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Wang F, Huang G, Luo Y, Xiong K, Liu Y, Wang Y. Causal association of circulating immune cells and lymphoma: A Mendelian randomization study. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240984. [PMID: 39015296 PMCID: PMC11249620 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant lymphoma (ML) is a group of malignant tumors originating from the lymphatic hematopoietic system. Previous studies have found a correlation between circulating immune cells and ML. Nonetheless, the precise influence of circulating immune cells on ML remains uncertain. Methods Based on publicly available genetic data, we explored causal associations between 731 immune cell signatures and ML risk. A total of four types of immune signatures, median fluorescence intensities, relative cell, absolute cell, and morphological parameters were included. Primary analysis was performed using inverse variance weighting (IVW) to assess the causal relationship between circulating immune cells and the risk of ML. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using Cochran's Q test, the Mendelian randomization Egger regression intercept test, and leave-one-out analysis. Results ML had a statistically significant effect on immunophenotypes. Twenty-three immunophenotypes were identified to be significantly associated with Hodgkin lymphoma risk through the IVW approach, and the odds ratio values of CD64 on CD14- CD16+ monocyte [2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41-3.79, P1 = 0.001], IgD+ CD24+ B-cell %lymphocyte (2.06, 95% CI = 1.13-3.79, P1 = 0.018), B-cell %lymphocyte (1.94, 95% CI = 1.08-3.50, P1 = 0.027), CD24+ CD27+ B-cell %lymphocyte (1.68, 95% CI = 1.03-2.74, P1 = 0.039), and CD14+ CD16- monocyte %monocyte (1.60, 95% CI = 1.15-2.24, P1 = 0.006) ranked in the top five. Eleven immunophenotypes were identified to be significantly associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk, CD86 on granulocyte (2.35, 95% CI = 1.18-4.69, P1 = 0.015), CD28-CD8+ T-cell absolute count (1.76, 95% CI = 1.03-2.99, P1 = 0.036), CCR2 on myeloid dendritic cell (CD24+ CD27+ B cell, 95% CI = 1.02-1.66, P1 = 0.034), CD3 on effector memory CD8+ T cell (1.29, 95% CI = 1.02-1.64, P1 = 0.012), and natural killer T %lymphocyte (1.28, 95% CI = 1.01-1.62, P1 = 0.046) were ranked in the top five. Conclusion This study presents compelling evidence indicating the correlation between circulating immune cells and lymphoma, thus providing guidance for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Wang
- Medical Oncology Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Guoxin Huang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Xiangyang No.1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441000, China
| | - Yuqing Luo
- Medical Oncology Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Kaixin Xiong
- Medical Oncology Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Xiangyang No.1 People’s Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No. 15, Jiefang Road, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441000, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Medical Oncology Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 78, Hengzhigang, Yuexiu District, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510095, China
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2
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Kannampuzha S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Padinharayil H, Alappat RR, Anilkumar KV, George A, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Madhyastha H, Ganesan R, Ramesh T, Jayaraj R, Prabakaran DS. Onco-Pathogen Mediated Cancer Progression and Associated Signaling Pathways in Cancer Development. Pathogens 2023; 12:770. [PMID: 37375460 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with viruses, bacteria, and parasites are thought to be the underlying cause of about 8-17% of the world's cancer burden, i.e., approximately one in every five malignancies globally is caused by an infectious pathogen. Oncogenesis is thought to be aided by eleven major pathogens. It is crucial to identify microorganisms that potentially act as human carcinogens and to understand how exposure to such pathogens occur as well as the following carcinogenic pathways they induce. Gaining knowledge in this field will give important suggestions for effective pathogen-driven cancer care, control, and, ultimately, prevention. This review will mainly focus on the major onco-pathogens and the types of cancer caused by them. It will also discuss the major pathways which, when altered, lead to the progression of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Hafiza Padinharayil
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
| | - Reema Rose Alappat
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharajas College, Ernakulam 682011, India
| | - Kavya V Anilkumar
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharajas College, Ernakulam 682011, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur 680596, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- Jindal Institute of Behavioral Sciences (JIBS), Jindal Global Institution of Eminence Deemed to Be University, Sonipat 131001, India
- Director of Clinical Sciences, Northern Territory Institute of Research and Training, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - D S Prabakaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Srivilliputhur Main Road, Sivakasi 626124, India
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3
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Dorothea M, Xie J, Yiu SPT, Chiang AKS. Contribution of Epstein–Barr Virus Lytic Proteins to Cancer Hallmarks and Implications from Other Oncoviruses. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072120. [PMID: 37046781 PMCID: PMC10093119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent human gamma-herpesvirus that infects the majority of the adult population worldwide and is associated with several lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV displays a biphasic life cycle, namely, latent and lytic replication cycles, expressing a diversity of viral proteins. Among the EBV proteins being expressed during both latent and lytic cycles, the oncogenic roles of EBV lytic proteins are largely uncharacterized. In this review, the established contributions of EBV lytic proteins in tumorigenesis are summarized according to the cancer hallmarks displayed. We further postulate the oncogenic properties of several EBV lytic proteins by comparing the evolutionary conserved oncogenic mechanisms in other herpesviruses and oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Dorothea
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Dillon M, Lopez A, Lin E, Sales D, Perets R, Jain P. Progress on Ras/MAPK Signaling Research and Targeting in Blood and Solid Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205059. [PMID: 34680208 PMCID: PMC8534156 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway is responsible for regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Overexpression and overactivation of members within the signaling cascade have been observed in many solid and blood cancers. Research often focuses on targeting the pathway to disrupt cancer initiation and progression. We aimed to provide an overview of the pathway’s physiologic role and regulation, interactions with other pathways involved in cancer development, and mutations that lead to malignancy. Several blood and solid cancers are analyzed to illustrate the impact of the pathway’s dysregulation, stemming from mutation or viral induction. Finally, we summarized different approaches to targeting the pathway and the associated novel treatments being researched or having recently achieved approval. Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, consisting of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade, regulates genes that control cellular development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Within the cascade, multiple isoforms of Ras and Raf each display differences in functionality, efficiency, and, critically, oncogenic potential. According to the NCI, over 30% of all human cancers are driven by Ras genes. This dysfunctional signaling is implicated in a wide variety of leukemias and solid tumors, both with and without viral etiology. Due to the strong evidence of Ras-Raf involvement in tumorigenesis, many have attempted to target the cascade to treat these malignancies. Decades of unsuccessful experimentation had deemed Ras undruggable, but recently, the approval of Sotorasib as the first ever KRas inhibitor represents a monumental breakthrough. This advancement is not without novel challenges. As a G12C mutant-specific drug, it also represents the issue of drug target specificity within Ras pathway; not only do many drugs only affect single mutational profiles, with few pan-inhibitor exceptions, tumor genetic heterogeneity may give rise to drug-resistant profiles. Furthermore, significant challenges in targeting downstream Raf, especially the BRaf isoform, lie in the paradoxical activation of wild-type BRaf by BRaf mutant inhibitors. This literature review will delineate the mechanisms of Ras signaling in the MAPK pathway and its possible oncogenic mutations, illustrate how specific mutations affect the pathogenesis of specific cancers, and compare available and in-development treatments targeting the Ras pathway.
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5
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Zamaraev AV, Zhivotovsky B, Kopeina GS. Viral Infections: Negative Regulators of Apoptosis and Oncogenic Factors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021. [PMID: 33202204 PMCID: PMC7590567 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of apoptotic cell death process is closely associated with the etiology of various diseases, including cancer. Permanent viral infections can cause different types of cancers. Oncogenic viruses manipulate both external and internal apoptosis pathways, and inhibit the activity of proapoptotic proteins and signaling pathways, which facilitates carcinogenesis. Ineffective immune surveillance or immune response suppression can induce uncontrolled virus propagation and host cell proliferation. In this review, we discuss current data that provide insights into mechanisms of apoptotic death suppression by viruses and their role in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Zamaraev
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - G S Kopeina
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119192, Russia.
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6
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Dagenais-Lussier X, Loucif H, Cadorel H, Blumberger J, Isnard S, Bego MG, Cohen ÉA, Routy JP, van Grevenynghe J. USP18 is a significant driver of memory CD4 T-cell reduced viability caused by type I IFN signaling during primary HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008060. [PMID: 31658294 PMCID: PMC6837632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of Memory CD4 T-cells (Mem) is a major hallmark of HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis and occurs early during the first months of primary infection. A lot of effort has been put into understanding the molecular mechanisms behind this loss, yet they still have not been fully identified. In this study, we unveil the unreported role of USP18 in the deleterious effects of sustained type I IFN signaling on Mem, including HIV-1-specific CD4 T-cells. We find that interfering with IFN-I signaling pathway in infected patients, notably by targeting the interferon-stimulated gene USP18, resulted in reduced PTEN expression similar to those observed in uninfected control donors. We show that AKT activation in response to cytokine treatment, T-cell receptor (TcR) triggering, as well as HIV-1 Gag stimulation was significantly improved in infected patients when PTEN or USP18 were inhibited. Finally, our data demonstrate that higher USP18 in Mem from infected patients prevent proper cell survival and long-lasting maintenance in an AKT-dependent manner. Altogether, we establish a direct role for type I IFN/USP18 signaling in the maintenance of total and virus-specific Mem and provide a new mechanism for the reduced survival of these populations during primary HIV-1 infection. In this study, we expend our knowledge of how type I interferons (IFN-I) leads to memory CD4 T-cell defective survival by unveiling the molecular mechanism behind such impairments, placing USP18 at its center. Our data further deciphers the specific USP18-related mechanism that is responsible for such impairments by implicating AKT inhibition in a PTEN-dependent manner. Our findings also point to a potential use of neutralizing anti-interferon α/β receptor antibodies to rescue the defective memory CD4 T-cell survival during HIV-1 infection, even in HIV-1 specific CD4 T-cell. To conclude, our findings provide the characterization of the molecular pathway leading to disturbances caused by sustained IFN-I signaling which occurs early during primary HIV-1 infection, complementing current knowledge which placed sustained IFN-I signaling as detrimental to the host during this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Hamza Loucif
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Cadorel
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Juliette Blumberger
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mariana Gé Bego
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Viral infection is a major contributor to the global cancer burden. Recent advances have revealed that seven known oncogenic viruses promote tumorigenesis through shared host cell targets and pathways. A comprehensive understanding of the principles of viral oncogenesis may enable the identification of unknown infectious aetiologies of cancer and the development of therapeutic or preventive strategies for virus-associated cancers. In this Review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis in humans. We highlight recent advances in understanding how viral manipulation of host cellular signalling, DNA damage responses, immunity and microRNA targets promotes the initiation and development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Krump
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Ramezani A, Nikravesh H, Faghihloo E. The roles of FOX proteins in virus-associated cancers. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3347-3361. [PMID: 30362516 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins play a crucial role in regulating the expression of genes involved in multiple biological processes, such as metabolism, development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and longevity. Deregulation of FOX proteins is commonly associated with cancer initiation, progression, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance in many human tumors. FOX proteins deregulate through genetic events and the perturbation of posttranslational modification. The purpose of the present review is to describe the deregulation of FOX proteins by oncoviruses. Oncoviruses utilize various mechanisms to deregulate FOX proteins, including alterations in posttranslational modifications, cellular localization independently of posttranslational modifications, virus-encoded miRNAs, activation or suppression of a series of cell signaling pathways. This deregulation can affect proliferation, metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, and immunosuppression in virus-induced cancers and help to chronic viral infection, development of gluconeogenic responses, and inflammation. Since the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is the upstream FOXO, suppressing it can cause FOXO function to return, and this can be one of the reasons for patients to recover from the infection of the viruses used to treat these inhibitors. Hence, FOX proteins could serve as prognosis markers and target therapy specifically in cancers caused by oncoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ramezani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hojatolla Nikravesh
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Li Z, Liu Q. Hepatitis C virus regulates proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 promoter activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1229-1235. [PMID: 29397939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secretory serine protease mainly expressed in liver. Although PCSK9 has been shown to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry and replication, whether HCV regulates PCSK9 transcription has not been well studied. PCSK9 promoter activity is modulated by numerous transcription factors including sterol-regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1a, -1c, -2, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 (HNF-1), and forkhead box O3 (FoxO3). Since they are differently regulated by HCV, we studied the effects of these transcription factors on PCSK9 promoter activity in the context of HCV infection and replication. We demonstrated that PCSK9 promoter activity was up-regulated after HCV infection and in HCV genomic replicon cells. We also studied the effects of HCV proteins on the PCSK9 promoter activity. While HCV structural proteins core, E1, and E2 had no effect, NS2, NS3, NS3-4A, NS5A and NS5B enhanced, and p7 and NS4B decreased PCSK9 promoter activity. Furthermore, we showed that transcription factors SREBP-1c, HNF-1α and specificity protein 1 increased PCSK9 promoter activity in HCV replicon cells, whereas SREBP-1a, HNF-1β and FoxO3 had an inhibitory effect. These results demonstrated the molecular mechanisms of how HCV modulates PCSK9 promoter activity and advanced our understanding on the mutual interactions between HCV and PCSK9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Li
- VIDO-InterVac, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- VIDO-InterVac, Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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10
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Olagnier D, Chiang C, Hiscott J. Evaluation of Innate Immune Gene Expression Following HDAC Inhibitor Treatment by High Throughput qPCR and PhosFlow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1510:245-255. [PMID: 27761826 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6527-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of chromatin structure contribute to the regulation of gene transcription and in part, the changes in chromatin structure associated with gene activation/repression are a function of the state of histone acetylation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) deacetylate histone tails leading to a more compact structure of chromatin that in turn represses gene transcription. Given the rapid activation and/or repression of gene networks following microbial infection, the role of HDACs in the epigenetic regulation of genes involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses has become an area of extensive research. In relation to the immune-modulatory properties of HDAC inhibitors, we provide in the following methodological article an extended description of two techniques-a high throughput qPCR assay combined with PhosFlow cytometry-to evaluate the modulation of antiviral and inflammatory signaling cascades following HDAC inhibitor treatment. The high-throughput qPCR assay is based on the nanofluidic Fluidigm BioMark system that permits the analysis of up to 9216 qPCR reactions at once in a self-design open array chip. Together with the more refined analysis provided with the Phosflow technique, these two strategies offer invaluable tools to measure modulation of innate immune gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olagnier
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Ma G, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M. Multifaceted functions and roles of HBZ in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 26979059 PMCID: PMC4793531 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus responsible for the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although HTLV-1 harbors an oncogene, tax, that transforms T cells in vitro and induces leukemia in transgenic mice, tax expression is frequently disrupted in ATL, making the oncogenesis of ATL a bit mysterious. The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene was discovered in 2002 and has been found to promote T-cell proliferation and cause lymphoma in transgenic mice. Thus HBZ has become a novel hotspot of HTLV-1 research. This review summarizes the current findings on HBZ with a special focus on its potential links to the oncogenesis of ATL. We propose viewing HBZ as a critical contributing factor in ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Ma
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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