacterial infections is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Simonis
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Wu Y, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. The function of sphingomyelinases in mycobacterial infections. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1125-1133. [PMID: 29924725 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the deadliest and most important infectious diseases worldwide. The sphingomyelinase/ceramide system, which has been shown several times to be a crucial factor in the internalization, processing and killing of diverse pathogens, also modulates the pro-inflammatory response and the state of mycobacteria in macrophages. Both acid and neutral sphingomyelinases are important in this activity. However, studies of the role of sphingomyelinases in TB are still at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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30
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Fernández-Oliva A, Ortega-González P, Risco C. Targeting host lipid flows: Exploring new antiviral and antibiotic strategies. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e12996. [PMID: 30585688 PMCID: PMC7162424 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria and viruses pose serious challenges for humans because they evolve continuously. Despite ongoing efforts, antiviral drugs to treat many of the most troubling viruses have not been approved yet. The recent launch of new antimicrobials is generating hope as more and more pathogens around the world become resistant to available drugs. But extra effort is still needed. One of the current strategies for antiviral and antibiotic drug development is the search for host cellular pathways used by many different pathogens. For example, many viruses and bacteria alter lipid synthesis and transport to build their own organelles inside infected cells. The characterization of these interactions will be fundamental to identify new targets for antiviral and antibiotic drug development. This review discusses how viruses and bacteria subvert cell machineries for lipid synthesis and transport and summarises the most promising compounds that interfere with these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina Risco
- Cell Structure Lab, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Kim BJ, Schubert-Unkmeir A. In Vitro Models for Studying the Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with Human Brain Endothelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1969:135-148. [PMID: 30877675 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9202-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is a serious, life-threatening infection of the central nervous system (CNS). To cause meningitis, bacteria must interact with and penetrate the meningeal blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (mB/CSFB), which comprises highly specialized brain endothelial cells. Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis, and examination meningococcus' interaction with the BBB is critical for understanding disease progression. To examine specific interactions, in vitro mB/CSFB models have been developed and employed and are of great importance because in vivo models have been difficult to produce considering Neisseria meningitidis is exclusively a human pathogen. Most in vitro blood-brain barrier and mB/CSF models use primary and immortalized brain endothelial cells, and these models have been used to examine bacterial-mB/CSFB interactions by a variety of pathogens. This chapter describes the use of past and current in vitro brain endothelial cells to model Neisseria meningitidis interaction with the mB/CSFB, and inform on the standard operating procedure for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Kim
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Baker JE, Boudreau RM, Seitz AP, Caldwell CC, Gulbins E, Edwards MJ. Sphingolipids and Innate Immunity: A New Approach to Infection in the Post-Antibiotic Era? Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2018; 19:792-803. [DOI: 10.1089/sur.2018.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Baker
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan M. Boudreau
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aaron P. Seitz
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charles C. Caldwell
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael J. Edwards
- Division of Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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33
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Tawk C, Nigro G, Rodrigues Lopes I, Aguilar C, Lisowski C, Mano M, Sansonetti P, Vogel J, Eulalio A. Stress-induced host membrane remodeling protects from infection by non-motile bacterial pathogens. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201798529. [PMID: 30389666 PMCID: PMC6276891 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While mucosal inflammation is a major source of stress during enteropathogen infection, it remains to be fully elucidated how the host benefits from this environment to clear the pathogen. Here, we show that host stress induced by different stimuli mimicking inflammatory conditions strongly reduces the binding of Shigella flexneri to epithelial cells. Mechanistically, stress activates acid sphingomyelinase leading to host membrane remodeling. Consequently, knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the acid sphingomyelinase blunts the stress-dependent inhibition of Shigella binding to host cells. Interestingly, stress caused by intracellular Shigella replication also results in remodeling of the host cell membrane, in vitro and in vivo, which precludes re-infection by this and other non-motile pathogens. In contrast, Salmonella Typhimurium overcomes the shortage of permissive entry sites by gathering effectively at the remaining platforms through its flagellar motility. Overall, our findings reveal host membrane remodeling as a novel stress-responsive cell-autonomous defense mechanism that protects epithelial cells from infection by non-motile bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tawk
- Host RNA Metabolism Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Nigro
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ines Rodrigues Lopes
- Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics, UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,RNA & Infection Group, UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Host RNA Metabolism Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clivia Lisowski
- Host RNA Metabolism Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miguel Mano
- Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics, UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jörg Vogel
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana Eulalio
- Host RNA Metabolism Group, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany .,RNA & Infection Group, UC-BIOTECH, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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34
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Nagahama M, Takehara M, Miyamoto K, Ishidoh K, Kobayashi K. Acid Sphingomyelinase Promotes Cellular Internalization of Clostridium perfringens Iota-Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050209. [PMID: 29783772 PMCID: PMC5983265 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is a binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxin composed of the enzymatic component Ia and receptor binding component Ib. Ib binds to a cell surface receptor, forms Ib oligomer in lipid rafts, and associates with Ia. The Ia-Ib complex then internalizes by endocytosis. Here, we showed that acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) facilitates the cellular uptake of iota-toxin. Inhibitions of ASMase and lysosomal exocytosis by respective blockers depressed cell rounding induced by iota-toxin. The cytotoxicity of the toxin increased in the presence of Ca2+ in extracellular fluids. Ib entered target cells in the presence but not the absence of Ca2+. Ib induced the extracellular release of ASMase in the presence of Ca2+. ASMase siRNA prevented the cell rounding induced by iota-toxin. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with Ib resulted in the production of ceramide in cytoplasmic vesicles. These observations showed that ASMase promotes the internalization of iota-toxin into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nagahama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Masaya Takehara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Miyamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Ishidoh
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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35
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Wu Y, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. Crosstalk Between Sphingomyelinases and Reactive Oxygen Species in Mycobacterial Infection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:935-948. [PMID: 28276697 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the most important infections worldwide. The sphingomyelinase/ceramide system, which has been shown to be a crucial factor in internalizing and killing various pathogens, modulates both the proinflammatory response and the state of mycobacteria in macrophages. However, studies about the role of sphingomyelinases in TB are still at an early stage. Recent Advances: Recent studies elucidated several roles of sphingomyelinases in manipulating mycobacterial infections. On the one hand, acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) promotes the fusion of bacteria-containing phagosomes and lysosomes, whereas on the other hand, Asm-derived ceramide induces cell death. Neutral sphingomyelinase (Nsm) enhances the release of reactive oxygen species, which suppress autophagy in infected macrophages in vitro and in vivo, allowing the pathogen to survive within macrophages. These findings indicate that the sphingomyelinase/ceramide system plays an important role in the attack of mycobacteria against the host. Critical Issues: Autophagy is a main strategy of mycobacterial clearance in TB, but the relevant mechanisms are still unknown. Additionally, there are indications that both Asm and Nsm are crucially involved in the formation of granulomas, which are a hallmark and a special structure of TB. However, very few findings have yet been published. Future Directions: Additional studies of the Nsm/ceramide system, which contributes to the resistance or susceptibility, respectively, of the host to mycobacterial infections, will detect currently unknown molecular mechanisms. Because inhibitors of Nsm already exist, targeting Nsm may be a novel approach to developing treatment options for mycobacterial infections. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 935-948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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36
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Li C, Wu Y, Riehle A, Orian-Rousseau V, Zhang Y, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Infection of Macrophages by CD44, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Acid Sphingomyelinase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:916-934. [PMID: 28747072 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.6994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Staphylococcus aureus plays an important role in sepsis, pneumonia, and wound infections. Acid sphingomyelinase (Asm)-deficient mice are highly susceptible to pulmonary S. aureus infections. Here, we investigated the role of CD44 as a molecule that mediates important aspects of the infection of macrophages with S. aureus. Results: We showed that CD44 activation by S. aureus stimulated Asm via the formation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in ceramide release, clustering of CD44 in ceramide-enriched membrane platforms, CD44/Asm-dependent activation of Rho family GTPases, translocation of phospho-ezrin/radixin/moesin to the plasma-membrane, and a rapid rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton with cortical actin polymerization. Genetic deficiency of CD44 or Asm abrogated these signaling events and thereby reduced internalization of S. aureus into macrophages by 60-80%. Asm-deficient macrophages also exhibited reduced fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, which prevented intracellular killing of S. aureus in macrophages and thereby allowed internalized S. aureus to replicate and cause severe pneumonia. Innovation and Conclusion: The CD44-Asm-ceramide system plays an important role in the infection of macrophages with S. aureus. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 916-934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Riehle
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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37
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Walter T, Collenburg L, Japtok L, Kleuser B, Schneider-Schaulies S, Müller N, Becam J, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Kong JN, Bieberich E, Seibel J. Incorporation and visualization of azido-functionalized N-oleoyl serinol in Jurkat cells, mouse brain astrocytes, 3T3 fibroblasts and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:8612-8614. [PMID: 27327378 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of azido-N-oleoyl serinol is reported. It mimicks biofunctional lipid ceramides and has shown to be capable of click reactions for cell membrane imaging in Jurkat and human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Walter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland C1, Würzburg, Germany
| | - L Collenburg
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Str. 7, Wuerzburg Germany
| | - L Japtok
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany
| | - B Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - N Müller
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Str. 7, Wuerzburg Germany
| | - J Becam
- Institute of hygiene and microbiology, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2 / E1, Würzburg
| | - A Schubert-Unkmeir
- Institute of hygiene and microbiology, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2 / E1, Würzburg
| | - J N Kong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912 U.S.A
| | - E Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15 Street, Augusta, GA 30912 U.S.A
| | - J Seibel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland C1, Würzburg, Germany
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38
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Becker KA, Fahsel B, Kemper H, Mayeres J, Li C, Wilker B, Keitsch S, Soddemann M, Sehl C, Kohnen M, Edwards MJ, Grassmé H, Caldwell CC, Seitz A, Fraunholz M, Gulbins E. Staphylococcus aureus Alpha-Toxin Disrupts Endothelial-Cell Tight Junctions via Acid Sphingomyelinase and Ceramide. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00606-17. [PMID: 29084896 PMCID: PMC5736828 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00606-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are among the most common and severe infections, garnering notoriety in an era of increasing resistance to antibiotics. It is therefore important to define molecular mechanisms by which this pathogen attacks host cells. Here, we demonstrate that alpha-toxin, one of the major toxins of S. aureus, induces activation of acid sphingomyelinase and concomitant release of ceramide in endothelial cells treated with the toxin. Activation of acid sphingomyelinase by alpha-toxin is mediated via ADAM10. Infection experiments employing alpha-toxin-deficient S. aureus and the corresponding wild-type strain reveal that activation of acid sphingomyelinase in endothelial cells requires alpha-toxin expression by the pathogen. Activation of acid sphingomyelinase is linked to degradation of tight junctions in endothelial cells in vitro, which is blocked by pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase. Most importantly, alpha-toxin induces severe degradation of tight junctions in the lung and causes lung edema in vivo, which is prevented by genetic deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase. These data indicate a novel and important role of the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system for the endothelial response to toxins and provide a molecular link between alpha-toxin and the degradation of tight junctions. The data also suggest that inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase may provide a novel treatment option to prevent lung edema caused by S. aureus alpha-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Anne Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Keitsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Soddemann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carolin Sehl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Charles C Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron Seitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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39
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Becam J, Walter T, Burgert A, Schlegel J, Sauer M, Seibel J, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Antibacterial activity of ceramide and ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17627. [PMID: 29247204 PMCID: PMC5732201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain fatty acids and sphingoid bases found at mucosal surfaces are known to have antibacterial activity and are thought to play a more direct role in innate immunity against bacterial infections. Herein, we analysed the antibacterial activity of sphingolipids, including the sphingoid base sphingosine as well as short-chain C6 and long-chain C16-ceramides and azido-functionalized ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseriae. Determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) demonstrated that short-chain ceramides and a ω-azido-functionalized C6-ceramide were active against Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, whereas they were inactive against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Kinetic assays showed that killing of N. meningitidis occurred within 2 h with ω–azido-C6-ceramide at 1 X the MIC. Of note, at a bactericidal concentration, ω–azido-C6-ceramide had no significant toxic effect on host cells. Moreover, lipid uptake and localization was studied by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and revealed a rapid uptake by bacteria within 5 min. CLSM and super-resolution fluorescence imaging by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy demonstrated homogeneous distribution of ceramide analogs in the bacterial membrane. Taken together, these data demonstrate the potent bactericidal activity of sphingosine and synthetic short-chain ceramide analogs against pathogenic Neisseriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Becam
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Walter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Burgert
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilian University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Schubert-Unkmeir A. Molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with cells of the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3061359. [PMID: 28334198 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is one of the most common aetiological agents of bacterial meningitis, affecting predominantly children and young adults. The interaction of N. meningitidis with human endothelial cells lining blood vessels of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSFB) is critical for meningitis development. In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of N. meningitidis with brain vascular cells. In this review, we will describe how N. meningitidis adheres to the brain vasculature, may enter inside these cells, hijack receptor signalling pathways and alter host-cell responses in order to traverse the B-CSFB.
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41
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Lipids in psychiatric disorders and preventive medicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:336-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Burgert A, Schlegel J, Bécam J, Doose S, Bieberich E, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Sauer M. Characterization of Plasma Membrane Ceramides by Super-Resolution Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6131-6135. [PMID: 28379629 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sphingolipid ceramide regulates cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. Ceramide-rich membrane areas promote structural changes within the plasma membrane that segregate membrane receptors and affect membrane curvature and vesicle formation, fusion, and trafficking. Ceramides were labeled by immunocytochemistry to visualize their distribution on the plasma membrane of different cells with virtually molecular resolution by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Super-resolution images show that independent of labeling conditions and cell type 50-60 % of all membrane ceramides are located in ceramide-rich platforms (CRPs) with a size of about 75 nm that are composed of at least about 20 ceramides. Treatment of cells with Bacillus cereus sphingomyelinase (bSMase) increases the overall ceramide concentration in the plasma membrane, the quantity of CRPs, and their size. Simultaneously, the ceramide concentration in CRPs increases approximately twofold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burgert
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jérôme Bécam
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sören Doose
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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43
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Burgert A, Schlegel J, Bécam J, Doose S, Bieberich E, Schubert‐Unkmeir A, Sauer M. Characterization of Plasma Membrane Ceramides by Super‐Resolution Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Burgert
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics Julius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics Julius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jérôme Bécam
- Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology Julius Maximilian University Würzburg 97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Sören Doose
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics Julius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Medical College of Georgia Augusta University Augusta GA 30912 USA
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics Julius Maximilian University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Cellular Uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin Requires Acid Sphingomyelinase Activity. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00966-16. [PMID: 28138018 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00966-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin consists of an enzyme component (C2I) and a binding component (C2II). Activated C2II (C2IIa) binds to a cell receptor, giving rise to lipid raft-dependent oligomerization, and it then assembles with C2I. The whole toxin complex is then endocytosed into the cytosol, resulting in the destruction of the actin cytoskeleton and cell rounding. Here, we showed that C2 toxin requires acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity during internalization. In this study, inhibitors of ASMase and lysosomal exocytosis blocked C2 toxin-induced cell rounding. C2IIa induced Ca2+ influx from the extracellular medium to cells. C2 toxin-induced cell rounding was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+ ASMase was released extracellularly when cells were incubated with C2IIa in the presence of Ca2+ Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of ASMase reduced C2 toxin-induced cell rounding. ASMase hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide on the outer leaflet of the membrane at acidic pH. Ceramide was detected in cytoplasmic vesicles containing C2IIa. These results indicated that ASMase activity is necessary for the efficient internalization of C2 toxin into cells. Inhibitors of ASMase may confer protection against infection.
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Niaudet C, Bonnaud S, Guillonneau M, Gouard S, Gaugler MH, Dutoit S, Ripoche N, Dubois N, Trichet V, Corre I, Paris F. Plasma membrane reorganization links acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide to p38 MAPK pathways in endothelial cells apoptosis. Cell Signal 2017; 33:10-21. [PMID: 28179144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The p38 MAPK signaling pathway is essential in the cellular response to stress stimuli, in particular in the endothelial cells that are major target of external stress. The importance of the bioactive sphingolipid ceramide generated by acid sphingomyelinase is also firmly established in stress-induced endothelial apoptotic cell death. Despite a suggested link between the p38 MAPK and ceramide pathways, the exact molecular events of this connection remain elusive. In the present study, by using two different activators of p38 MAPK, namely anisomycin and ionizing radiation, we depicted how ceramide generated by acid sphingomyelinase was involved in p38 MAPK-dependent apoptosis of endothelial cells. We first proved that both anisomycin and ionizing radiation conducted to apoptosis through activation of p38 MAPK in human microvascular endothelial cells HMEC-1. We then found that both treatments induced activation of acid sphingomyelinase and the generation of ceramide. This step was required for p38 MAPK activation and apoptosis. We finally showed that irradiation, as well as treatment with exogenous C16-ceramide or bacterial sphingomyelinase, induced in endothelial cells a deep reorganization of the plasma membrane with formation of large lipid platforms at the cell surface, leading to p38 MAPK activation and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Altogether, our results proved that the plasma membrane reorganization leading to ceramide production is essential for stress-induced activation of p38 MAPK and apoptosis in endothelial cells and established the link between the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide and p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Niaudet
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Marie-Hélène Gaugler
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; IRSN, Fontenay-aux-roses, France
| | - Soizic Dutoit
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Nolwenn Dubois
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Isabelle Corre
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - François Paris
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Laboratoire de Biologie du Cancer et Théranostique, ICO, Saint-Herblain, France.
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A journey into the brain: insight into how bacterial pathogens cross blood-brain barriers. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:149-159. [PMID: 28090076 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, which is one of the tightest barriers in the body, protects the brain from insults, such as infections. Indeed, only a few of the numerous blood-borne bacteria can cross the blood-brain barrier to cause meningitis. In this Review, we focus on invasive extracellular pathogens, such as Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli, to review the obstacles that bacteria have to overcome in order to invade the meninges from the bloodstream, and the specific skills they have developed to bypass the blood-brain barrier. The medical importance of understanding how these barriers can be circumvented is underlined by the fact that we need to improve drug delivery into the brain.
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Disease and Carrier Isolates of Neisseria meningitidis Cause G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Epithelial Cells. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2758-70. [PMID: 27430269 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00296-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens have developed several mechanisms to modulate and interfere with host cell cycle progression. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis on the cell cycle of epithelial cells. Two pathogenic isolates, as well as two carrier isolates, were tested for their ability to adhere to and invade into the epithelial cell lines Detroit 562 and NP69 and to modulate the cell cycle. We found that all isolates adhered equally well to both Detroit 562 and NP69 cells, whereas the carrier isolates were significantly less invasive. Using propidium iodide staining and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine pulse-labeling, we provide evidence that meningococcal infection arrested cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle at 24 h postinfection. In parallel, a significant decrease of cells in the S phase was observed. Interestingly, G1-phase arrest was only induced after infection with live bacteria but not with heat-killed bacteria. By Western blotting we demonstrate that bacterial infection resulted in a decreased protein level of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, whereas cyclin E expression levels were increased. Furthermore, N. meningitidis infection induced an accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p21(WAF1/CIP1) that was accompanied by a redistribution of this CKI to the cell nucleus, as shown by immunofluorescence analysis. Moreover, the p27(CIP1) CKI was redistributed and showed punctate foci in infected cells. In summary, we present data that N. meningitidis can interfere with the processes of host cell cycle regulation.
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Hollmann C, Werner S, Avota E, Reuter D, Japtok L, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Becker KA, Schneider-Schaulies J, Beyersdorf N. Inhibition of Acid Sphingomyelinase Allows for Selective Targeting of CD4+Conventional versus Foxp3+Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3130-3141. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Simonis A, Schubert-Unkmeir A. Interactions of meningococcal virulence factors with endothelial cells at the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and their role in pathogenicity. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3854-3867. [PMID: 27498906 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative extracellular bacterium Neisseria meningitidis is one of the most common aetiological agents of bacterial meningitis affecting predominantly young children worldwide. This bacterium is normally a quiescent coloniser of the upper respiratory tract, but in some individuals it enters the blood stream and causes invasive diseases, such as septicaemia and meningitis. Interactions of N. meningitidis with human endothelial cells are crucially involved in pathogencitiy, and great efforts have been made to understand these molecular interactions. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the interactions of meningococcal virulence factors with host endothelial cells at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Simonis
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
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50
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Co-option of Membrane Wounding Enables Virus Penetration into Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:75-85. [PMID: 26159720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During cell entry, non-enveloped viruses undergo partial uncoating to expose membrane lytic proteins for gaining access to the cytoplasm. We report that adenovirus uses membrane piercing to induce and hijack cellular wound removal processes that facilitate further membrane disruption and infection. Incoming adenovirus stimulates calcium influx and lysosomal exocytosis, a membrane repair mechanism resulting in release of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and degradation of sphingomyelin to ceramide lipids in the plasma membrane. Lysosomal exocytosis is triggered by small plasma membrane lesions induced by the viral membrane lytic protein-VI, which is exposed upon mechanical cues from virus receptors, followed by virus endocytosis into leaky endosomes. Chemical inhibition or RNA interference of ASMase slows virus endocytosis, inhibits virus escape to the cytosol, and reduces infection. Ceramide enhances binding of protein-VI to lipid membranes and protein-VI-induced membrane rupture. Thus, adenovirus uses a positive feedback loop between virus uncoating and lipid signaling for efficient membrane penetration.
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