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Castro CJ, Wiese N, Bullows JE, Poston KD, Meade C, Jorba J, Mainou BA. Complete genome sequences of six S19 poliovirus reference strains. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0008024. [PMID: 38888364 PMCID: PMC11256805 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00080-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the complete genome sequences of six S19 poliovirus reference strains for all three poliovirus serotypes, including three Sabin vaccine-derived and three wild-type-derived strains. The S19 strains are extensively attenuated and genetically stable when compared to the reference poliovirus strains, while maintaining the same antigenicity and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J. Castro
- Division of Viral Diseases, Tanaq Management Services, contracting agency to the Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas Wiese
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- United States Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - James E. Bullows
- Division of Viral Diseases, Tanaq Management Services, contracting agency to the Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine D. Poston
- Division of Viral Diseases, Tanaq Management Services, contracting agency to the Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Caeden Meade
- Division of Viral Diseases, Tanaq Management Services, contracting agency to the Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaume Jorba
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bernardo A. Mainou
- Division of Viral Diseases, Polio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Sutter RW, Eisenhawer M, Molodecky NA, Verma H, Okayasu H. Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine: Recent Developments and the Tortuous Path to Global Acceptance. Pathogens 2024; 13:224. [PMID: 38535567 PMCID: PMC10974833 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), available since 1955, became the first vaccine to be used to protect against poliomyelitis. While the immunogenicity of IPV to prevent paralytic poliomyelitis continues to be irrefutable, its requirement for strong containment (due to large quantities of live virus used in the manufacturing process), perceived lack of ability to induce intestinal mucosal immunity, high cost and increased complexity to administer compared to oral polio vaccine (OPV), have limited its use in the global efforts to eradicate poliomyelitis. In order to harvest the full potential of IPV, a program of work has been carried out by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) over the past two decades that has focused on: (1) increasing the scientific knowledge base of IPV; (2) translating new insights and evidence into programmatic action; (3) expanding the IPV manufacturing infrastructure for global demand; and (4) continuing to pursue an ambitious research program to develop more immunogenic and safer-to-produce vaccines. While the knowledge base of IPV continues to expand, further research and product development are necessary to ensure that the program priorities are met (e.g., non-infectious production through virus-like particles, non-transmissible vaccine inducing humoral and intestinal mucosal immunity and new methods for house-to-house administration through micro-needle patches and jet injectors), the discussions have largely moved from whether to how to use this vaccine most effectively. In this review, we summarize recent developments on expanding the science base of IPV and provide insight into policy development and the expansion of IPV manufacturing and production, and finally we provide an update on the current priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Eisenhawer
- Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.E.); (H.V.)
| | - Natalia A. Molodecky
- Polio Surge Capacity Support Program, The Task Force for Global Health, Inc., Decatur, GE 30030, USA;
| | - Harish Verma
- Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (M.E.); (H.V.)
| | - Hiromasa Okayasu
- Division of Healthy Environments and Population, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World Health Organization, Manila 1000, Philippines
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3
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Yeh MT, Smith M, Carlyle S, Konopka-Anstadt JL, Burns CC, Konz J, Andino R, Macadam A. Genetic stabilization of attenuated oral vaccines against poliovirus types 1 and 3. Nature 2023; 619:135-142. [PMID: 37316671 PMCID: PMC10322712 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination with Sabin, a live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), results in robust intestinal and humoral immunity and has been key to controlling poliomyelitis. As with any RNA virus, OPV evolves rapidly to lose attenuating determinants critical to the reacquisition of virulence1-3 resulting in vaccine-derived, virulent poliovirus variants. Circulation of these variants within underimmunized populations leads to further evolution of circulating, vaccine-derived poliovirus with higher transmission capacity, representing a significant risk of polio re-emergence. A new type 2 OPV (nOPV2), with promising clinical data on genetic stability and immunogenicity, recently received authorization from the World Health Organization for use in response to circulating, vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks. Here we report the development of two additional live attenuated vaccine candidates against type 1 and 3 polioviruses. The candidates were generated by replacing the capsid coding region of nOPV2 with that from Sabin 1 or 3. These chimeric viruses show growth phenotypes similar to nOPV2 and immunogenicity comparable to their parental Sabin strains, but are more attenuated. Our experiments in mice and deep sequencing analysis confirmed that the candidates remain attenuated and preserve all the documented nOPV2 characteristics concerning genetic stability following accelerated virus evolution. Importantly, these vaccine candidates are highly immunogenic in mice as monovalent and multivalent formulations and may contribute to poliovirus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK
| | - Sarah Carlyle
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK
| | - Jennifer L Konopka-Anstadt
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cara C Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Konz
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK.
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4
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Polio and Its Epidemiology. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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5
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High-throughput analysis of anti-poliovirus neutralization antibody titre in human serum by the pseudovirus neutralization test. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16074. [PMID: 36167892 PMCID: PMC9514167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor vulnerability of countries to poliovirus (PV) outbreaks, serosurveillance of anti-PV neutralization antibody is conducted by conventional PV neutralization test (cPNT), which uses live PV strains. We previously developed a pseudovirus PV neutralization test (pPNT) as an alternative to cPNT, which uses PV pseudovirus that expresses luciferase as a reporter in the infection without producing infectious PV. In the present study, we established a high-throughput pPNT (HTpPNT) for a large-scale serosurveillance. The HTpPNT system was evaluated with 600 human serum samples obtained from a broad range of age groups of healthy volunteers (ages of 0–89 years). HTpPNT showed high correlation with cPNT (R2 for anti-type 1, 2, and 3 PV neutralization antibody titres are 0.90, 0.84, and 0.90, respectively). By using HTpPNT, we analyzed relative neutralizing antibody titre of the sera against a type 1 PV wild-type strain (Mahoney strain) to that against the type 1 Sabin strain. As a result, a correlation between the age (≥ 60 years) and the relative neutralizing antibody titre was observed (n = 15–16, P = 0.0000023–0.041), while the types of PV vaccine (i.e., oral PV vaccine and Sabin strain-based IPV) had no effect. HTpPNT would serve as a useful alternative to cPNT in a large-scale serosurveillance.
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Zuber PLF, Gruber M, Kaslow DC, Chen RT, Giersing BK, Friede MH. Evolving pharmacovigilance requirements with novel vaccines and vaccine components. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-003403. [PMID: 34011500 PMCID: PMC8137242 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the pipeline of new and upcoming vaccines as it relates to monitoring their safety. Compared with most currently available vaccines, that are constituted of live attenuated organisms or inactive products, future vaccines will also be based on new technologies. Several products that include such technologies are either already licensed or at an advanced stage of clinical development. Those include viral vectors, genetically attenuated live organisms, nucleic acid vaccines, novel adjuvants, increased number of antigens present in a single vaccine, novel mode of vaccine administration and thermostabilisation. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) monitors novel vaccines, from the time they become available for large scale use. GACVS maintains their safety profile as evidence emerges from post-licensure surveillance and observational studies. Vaccines and vaccine formulations produced with novel technologies will have different safety profiles that will require adapting pharmacovigilance approaches. For example, GACVS now considers viral vector templates developed on the model proposed by Brighton Collaboration. The characteristics of those novel products will also have implications for the risk management plans (RMPs). Questions related to the duration of active monitoring for genetic material, presence of adventitious agents more easily detected with enhanced biological screening, or physiological mechanisms of novel adjuvants are all considerations that will belong to the preparation of RMPs. In addition to assessing those novel products and advising experts, GACVS will also consider how to more broadly communicate about risk assessment, so vaccine users can also benefit from the committee’s advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L F Zuber
- Access to Medicines and Health Products Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marion Gruber
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drugs Administration, Silver Spring, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert T Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Brigitte K Giersing
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin H Friede
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Leroux-Roels I, Leroux-Roels G, Shukarev G, Schuitemaker H, Cahill C, de Rooij R, Struijs M, van Zeeburg H, Jacquet JM. Safety and immunogenicity of a new Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine candidate produced on the PER.C6® cell-line: a phase 1 randomized controlled trial in adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1366-1373. [PMID: 33175637 PMCID: PMC8078678 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1812315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This first-in-human study (NCT03032588), conducted in Belgium, evaluated a new inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) candidate based on Sabin poliovirus strains grown on the high-yield PER.C6® cell line. Healthy adults (N = 32) were randomized (1:1) to receive a single dose of PER.C6-based Sabin-IPV (sIPV, 15:35:112.5 DU/dose) or conventional Salk-IPV (cIPV, 40:8:32 DU/dose). Reactogenicity was assessed up to 7 days after vaccination, immunogenicity 28 days after vaccination, and safety up to 6 months after vaccination.Solicited adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate, no changes of concern in vital signs or safety laboratory values were observed, and no severe AEs (SAEs) or vaccine-related unsolicited AEs were reported after vaccination. A trend to more frequent solicited AEs after sIPV than after cIPV administration was observed. Most participants had preexisting neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus types (titer ≥8), which were strongly boosted by sIPV. Post-vaccination geometric mean titers were high (≥12,000) and similar across the two vaccination groups. Only participants with very high preexisting antibody levels did not show a vaccine-induced response, defined in seropositive participants as a 4-fold titer increase. The 10 initially seronegative (titer <8) participants (n = 5 in each study group) seroconverted and all participants had seroprotective antibody levels post-vaccination. The antibodies elicited by sIPV neutralized both Sabin and Salk poliovirus strains.In conclusion, the PER.C6®-based sIPV was well tolerated and highly immunogenic in adults with preexisting antibodies to poliovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Struijs
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kalkowska DA, Pallansch MA, Wilkinson A, Bandyopadhyay AS, Konopka-Anstadt JL, Burns CC, Oberste MS, Wassilak SGF, Badizadegan K, Thompson KM. Updated Characterization of Outbreak Response Strategies for 2019-2029: Impacts of Using a Novel Type 2 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Strain. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:329-348. [PMID: 33174263 PMCID: PMC7887065 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Delays in achieving the global eradication of wild poliovirus transmission continue to postpone subsequent cessation of all oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) use. Countries must stop OPV use to end all cases of poliomyelitis, including vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and cases caused by vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) coordinated global cessation of all type 2 OPV (OPV2) use in routine immunization in 2016 but did not successfully end the transmission of type 2 VDPVs (VDPV2s), and consequently continues to use type 2 OPV (OPV2) for outbreak response activities. Using an updated global poliovirus transmission and OPV evolution model, we characterize outbreak response options for 2019-2029 related to responding to VDPV2 outbreaks with a genetically stabilized novel OPV (nOPV2) strain or with the currently licensed monovalent OPV2 (mOPV2). Given uncertainties about the properties of nOPV2, we model different assumptions that appear consistent with the evidence on nOPV2 to date. Using nOPV2 to respond to detected cases may reduce the expected VDPV and VAPP cases and the risk of needing to restart OPV2 use in routine immunization compared to mOPV2 use for outbreak response. The actual properties, availability, and use of nOPV2 will determine its effects on type 2 poliovirus transmission in populations. Even with optimal nOPV2 performance, countries and the GPEI would still likely need to restart OPV2 use in routine immunization in OPV-using countries if operational improvements in outbreak response to stop the transmission of cVDPV2s are not implemented effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Pallansch
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amanda Wilkinson
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L. Konopka-Anstadt
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cara C. Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M. Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven G. F. Wassilak
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Jafri N, Diaz EL, Campo Maldonado JE. Intoxication With Endogenous Angiotensin II: A COVID-19 Hypothesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1472. [PMID: 32655579 PMCID: PMC7325923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has spread rapidly around the globe. However, despite its high pathogenicity and transmissibility, the severity of the associated disease, COVID-19, varies widely. While the prognosis is favorable in most patients, critical illness, manifested by respiratory distress, thromboembolism, shock, and multi-organ failure, has been reported in about 5% of cases. Several studies have associated poor COVID-19 outcomes with the exhaustion of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells, lymphopenia, and elevated serum levels of D-dimer. In this article, we propose a common pathophysiological denominator for these negative prognostic markers, endogenous, angiotensin II toxicity. We hypothesize that, like in avian influenza, the outlook of COVID-19 is negatively correlated with the intracellular accumulation of angiotensin II promoted by the viral blockade of its degrading enzyme receptors. In this model, upregulated angiotensin II causes premature vascular senescence, leading to dysfunctional coagulation, and immunity. We further hypothesize that angiotensin II blockers and immune checkpoint inhibitors may be salutary for COVID-19 patients with critical illness by reversing both the clotting and immune defects (Graphical Abstract).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Carolina Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Eddie Lee Diaz
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Jose E Campo Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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10
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Jorgensen D, Pons-Salort M, Shaw AG, Grassly NC. The role of genetic sequencing and analysis in the polio eradication programme. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa040. [PMID: 32782825 PMCID: PMC7409915 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic sequencing of polioviruses detected through clinical and environmental surveillance is used to confirm detection, identify their likely origin, track geographic patterns of spread, and determine the appropriate vaccination response. The critical importance of genetic sequencing and analysis to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has grown with the increasing incidence of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) infections in Africa specifically (470 reported cases in 2019), and globally, alongside persistent transmission of serotype 1 wild-type poliovirus in Pakistan and Afghanistan (197 reported cases in 2019). Adapting what has been learned about the virus genetics and evolution to address these threats has been a major focus of recent work. Here, we review how phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods have been used to trace the spread of wild-type polioviruses and identify the likely origins of VDPVs. We highlight the analysis methods and sequencing technology currently used and the potential for new technologies to speed up poliovirus detection and the interpretation of genetic data. At a pivotal point in the eradication campaign with the threat of anti-vaccine sentiment and donor and public fatigue, innovation is critical to maintain drive and overcome the last remaining circulating virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jorgensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Margarita Pons-Salort
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Alexander G Shaw
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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Yeh MT, Bujaki E, Dolan PT, Smith M, Wahid R, Konz J, Weiner AJ, Bandyopadhyay AS, Van Damme P, De Coster I, Revets H, Macadam A, Andino R. Engineering the Live-Attenuated Polio Vaccine to Prevent Reversion to Virulence. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:736-751.e8. [PMID: 32330425 PMCID: PMC7566161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV or Sabin vaccine) replicates in gut-associated tissues, eliciting mucosa and systemic immunity. OPV protects from disease and limits poliovirus spread. Accordingly, vaccination with OPV is the primary strategy used to end the circulation of all polioviruses. However, the ability of OPV to regain replication fitness and establish new epidemics represents a significant risk of polio re-emergence should immunization cease. Here, we report the development of a poliovirus type 2 vaccine strain (nOPV2) that is genetically more stable and less likely to regain virulence than the original Sabin2 strain. We introduced modifications within at the 5' untranslated region of the Sabin2 genome to stabilize attenuation determinants, 2C coding region to prevent recombination, and 3D polymerase to limit viral adaptability. Prior work established that nOPV2 is immunogenic in preclinical and clinical studies, and thus may enable complete poliovirus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erika Bujaki
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Patrick T Dolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Rahnuma Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - John Konz
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Amy J Weiner
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Pierre Van Damme
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Coster
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Hilde Revets
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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12
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Development of a new oral poliovirus vaccine for the eradication end game using codon deoptimization. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:26. [PMID: 32218998 PMCID: PMC7083942 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made in global efforts to eradicate poliovirus, using live-attenuated Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, as the incidence of disease due to wild poliovirus has declined, vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) has emerged in areas of low-vaccine coverage. Coordinated global cessation of routine, type 2 Sabin OPV (OPV2) use has not resulted in fewer VDPV outbreaks, and continued OPV use in outbreak-response campaigns has seeded new emergences in low-coverage areas. The limitations of existing vaccines and current eradication challenges warranted development of more genetically stable OPV strains, most urgently for OPV2. Here, we report using codon deoptimization to further attenuate Sabin OPV2 by changing preferred codons across the capsid to non-preferred, synonymous codons. Additional modifications to the 5′ untranslated region stabilized known virulence determinants. Testing of this codon-deoptimized new OPV2 candidate (nOPV2-CD) in cell and animal models demonstrated that nOPV2-CD is highly attenuated, grows sufficiently for vaccine manufacture, is antigenically indistinguishable from Sabin OPV2, induces neutralizing antibodies as effectively as Sabin OPV2, and unlike Sabin OPV2 is genetically stable and maintains an attenuation phenotype. In-human clinical trials of nOPV2-CD are ongoing, with potential for nOPV strains to serve as critical vaccine tools for achieving and maintaining polio eradication.
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Abstract
The genus Enterovirus (EV) of the family Picornaviridae includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, numbered enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. These diverse viruses cause a variety of diseases, including non-specific febrile illness, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, neonatal sepsis-like disease, encephalitis, paralysis and respiratory diseases. In recent years, several non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) have emerged as serious public health concerns. These include EV-A71, which has caused epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Southeast Asia, and EV-D68, which recently caused a large outbreak of severe lower respiratory tract disease in North America. Infections with these viruses are associated with severe neurological complications. For decades, most research has focused on poliovirus, but in recent years, our knowledge of NPEVs has increased considerably. In this Review, we summarize recent insights from enterovirus research with a special emphasis on NPEVs. We discuss virion structures, host-receptor interactions, viral uncoating and the recent discovery of a universal enterovirus host factor that is involved in viral genome release. Moreover, we briefly explain the mechanisms of viral genome replication, virion assembly and virion release, and describe potential targets for antiviral therapy. We reflect on how these recent discoveries may help the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines.
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O’Connor DJ, Buckland J, Almond N, Boyle J, Coxon C, Gaki E, Martin J, Mattiuzzo G, Metcalfe C, Page M, Rose N, Valdazo-Gonzalez B, Zhao Y, Schneider CK. Commonly setting biological standards in rare diseases. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1652598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Buckland
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Neil Almond
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Jennifer Boyle
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Carmen Coxon
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Eleni Gaki
- Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), London, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Clive Metcalfe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Mark Page
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Nicola Rose
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Begona Valdazo-Gonzalez
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Yuan Zhao
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Christian K. Schneider
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Ln, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
- Twincore Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Accelerating bioprocess development by analysis of all available data: A USP case study. Vaccine 2019; 37:7081-7089. [PMID: 31337593 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioprocess development generates extensive datasets from different unit operations and sources (e.g. time series, quality measurements). The development of such processes can be accelerated by evaluating all data generated during the experimental design. This can only be achieved by having a clearly defined data logging and analysis strategy. The latter is described in this manuscript. It consists in a combination of a feature based approach along with principal component analysis and partial least square regression. Application of this combined strategy is illustrated by applying it in an upstream processing (USP) case study. Data from the development and optimization of an animal component free USP of Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) was evaluated. During process development, 26 bioreactor runs at scales ranging from 2.3 to 16 L were performed. Several operational parameters were varied, and data was routinely analyzed following a design of experiments (DoE) methodology. With the strategy described here, it became possible to scrutinize all data from the 26 runs in a single data study. This included the DoE response parameters, all data generated by the bioreactor control systems, all offline data, and its derived calculations. This resulted in a more detailed, reliable and exact view on the most important parameters affecting bioreactor performance. In this case study, the strategy was applied for the analysis of previously produced data. Further development will use this data analysis methodology for continuous enhancing and accelerating process development, intensified DoE and integrated process modelling.
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16
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Farcet MR, Modrof J, Rabel PO, Schirmer A, Macadam AJ, Fox H, Minor PD, Kreil TR. Continued use of poliovirus after eradication: hyper‐attenuated strains as a safe alternative for release testing of human immunoglobulins. Transfusion 2018; 58 Suppl 3:3084-3089. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J. Macadam
- Division of Virology National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Hertfordshire UK
| | - Helen Fox
- Division of Virology National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Hertfordshire UK
| | - Philip D. Minor
- Division of Virology National Institute for Biological Standards and Control Hertfordshire UK
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17
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Korotkova E, Laassri M, Zagorodnyaya T, Petrovskaya S, Rodionova E, Cherkasova E, Gmyl A, Ivanova OE, Eremeeva TP, Lipskaya GY, Agol VI, Chumakov K. Pressure for Pattern-Specific Intertypic Recombination between Sabin Polioviruses: Evolutionary Implications. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110353. [PMID: 29165333 PMCID: PMC5707560 DOI: 10.3390/v9110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete genomic sequences of a non-redundant set of 70 recombinants between three serotypes of attenuated Sabin polioviruses as well as location (based on partial sequencing) of crossover sites of 28 additional recombinants were determined and compared with the previously published data. It is demonstrated that the genomes of Sabin viruses contain distinct strain-specific segments that are eliminated by recombination. The presumed low fitness of these segments could be linked to mutations acquired upon derivation of the vaccine strains and/or may have been present in wild-type parents of Sabin viruses. These “weak” segments contribute to the propensity of these viruses to recombine with each other and with other enteroviruses as well as determine the choice of crossover sites. The knowledge of location of such segments opens additional possibilities for the design of more genetically stable and/or more attenuated variants, i.e., candidates for new oral polio vaccines. The results also suggest that the genome of wild polioviruses, and, by generalization, of other RNA viruses, may harbor hidden low-fitness segments that can be readily eliminated only by recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Korotkova
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Majid Laassri
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Elena Cherkasova
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA.
| | - Anatoly Gmyl
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga E Ivanova
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Tatyana P Eremeeva
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Galina Y Lipskaya
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
| | - Vadim I Agol
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
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18
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Pathogenic Events in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Oral Poliovirus Infection Leading to Paralytic Poliomyelitis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02310-16. [PMID: 28356537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02310-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a great deal of prior research, the early pathogenic events in natural oral poliovirus infection remain poorly defined. To establish a model for study, we infected 39 macaques by feeding them single high doses of the virulent Mahoney strain of wild type 1 poliovirus. Doses ranging from 107 to 109 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) consistently infected all the animals, and many monkeys receiving 108 or 109 TCID50 developed paralysis. There was no apparent difference in the susceptibilities of the three macaque species (rhesus, cynomolgus, and bonnet) used. Virus excretion in stool and nasopharynges was consistently observed, with occasional viremia, and virus was isolated from tonsils, gut mucosa, and draining lymph nodes. Viral replication proteins were detected in both epithelial and lymphoid cell populations expressing CD155 in the tonsil and intestine, as well as in spinal cord neurons. Necrosis was observed in these three cell types, and viral replication in the tonsil/gut was associated with histopathologic destruction and inflammation. The sustained response of neutralizing antibody correlated temporally with resolution of viremia and termination of virus shedding in oropharynges and feces. For the first time, this model demonstrates that early in the infectious process, poliovirus replication occurs in both epithelial cells (explaining virus shedding in the gastrointestinal tract) and lymphoid/monocytic cells in tonsils and Peyer's patches (explaining viremia), extending previous studies of poliovirus pathogenesis in humans. Because the model recapitulates human poliovirus infection and poliomyelitis, it can be used to study polio pathogenesis and to assess the efficacy of candidate antiviral drugs and new vaccines.IMPORTANCE Early pathogenic events of poliovirus infection remain largely undefined, and there is a lack of animal models mimicking natural oral human infection leading to paralytic poliomyelitis. All 39 macaques fed with single high doses ranging from 107 to 109 TCID50 Mahoney type 1 virus were infected, and many of the monkeys developed paralysis. Virus excretion in stool and nasopharynges was consistently observed, with occasional viremia; tonsil, mesentery lymph nodes, and intestinal mucosa served as major target sites of viral replication. For the first time, this model demonstrates that early in the infectious process, poliovirus replication occurs in both epithelial cells (explaining virus shedding in the gastrointestinal tract) and lymphoid/monocytic cells in tonsils and Peyer's patches (explaining viremia), thereby supplementing historical reconstructions of poliovirus pathogenesis. Because the model recapitulates human poliovirus infection and poliomyelitis, it can be used to study polio pathogenesis, candidate antiviral drugs, and the efficacy of new vaccines.
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Minor PD, Lane B, Mimms S, Bar P. Scientific consultation on the safety and containment of new poliovirus strains for vaccine production, clinical/regulatory testing and research. Report of a meeting held at NIBSC, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK, 6/7th July 2016. Biologicals 2017; 48:92-100. [PMID: 28549939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When poliomyelitis is totally eradicated from the natural world containment will be vital to prevent its re-emergence. The matter has become pressing as type 2 component of oral polio vaccine was completely withdrawn by May 2016 as wild ty[e 2 was declared eradicated. Work on polioviruses must be contained in accordance with GAPIII (the third version of the Global Action Plan of WHO). Some activities will be essential for years after eradication. Vaccine production and control, surveillance and supportive applied and academic research must all continue. Most laboratories do not currently comply with GAPIII and could not do so in the short term without disruption of essential activities including vaccine supply. The development and use of safer strains is raised in GAPIII and the meeting considered the strains available and the uses to which they could be put to facilitate compliance with the aims of GAPIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Minor
- Head, Division of Virology, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Blanche Lane
- National Institute of Biological Standardisation and Control /MHRA, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - South Mimms
- National Institute of Biological Standardisation and Control /MHRA, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Potters Bar
- National Institute of Biological Standardisation and Control /MHRA, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
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20
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Fox H, Knowlson S, Minor PD, Macadam AJ. Genetically Thermo-Stabilised, Immunogenic Poliovirus Empty Capsids; a Strategy for Non-replicating Vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006117. [PMID: 28103317 PMCID: PMC5245777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While wild type polio has been nearly eradicated there will be a need to continue immunisation programmes for some time because of the possibility of re-emergence and the existence of long term excreters of poliovirus. All vaccines in current use depend on growth of virus and most of the non-replicating (inactivated) vaccines involve wild type viruses known to cause poliomyelitis. The attenuated vaccine strains involved in the eradication programme have been used to develop new inactivated vaccines as production is thought safer. However it is known that the Sabin vaccine strains are genetically unstable and can revert to a virulent transmissible form. A possible solution to the need for virus growth would be to generate empty viral capsids by recombinant technology, but hitherto such particles are so unstable as to be unusable. We report here the genetic manipulation of the virus to generate stable empty capsids for all three serotypes. The particles are shown to be extremely stable and to generate high levels of protective antibodies in animal models. There is a need for safe production of polio vaccines as eradication is approached. Empty capsids in a native conformation are produced by poliovirus and other picornaviruses seemingly as a necessary part of the assembly process, possibly to provide a reservoir of subunits in a form that is resistant to cellular pathways that target unfolded or hydrophobic motifs for proteolytic degradation. Normally they are not very stable prior to genome encapsidation but more stable forms, if they existed, could potentially be useful as vaccines. Genetic variants that increase empty capsid stability have been identified and by artificially combining several in one sequence the evolutionary constraints have been bypassed, with the resulting stable empty capsids representing essentially dead-end products. They induce antibody efficiently and are stable on storage. Empty capsids can be produced by recombinant expression which, if it were efficient enough, could provide a source of immunogenic particles suitable for use as vaccines without the need for live virus at any stage of production. This would be ideal for a post-eradication world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Fox
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Knowlson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D. Minor
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Macadam
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Bessaud M, Joffret ML, Blondel B, Delpeyroux F. Exchanges of genomic domains between poliovirus and other cocirculating species C enteroviruses reveal a high degree of plasticity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38831. [PMID: 27958320 PMCID: PMC5153852 DOI: 10.1038/srep38831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The attenuated Sabin strains contained in the oral poliomyelitis vaccine are genetically unstable, and their circulation in poorly immunized populations can lead to the emergence of pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs). The recombinant nature of most cVDPV genomes and the preferential presence of genomic sequences from certain cocirculating non-polio enteroviruses of species C (EV-Cs) raise questions about the permissiveness of genetic exchanges between EV-Cs and the phenotypic impact of such exchanges. We investigated whether functional constraints limited genetic exchanges between Sabin strains and other EV-Cs. We bypassed the natural recombination events by constructing 29 genomes containing a Sabin 2 capsid-encoding sequence and other sequences from Sabin 2 or from non-polio EV-Cs. Most genomes were functional. All recombinant viruses replicated similarly in vitro, but recombination modulated plaque size and temperature sensitivity. All viruses with a 5′UTR from Sabin 2 were attenuated in mice, whereas almost all viruses with a non-polio 5′UTR caused disease. These data highlight the striking conservation of functional compatibility between different genetic domains of cocirculating EV-Cs. This aspect is only one of the requirements for the generation of recombinant cVDPVs in natural conditions, but it may facilitate the generation of viable intertypic recombinants with diverse phenotypic features, including pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de biologie des virus entériques, Paris, France.,INSERM, U994, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de biologie des virus entériques, Paris, France.,INSERM, U994, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Blondel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de biologie des virus entériques, Paris, France.,INSERM, U994, Paris, France
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de biologie des virus entériques, Paris, France.,INSERM, U994, Paris, France
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22
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Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Thompson KM. The potential benefits of a new poliovirus vaccine for long-term poliovirus risk management. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1549-1561. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To estimate the incremental net benefits (INBs) of a hypothetical ideal vaccine with all of the advantages and no disadvantages of existing oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines compared with current vaccines available for future outbreak response. Methods: INB estimates based on expected costs and polio cases from an existing global model of long-term poliovirus risk management. Results: Excluding the development costs, an ideal poliovirus vaccine could offer expected INBs of US$1.6 billion. The ideal vaccine yields small benefits in most realizations of long-term risks, but great benefits in low-probability–high-consequence realizations. Conclusion: New poliovirus vaccines may offer valuable insurance against long-term poliovirus risks and new vaccine development efforts should continue as the world gathers more evidence about polio endgame risks.
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Abstract
Since the beginning of Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, poliomyelitis cases caused by wild poliovirus (PV) have been drastically reduced, with only 74 cases reported in 2 endemic countries in 2015. The current limited PV transmission suggests that we are in the endgame of the polio eradication program. However, specific challenges have emerged in the endgame, including tight budget, switching of the vaccines, and changes in biorisk management of PV. To overcome these challenges, several PV studies have been implemented in the eradication program. Some of the responses to the emerging challenges in the polio endgame might be valuable in other infectious diseases eradication programs. Here, I will review challenges that confront the polio eradication program and current research to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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24
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Sanders BP, de los Rios Oakes I, van Hoek V, Bockstal V, Kamphuis T, Uil TG, Song Y, Cooper G, Crawt LE, Martín J, Zahn R, Lewis J, Wimmer E, Custers JHHV, Schuitemaker H, Cello J, Edo-Matas D. Cold-Adapted Viral Attenuation (CAVA): Highly Temperature Sensitive Polioviruses as Novel Vaccine Strains for a Next Generation Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005483. [PMID: 27032093 PMCID: PMC4816566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The poliovirus vaccine field is moving towards novel vaccination strategies. Withdrawal of the Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and implementation of the conventional Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (cIPV) is imminent. Moreover, replacement of the virulent poliovirus strains currently used for cIPV with attenuated strains is preferred. We generated Cold-Adapted Viral Attenuation (CAVA) poliovirus strains by serial passage at low temperature and subsequent genetic engineering, which contain the capsid sequences of cIPV strains combined with a set of mutations identified during cold-adaptation. These viruses displayed a highly temperature sensitive phenotype with no signs of productive infection at 37°C as visualized by electron microscopy. Furthermore, decreases in infectious titers, viral RNA, and protein levels were measured during infection at 37°C, suggesting a block in the viral replication cycle at RNA replication, protein translation, or earlier. However, at 30°C, they could be propagated to high titers (9.4-9.9 Log10TCID50/ml) on the PER.C6 cell culture platform. We identified 14 mutations in the IRES and non-structural regions, which in combination induced the temperature sensitive phenotype, also when transferred to the genomes of other wild-type and attenuated polioviruses. The temperature sensitivity translated to complete absence of neurovirulence in CD155 transgenic mice. Attenuation was also confirmed after extended in vitro passage at small scale using conditions (MOI, cell density, temperature) anticipated for vaccine production. The inability of CAVA strains to replicate at 37°C makes reversion to a neurovirulent phenotype in vivo highly unlikely, therefore, these strains can be considered safe for the manufacture of IPV. The CAVA strains were immunogenic in the Wistar rat potency model for cIPV, inducing high neutralizing antibody titers in a dose-dependent manner in response to D-antigen doses used for cIPV. In combination with the highly productive PER.C6 cell culture platform, the stably attenuated CAVA strains may serve as an attractive low-cost and (bio)safe option for the production of a novel next generation IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara P. Sanders
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel de los Rios Oakes
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir van Hoek
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Viki Bockstal
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Kamphuis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Taco G. Uil
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yutong Song
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Gillian Cooper
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. Crawt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Martín
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John Lewis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eckard Wimmer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. H. V. Custers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeronimo Cello
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Diana Edo-Matas
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
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25
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Poliovirus tweaked for safer vaccines. Nature 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/529131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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