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Nunberg JH, Westover JB, York J, Jung KH, Bailey KW, Boardman KM, Li M, Furnell RS, Wasson SR, Murray JS, Kaundal R, Thomas AJ, Gowen BB. Restoration of virulence in the attenuated Candid#1 vaccine virus requires reversion at both positions 168 and 427 in the envelope glycoprotein GPC. J Virol 2024; 98:e0011224. [PMID: 38506509 PMCID: PMC11019782 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00112-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated virus vaccines provide long-lived protection against viral disease but carry inherent risks of residual pathogenicity and genetic reversion. The live-attenuated Candid#1 vaccine was developed to protect Argentines against lethal infection by the Argentine hemorrhagic fever arenavirus, Junín virus. Despite its safety and efficacy in Phase III clinical study, the vaccine is not licensed in the US, in part due to concerns regarding the genetic stability of attenuation. Previous studies had identified a single F427I mutation in the transmembrane domain of the Candid#1 envelope glycoprotein GPC as the key determinant of attenuation, as well as the propensity of this mutation to revert upon passage in cell culture and neonatal mice. To ascertain the consequences of this reversion event, we introduced the I427F mutation into recombinant Candid#1 (I427F rCan) and investigated the effects in two validated small-animal models: in mice expressing the essential virus receptor (human transferrin receptor 1; huTfR1) and in the conventional guinea pig model. We report that I427F rCan displays only modest virulence in huTfR1 mice and appears attenuated in guinea pigs. Reversion at another attenuating locus in Candid#1 GPC (T168A) was also examined, and a similar pattern was observed. By contrast, virus bearing both revertant mutations (A168T+I427F rCan) approached the lethal virulence of the pathogenic Romero strain in huTfR1 mice. Virulence was less extreme in guinea pigs. Our findings suggest that genetic stabilization at both positions is required to minimize the likelihood of reversion to virulence in a second-generation Candid#1 vaccine.IMPORTANCELive-attenuated virus vaccines, such as measles/mumps/rubella and oral poliovirus, provide robust protection against disease but carry with them the risk of genetic reversion to the virulent form. Here, we analyze the genetics of reversion in the live-attenuated Candid#1 vaccine that is used to protect against Argentine hemorrhagic fever, an often-lethal disease caused by the Junín arenavirus. In two validated small-animal models, we find that restoration of virulence in recombinant Candid#1 viruses requires back-mutation at two positions specific to the Candid#1 envelope glycoprotein GPC, at positions 168 and 427. Viruses bearing only a single change showed only modest virulence. We discuss strategies to genetically harden Candid#1 GPC against these two reversion events in order to develop a safer second-generation Candid#1 vaccine virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H. Nunberg
- Montana Biotechnology Center, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Jonna B. Westover
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Joanne York
- Montana Biotechnology Center, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Kie Hoon Jung
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin W. Bailey
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Kirsten M. Boardman
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Rachel S. Furnell
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Samantha R. Wasson
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Justin S. Murray
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Rakesh Kaundal
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Aaron J. Thomas
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Center for Integrated BioSystems, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Brian B. Gowen
- Department of Animal Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Wang C, Li T, Chen K, Niu H, Bai Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Ju S, Yao W, Zhao G, Xiong B, Zhou G. Reversion of liver cirrhosis after endovascular treatment in Chinese patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Hepatol Res 2023; 53:1198-1212. [PMID: 37632703 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the impact of endovascular (EV) treatment on liver cirrhosis in Chinese patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). METHODS From September 2011 to March 2022, 97 patients from four hospitals in China who were diagnosed with primary BCS complicated with liver cirrhosis and received EV treatment were retrospectively enrolled in this study for clinical analysis. In addition, liver tissues for basic research were acquired from 25 patients between June 2022 and March 2023, including six with benign liver tumors, 11 with BCS before EV treatment, and eight with EV-treated BCS. Liver cirrhosis was assessed by clinical outcomes, histological studies, and the expression of related genes at the mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS The patients with BCS had better liver function after EV treatment, evidenced by an increased albumin level and reduced total bilirubin, ALT, and AST. The imaging findings suggested an amelioration of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension, including increased portal vein velocity (13.52 ± 8.89 cm/s vs. 17.51 ± 6.67 cm/s, p < 0.001) and decreased liver stiffness (30.37 ± 6.39 kPa vs. 23.70 ± 7.99 kPa, p < 0.001), portal vein diameter (14.97 ± 3.42 mm vs. 13.36 ± 2.89 mm, p < 0.001), and spleen volume (870.00 ± 355.61 cm3 vs. 771.36 ± 277.45 cm3 , p < 0.001). Furthermore, histological studies revealed that EV treatment resulted in a restoration of liver architecture with reduced extracellular matrix deposition. Meanwhile, hepatic angiogenesis and inflammation, which have a close relationship with cirrhosis, were also inhibited. In addition, the state of hepatocytes switches from apoptosis to proliferation after EV treatment. CONCLUSIONS BCS-induced liver cirrhosis could be reversed by EV treatment from macroscopic to microscopic dimensions. Our study may provide further insights into understanding BCS and treating cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongqiang Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhang Niu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yaowei Bai
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingliang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuguang Ju
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guorui Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Henan Infectious Disease Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Carmona-Orozco ML, Quiñones W, Robledo SM, Torres F, Echeverri F. Reversing the biofilm-inducing effect of two xanthones from Garcinia mangostana by 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone and N-butyryl-D-L homoserine lactone. Phytomedicine 2023; 120:155069. [PMID: 37722186 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the WHO, 12 bacteria cause numerous human infections, including Enterobacteriaceae Klebsiella pneumoniae, and thus represent a public health problem. Microbial resistance is associated with biofilm formation; therefore, it is critical to know the biofilm-inducing potential of various compounds of everyday life. Likewise, the reversibility of biofilms and the modulation of persister cells are important for controlling microbial pathogens. In this work, we investigated the biofilm-inducing effects of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana on Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, we investigated the reversal effect of 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone and the formation of persister cells induced by xanthones and their role in modulating the biofilm to the antibiotic gentamicin. METHODS To analyze the biofilm-inducing role of xanthones from Garcinia mangostana, cultures of K. pneumoniae containing duodenal probe pieces were treated with 0.1-0.001 μM α- and γ-mangostin, and the biofilm levels were measured using spectrophotometry. To determine biofilm reversion, cultures treated with xanthones, or gentamicin were mixed with 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone or N-butyryl-DL-homoserine lactone. The presence of K. pneumoniae persister cells was determined by applying the compounds to the mature biofilm, and the number of colony-forming units was counted. RESULTS The xanthones α- and γ-mangostin increased K. pneumoniae biofilm production by 40% with duodenal probes. However, 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone at 0.001 μΜ reversed biofilm formation by up to 60%. Moreover, adding the same to a culture treated with gentamicin reduced the biofilm by 80.5%. This effect was highlighted when 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone was administered 6 h later than xanthones. At high concentrations of α-mangostin, persister K. pneumoniae cells in the biofilm were about 5 - 10 times more abundant than cells, whereas, with γ-mangostin, they were about 100 times more. CONCLUSION Two xanthones, α- and γ-mangostin from G. mangostana, induced biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae and promoted persister cells. However, the biofilm formation was reversed by adding 3-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, and even this effect was achieved with gentamicin. In addition, this compound controlled the persister K. pneumoniae cells promoted by α-mangostin. Thus, synthetic, and natural biofilm-inducing compounds could harm human health. Therefore, avoiding these substances and looking for biofilm inhibitors would be a strategy to overcome microbial resistance and recover antibiotics that are no longer used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Carmona-Orozco
- Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wiston Quiñones
- Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara M Robledo
- PECET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fernando Torres
- Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fernando Echeverri
- Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Mbani CJ, Nekoua MP, Moukassa D, Hober D. The Fight against Poliovirus Is Not Over. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1323. [PMID: 37317297 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV), the virus that causes both acute poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome, is classified within the Enterovirus C species, and there are three wild PV serotypes: WPV1, WPV2 and WPV3. The launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988 eradicated two of the three serotypes of WPV (WPV2 and WPV3). However, the endemic transmission of WPV1 persists in Afghanistan and Pakistan in 2022. There are cases of paralytic polio due to the loss of viral attenuation in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), known as vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Between January 2021 and May 2023, a total of 2141 circulating VDPV (cVDPV) cases were reported in 36 countries worldwide. Because of this risk, inactivated poliovirus (IPV) is being used more widely, and attenuated PV2 has been removed from OPV formulations to obtain bivalent OPV (containing only types 1 and 3). In order to avoid the reversion of attenuated OPV strains, the new OPV, which is more stable due to genome-wide modifications, as well as sabin IPV and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, is being developed and offers promising solutions for eradicating WP1 and VDPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaldam Jespère Mbani
- Laboratoire de Virologie URL3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville BP 69, Congo
| | | | - Donatien Moukassa
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville BP 69, Congo
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie URL3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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Surovtseva MA, Kim II, Bondarenko NA, Lykov AP, Krasner KY, Chepeleva EV, Bgatova NP, Trunov AN, Chernykh VV, Poveshchenko OV. Derivation of Human Corneal Keratocytes from ReLEx SMILE Lenticules for Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108828. [PMID: 37240176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts isolated and expanded from ReLEx SMILE lenticules can be a source of human keratocytes. Since corneal keratocytes are quiescent cells, it is difficult to expand them in vitro in suitable numbers for clinical and experimental use. In the present study, this problem was solved by isolating and growing corneal fibroblasts (CFs) with a high proliferative potential and their reversion to keratocytes in a selective serum-free medium. Fibroblasts reversed into keratocytes (rCFs) had a dendritic morphology and ultrastructural signs of activation of protein synthesis and metabolism. The cultivation of CFs in a medium with 10% FCS and their reversion into keratocytes was not accompanied by the induction of myofibroblasts. After reversion, the cells spontaneously formed spheroids and expressed keratocan and lumican markers, but not mesenchymal ones. The rCFs had low proliferative and migratory activity, and their conditioned medium contained a low level of VEGF. CF reversion was not accompanied by a change with the levels of IGF-1, TNF-alpha, SDF-1a, and sICAM-1. In the present study, it has been demonstrated that fibroblasts from ReLEx SMILE lenticules reverse into keratocytes in serum-free KGM, maintaining the morphology and functional properties of primary keratocytes. These keratocytes have a potential for tissue engineering and cell therapy of various corneal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Surovtseva
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina I Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Bondarenko
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander P Lykov
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kristina Yu Krasner
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk Branch of S. Fedorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, 10 Kalkhidskaya Str., 630096 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V Chepeleva
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya P Bgatova
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander N Trunov
- Novosibirsk Branch of S. Fedorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, 10 Kalkhidskaya Str., 630096 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valery V Chernykh
- Novosibirsk Branch of S. Fedorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, 10 Kalkhidskaya Str., 630096 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga V Poveshchenko
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Tsai HJ, Wu MJ, Chen CH, Yang SS, Huang YH, Chang YZ, Chang HR, Lee TY. Risk Stratification for Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Resolved HBV Infection. Transpl Int 2023; 36:11122. [PMID: 37125384 PMCID: PMC10134034 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2023.11122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The prophylaxis strategy for hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with resolved HBV infection remains unclear. In this hospital-based retrospective cohort study, consecutive KTRs with resolved HBV infection were screened from the years 2000 through 2020. After excluding confounding conditions, 212 and 45 patients were respectively recruited into Anti-HBs positive and Anti-HBs negative groups. Cumulative incidences of, and subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) for HBV reactivation were analyzed after adjusting the competing risk. During a median 8.3 (mean 8.4 ± 4.9) years of follow-up, the 10-year cumulative incidence of HBV reactivation was significantly higher in Anti-HBs negative group when compared to that in Anti-HBs positive group (15.2%, 95% CI: 3.6-26.7 vs. 1.3%, 95% CI: 0.0-3.0; p < 0.001). In multivariable regression analysis, absence of anti-HBs (SHR 14.2, 95% CI: 3.09-65.2; p < 0.001) and use of high-dose steroids, i.e., steroid dose ≥20 mg/day of prednisolone equivalent over 4 weeks (SHR 8.96, 95% CI: 1.05-76.2; p = 0.045) were independent risk factors related to HBV reactivation. Accordingly, the 10-year cumulative incidence of HBV reactivation occurring in patients with two, one and zero risk factors was 42.7% (95% CI: 0.0-87.1), 7.9% (95% CI: 1.2-14.7) and 0%, respectively (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the strategy of HBV antiviral prophylaxis may be defined according to the risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ju Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Wu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Shun Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Zin Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Drug Testing Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Rong Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Horng-Rong Chang, ; Teng-Yu Lee,
| | - Teng-Yu Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Horng-Rong Chang, ; Teng-Yu Lee,
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Xu XY, Wang SS, Niu L, Leung ISH, Tian QB. Association of leisure activity changes and reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive function among older adults: A prospective cohort study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1035762. [PMID: 36483237 PMCID: PMC9724021 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have the possibility of reverting to normal cognitive function. Leisure activity engagement (LAE) plays a critical role in the progress of the cognitive function. A better understanding of the dynamic relationship between LAE and MCI reversion would inform the implementation of preclinical dementia interventions. This study aimed to investigate the association between change patterns of LAE and MCI reversion among older adults using the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) database. Study design Longitudinal population-based study. Methods Older adults with MCI at the baseline were enrolled in this study. Information about cognitive function, overall, cognitively stimulating, physically active/demanding, and socially engaged LAE was collected at baseline and follow-up. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for reversion and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by Cox hazard models with time as the underlying time metric. We also assessed potential effect modifications by creating a cross-product of the stratifying variable with LAE change patterns in the fully adjusted model. Results The restricted cubic spline showed that the association between LAE change scores and MCI reversion rate was statistically significant and nonlinear (p<0.01). Taking participants in the low-low group as a reference, participants in the low-medium, low-high, medium-medium, medium-high, high-medium, and high-high groups had increased possibilities of MCI reversion with HRs (95% CI) of 2.19 (1.57-3.06), 2.97 (2.13-4.13), 0.87 (0.64-1.19), 2.28 (1.71-3.03), 2.78 (2.10-3.69), 1.93 (1.43-2.59), and 2.74 (2.09-3.60), respectively. Further stratified models showed that the impact of LAE change patterns on MCI reversion varied in different ages (nonagenarian, octogenarian, and younger elderly) and gender. Conclusions Participants who maintained the highest LAE had the greatest possibility of MCI reversion. Meanwhile, a higher level of LAE maintenance was associated with the increased possibility of MCI reversion. These results provide a practical message to older adults about how dynamic changes in LAE are associated with improved cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Xu
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shan Shan Wang
- School of Nursing, Centre for Gerontological Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Niu
- International Education College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Isaac Sze Him Leung
- Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qing Bao Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Qing Bao Tian
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Feng Z, Wang L, Wan X, Yang J, Peng Q, Liang T, Wang Y, Zhong B, Rinklebe J. Responses of soil greenhouse gas emissions to land use conversion and reversion-A global meta-analysis. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:6665-6678. [PMID: 35989422 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the responses of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to land use conversion or reversion is significant for taking effective land use measures to alleviate global warming. A global meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the responses of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions to land use conversion or reversion, and determine their temporal evolution, driving factors, and potential mechanisms. Our results showed that CH4 and N2 O responded positively to land use conversion while CO2 responded negatively to the changes from natural herb and secondary forest to plantation. By comparison, CH4 responded negatively to land use reversion and N2 O also showed negative response to the reversion from agricultural land to forest. The conversion of land use weakened the function of natural forest and grassland as CH4 sink and the artificial nitrogen (N) addition for plantation increased N source for N2 O release from soil, while the reversion of land use could alleviate them to some degree. Besides, soil carbon would impact CO2 emission for a long time after land use conversion, and secondary forest reached the CH4 uptake level similar to that of primary forest after over 40 years. N2 O responses had negative relationships with time interval under the conversions from forest to plantation, secondary forest, and pasture. In addition, meta-regression indicated that CH4 had correlations with several environmental variables, and carbon-nitrogen ratio had contrary relationships with N2 O emission responses to land use conversion and reversion. And the importance of driving factors displayed that CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O response to land use conversion and reversion was easily affected by NH4 + and soil moisture, mean annual temperature and NO3 - , total nitrogen and mean annual temperature, respectively. This study would provide enlightenments for scientific land management and reduction of GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Buqing Zhong
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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9
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Cramer JF, Miller ET, Ko MC, Liang Q, Cockburn G, Nakagita T, Cardinale M, Fusani L, Toda Y, Baldwin MW. A single residue confers selective loss of sugar sensing in wrynecks. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4270-4278.e5. [PMID: 35985327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensory receptors evolve, and changes to their response profiles can directly impact sensory perception and affect diverse behaviors, from mate choice to foraging decisions.1-3 Although receptor sensitivities can be highly contingent on changes occurring early in a lineage's evolutionary history,4 subsequent shifts in a species' behavior and ecology may exert selective pressure to modify and even reverse sensory receptor capabilities.5-7 Neither the extent to which sensory reversion occurs nor the mechanisms underlying such shifts is well understood. Using receptor profiling and behavioral tests, we uncover both an early gain and an unexpected subsequent loss of sugar sensing in woodpeckers, a primarily insectivorous family of landbirds.8,9 Our analyses show that, similar to hummingbirds10 and songbirds,4 the ancestors of woodpeckers repurposed their T1R1-T1R3 savory receptor to detect sugars. Importantly, whereas woodpeckers seem to have broadly retained this ability, our experiments demonstrate that wrynecks (an enigmatic ant-eating group sister to all other woodpeckers) selectively lost sugar sensing through a novel mechanism involving a single amino acid change in the T1R3 transmembrane domain. The identification of this molecular microswitch responsible for a sensory shift in taste receptors provides an example of the molecular basis of a sensory reversion in vertebrates and offers novel insights into structure-function relationships during sensory receptor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Cramer
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Eliot T Miller
- Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Glenn Cockburn
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Tomoya Nakagita
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan; Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Austrian Ornithological Centre, Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Wien, Austria; Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1160 Wien, Austria
| | - Yasuka Toda
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Maude W Baldwin
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
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10
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Pennings PS, Ogbunugafor CB, Hershberg R. Reversion is most likely under high mutation supply when compensatory mutations do not fully restore fitness costs. G3 (Bethesda) 2022; 12:jkac190. [PMID: 35920784 PMCID: PMC9434179 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of adaptation, reversion, and compensation have been central topics in microbial evolution, and several studies have attempted to resolve the population genetics underlying how these dynamics occur. However, questions remain regarding how certain features-the evolution of mutators and whether compensatory mutations alleviate costs fully or partially-may influence the evolutionary dynamics of compensation and reversion. In this study, we attempt to explain findings from experimental evolution by utilizing computational and theoretical approaches toward a more refined understanding of how mutation rate and the fitness effects of compensatory mutations influence adaptive dynamics. We find that high mutation rates increase the probability of reversion toward the wild type when compensation is only partial. However, the existence of even a single fully compensatory mutation is associated with a dramatically decreased probability of reversion to the wild type. These findings help to explain specific results from experimental evolution, where compensation was observed in nonmutator strains, but reversion (sometimes with compensation) was observed in mutator strains, indicating that real-world compensatory mutations are often unable to fully alleviate the costs associated with adaptation. Our findings emphasize the potential role of the supply and quality of mutations in crafting the dynamics of adaptation and reversal, with implications for theoretical population genetics and for biomedical contexts like the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleuni S Pennings
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA.
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11
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Kunieda Y, Arakawa C, Yamada T, Koyama S, Suzuki M, Ishiyama D, Yamada M, Hirokawa R, Matsuda T, Nio S, Adachi T, Hoshino H, Fujiwara T. Effect of simultaneous dual-task training on regional cerebral blood flow in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:458-468. [PMID: 35761496 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220627091246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No previous study has examined the effect of dual-task training using changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as an outcome. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the effects of simultaneous dual-task training of exercise and cognitive tasks on rCBF using SPECT in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). METHODS In this non-randomized control trial, 40 older adults with aMCI participated from May 2016 to April 2018. Outpatients in the intervention group (n = 22) underwent 24 sessions (12 months) of dual-task training twice a month for 60 mins per session. Participants in the control group (n = 18) continued to have regular outpatient visits. The primary outcome was rCBF at baseline and after 12 months, which was compared in each group using the two-sample t-test. The secondary outcomes were the rate of reversion and conversion from aMCI after 12 months. RESULTS Of the 22 participants in the intervention group, six dropped out; therefore, 16 were included in the analysis. The intervention group showed more significant increases in rCBF in multiple regions, including the bilateral frontal lobes, compared with the control group. However, the rates of reversion or conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were not significantly different. CONCLUSION Dual-task training for older adults with aMCI increased rCBF in the frontal gyrus but did not promote reversion from MCI to normal cognition. Future intervention studies, such as follow-up examinations after the intervention, are warranted to consider long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yota Kunieda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Arakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Musubiha Clinic Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamada
- Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Koyama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizue Suzuki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishiyama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuto Hirokawa
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Akita Cerebrospinal and Cardiovascular Center, Akita, Japan
| | - Tadamitsu Matsuda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nio
- Dementia-related Disease Medical Center, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohide Adachi
- Dementia-related Disease Medical Center, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Hoshino
- Dementia-related Disease Medical Center, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Wang Z, Posey DL, Brostrom RJ, Morris SB, Marano N, Phares CR. US Postarrival Evaluation of Immigrant and Refugee Children with Latent Tuberculosis Infection Diagnosed Overseas, 2007-2019. J Pediatr 2022; 245:149-157.e1. [PMID: 35120982 PMCID: PMC9306290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess outcomes from the US postarrival evaluation of newly arrived immigrant and refugee children aged 2-14 years who were diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) during a required overseas medical examination. STUDY DESIGN We compared overseas and US interferon-γ release assay (IGRA)/tuberculin skin test (TST) results and LTBI diagnosis; assessed postarrival LTBI treatment initiation and completion; and evaluated the impact of switching from TST to IGRA to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection overseas. RESULTS In total, 73 014 children were diagnosed with LTBI overseas and arrived in the US during 2007-2019. In the US, 45 939 (62.9%) completed, and 1985 (2.7%) initiated but did not complete a postarrival evaluation. Among these 47 924 children, 30 360 (63.4%) were retested for M tuberculosis infection. For 17 996 children with a positive overseas TST, 73.8% were negative when retested by IGRA. For 1051 children with a positive overseas IGRA, 58.0% were negative when retested by IGRA. Overall, among children who completed a postarrival evaluation, 18 544 (40.4%) were evaluated as having no evidence of TB infection, and 25 919 (56.4%) had their overseas LTBI diagnosis confirmed. Among the latter, 17 229 (66.5%) initiated and 9185 (35.4%) completed LTBI treatment. CONCLUSIONS Requiring IGRA testing overseas could more effectively identify children who will benefit from LTBI treatment. However, IGRA reversions may occur, highlighting the need for individualized assessment for risk of infection, progression, and poor outcome when making diagnostic and treatment decisions. Strategies are needed to increase the proportions receiving a postarrival evaluation and completing LTBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanju Wang
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
| | - Drew L. Posey
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Richard J. Brostrom
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sapna Bamrah Morris
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Nina Marano
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, GA
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13
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Abstract
Reversion mosaicism has been reported in an increasing number of genetic disorders including primary immunodeficiency diseases. Several mechanisms can mediate somatic reversion of inherited mutations. Back mutations restore wild-type sequences, whereas second-site mutations result in compensatory changes. In addition, intragenic recombination, chromosomal deletions, and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity have been demonstrated in mosaic individuals. Revertant cells that have regained wild-type function may be associated with milder disease phenotypes in some immunodeficient patients with reversion mosaicism. Revertant cells can also be responsible for immune dysregulation. Studies identifying a large variety of genetic changes in the same individual further support a frequent occurrence of reversion mosaicism in primary immunodeficiency diseases. This phenomenon also provides unique opportunities to evaluate the biological effects of restored gene expression in different cell lineages. In this paper, we review the recent findings of reversion mosaicism in primary immunodeficiency diseases and discuss its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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14
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Ye Q, Wu J, Zhao J, Yang G, Yang B. Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Clustering in an Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14164523. [PMID: 34443045 PMCID: PMC8400117 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the clustering in Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloys has been a long-standing controversial issue. Here, for the first time, the mechanism of the clustering in the alloy was investigated by a Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) approach. In addition, reversion aging (RA) was carried out to evaluate the simulation results. The results showed that many small-size clusters formed rapidly in the early stages of aging. With the prolongation of aging time, the clusters merged and grew. The small clusters formed at the beginning of aging in Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy were caused by initial vacancies (quenching vacancies). The merging and decomposition of the clusters were mainly caused by the capturing of vacancies, and the clusters had a probability to decompose before reaching a stable size. After repeated merging and decomposition, the clusters reach stability. During RA, the complex interaction between the cluster merging and decomposition leaded to the partial irregular change of the hardness reduction and activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Y.); (J.W.)
- Institute for Special Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (G.Y.)
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiqing Zhao
- Institute for Special Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (G.Y.)
| | - Gang Yang
- Institute for Special Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China; (J.Z.); (G.Y.)
| | - Bin Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Y.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-62333351
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15
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Gowen BB, Hickerson BT, York J, Westover JB, Sefing EJ, Bailey KW, Wandersee L, Nunberg JH. Second-Generation Live-Attenuated Candid#1 Vaccine Virus Resists Reversion and Protects against Lethal Junín Virus Infection in Guinea Pigs. J Virol 2021; 95:e0039721. [PMID: 33952638 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00397-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated virus vaccines are highly effective in preventing viral disease but carry intrinsic risks of residual virulence and reversion to pathogenicity. The classically derived Candid#1 virus protects seasonal field workers in Argentina against zoonotic infection by Junín virus (JUNV) but is not approved in the United States, in part due to the potential for reversion at the attenuating locus, a phenylalanine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 427 in the GP2 subunit of the GPC envelope glycoprotein. Previously, we demonstrated facile reversion of recombinant Candid#1 (rCan) in cell culture and identified an epistatic interaction between the attenuating I427 and a secondary K33S mutation in the stable signal peptide (SSP) subunit of GPC that imposes an evolutionary barrier to reversion. The magnitude of this genetic barrier is manifest in our repeated failures to rescue the hypothetical revertant virus. In this study, we show that K33S rCan is safe and attenuated in guinea pigs and capable of eliciting potent virus-neutralizing antibodies. Immunized animals are fully protected against lethal challenge with virulent JUNV. In addition, we employed a more permissive model of infection in neonatal mice to investigate genetic reversion. RNA sequence analysis of the recovered virus identified revertant viruses in pups inoculated with the parental rCan virus and none in mice receiving K33S rCan (P < 0.0001). Taken together, our findings support the further development of K33S rCan as a safe second-generation JUNV vaccine. IMPORTANCE Our most successful vaccines comprise weakened strains of virus that initiate a limited and benign infection in immunized persons. The live-attenuated Candid#1 strain of Junín virus (JUNV) was developed to protect field workers in Argentina from rodent-borne hemorrhagic fever but is not licensed in the United States, in part due to the likelihood of genetic reversion to virulence. A single-amino-acid change in the GPC envelope glycoprotein of the virus is responsible for attenuation, and a single nucleotide change may regenerate the pathogenic virus. Here, we take advantage of a unique genetic interaction between GPC subunits to design a mutant Candid#1 virus that establishes an evolutionary barrier to reversion. The mutant virus (K33S rCan) is fully attenuated and protects immunized guinea pigs against lethal JUNV infection. We find no instances of reversion in mice inoculated with K33S rCan. This work supports the further development of K33S rCan as a second-generation JUNV vaccine.
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16
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Cray P, Sheahan BJ, Dekaney CM. Secretory Sorcery: Paneth Cell Control of Intestinal Repair and Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1239-50. [PMID: 34153524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells are professional secretory cells that classically play a role in the innate immune system by secreting antimicrobial factors into the lumen to control enteric bacteria. In this role, Paneth cells are able to sense cues from luminal bacteria and respond by changing production of these factors to protect the epithelial barrier. Paneth cells rely on autophagy to regulate their secretory capability and capacity. Disruption of this pathway through mutation of genes, such as Atg16L1, results in decreased Paneth cell function, dysregulated enteric microbiota, decreased barrier integrity, and increased risk of diseases such as Crohn's disease in humans. Upon differentiation Paneth cells migrate downward and intercalate among active intestinal stem cells at the base of small intestinal crypts. This localization puts them in a unique position to interact with active intestinal stem cells, and recent work shows that Paneth cells play a critical role in influencing the intestinal stem cell niche. This review discusses the numerous ways Paneth cells can influence intestinal stem cells and their niche. We also highlight the ways in which Paneth cells can alter cells and other organ systems.
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17
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Bourdin M, Perrotin D, Mathieu O, Herve T, Depasse F, Lu G, Conley PB, Contant G. Measuring residual anti-Xa activity of direct factor Xa inhibitors after reversal with andexanet alfa. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:795-801. [PMID: 34092030 PMCID: PMC8453859 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Andexanet alfa (AnXa) was developed for anticoagulant effect reversal of direct factor Xa inhibitors (DXaI) (apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban) in emergency situations. Regular anti‐Xa assays are not suitable to evaluate anti‐Xa activity after AnXa administration because of the high sample dilution resulting in the AnXa‐DXaI dissociation which gives inaccurately high DXaI measured concentrations. This study aimed at developing dedicated STA‐Liquid anti‐Xa test set‐ups for accurately measuring DXaI after reversal with AnXa. Methods Modified anti‐Xa test set‐ups, with reduced sample dilution, were developed to overcome regular assays limitations and to improve measured accuracy with results comparable to Portola microplate reference method used in clinical studies. Both regular and optimized assays were used to measure DXaI concentration in AnXa‐containing samples. Quality controls, normal pooled plasma spiked with five DXaI and three AnXa concentrations, samples from DXaI‐treated patients spiked with AnXa and ex vivo healthy volunteers having received both DXaI and AnXa were used. Results The lower limit of quantitation of optimized anti‐Xa assays was <10 ng/mL with CVs ≤10%. DXaI samples containing 300 ng/mL and 1 µmol/L AnXa resulted in DXaI residual concentrations of 29‐72 ng/mL depending on the DXaI (76%‐90% reversal), compared to 20‐28 ng/mL with reference method (92%‐94% reversal) and 135‐165 ng/mL with regular assays (about 50% reversal). Conclusion Modified test set‐ups are automated alternative to reference method with improved precision and reproducibility. They can be run in all laboratories where regular anti‐Xa assays are performed using commercially available reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tristan Herve
- Diagnostica Stago Clinical and Pharmaceutical Development, Asnières-sur-Seine, France
| | - François Depasse
- Diagnostica Stago Clinical and Pharmaceutical Development, Asnières-sur-Seine, France
| | - Genmin Lu
- Portola, a subsidiary of Alexion, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela B Conley
- Portola, a subsidiary of Alexion, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Moradi K, Faghani S, Abdolalizadeh A, Khomeijani-Farahani M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A. Biological Features of Reversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition: A Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers and Brain Volume. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:179-186. [PMID: 33981955 PMCID: PMC8075565 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional condition between normal cognition and dementia. Although a significant proportion of the population with MCI experience reversion to normal cognition, it is still poorly understood. Objective: This study was designed to extend the present evidence regarding the difference between stable and reverting MCI by including whole brain atrophy measures as possible parameters involved. Methods: 405 patients diagnosed with MCI at baseline were selected. After one-year follow-up period, 337 patients (83.2%) were categorized as stable MCI and 68 patients (16.8%) reverted to cognitively normal status (reversion group). Several baseline biomarkers including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of AD, including Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau and MRI-based atrophy measurements were compared. Results: Participants with stable MCI demonstrated greater brain atrophy as well as lower Aβ and higher tau proteins in the CSF. The atrophy rate was found to be associated with CSF biomarkers merely in the stable group, after adjustment for confounding variables. Conclusion: These findings provide novel evidence regarding the biological perspective of the reversion phenomenon in individuals with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Moradi
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Faghani
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - AmirHussein Abdolalizadeh
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Khomeijani-Farahani
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Yamamoto J, Aoki Y, Han Q, Sugisawa N, Sun YU, Hamada K, Nishino H, Inubushi S, Miyake K, Matsuyama R, Bouvet M, Endo I, Hoffman RM. Reversion from Methionine Addiction to Methionine Independence Results in Loss of Tumorigenic Potential of Highly-malignant Lung-cancer Cells. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:641-643. [PMID: 33517268 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Methionine addiction, a fundamental and general hallmark of cancer, is due to the excess use of methionine for transmethylation, and is described as the Hoffman-effect. Methionine-addicted cancer cells can revert at low frequency to methionine independence when selected under methionine-restriction. We report here that highly-malignant methionine-addicted H460 human lung-cancer cells, when selected for methionine independence, have greatly-reduced tumorigenic potential. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methionine-addicted H460 parental cancer cells and methionine-independent revertant H460-R1 cells were injected in nude mice subcutaneously. RESULTS When the parental H460 methionine-addicted cells were injected in nude mice at 2.5×105, 1×105 and 5×104, the cells could form tumors. In contrast, the H460-R1 methionine-independent revertant cells could not form tumors when the above-listed cell numbers were injected in nude mice. CONCLUSION There is a tight linkage between methionine addiction and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yamamoto
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.;
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Aoki
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Norihiko Sugisawa
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Y U Sun
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Kazuyuki Hamada
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Hiroto Nishino
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Sachiko Inubushi
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Kentaro Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer Inc, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.;
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
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Bennasar-Veny M, Fresneda S, López-González A, Busquets-Cortés C, Aguiló A, Yañez AM. Lifestyle and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes in a Cohort of Workers with Prediabetes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051538. [PMID: 32466178 PMCID: PMC7284825 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: People with prediabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). Few studies have evaluated the influence of lifestyle factors on the risk of progression to diabetes and reversion to normoglycemia. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of T2D in a large cohort of workers with prediabetes, and to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic, clinical, metabolic, and lifestyle factors that affect the persistence of prediabetes and the progression to T2D. Methods: A cohort study of 27,844 adult workers (aged 20 to 65 years) from Spain who had prediabetes based on an occupational medical examination from 2012 to 2013. Prediabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) between 100 and 125 mg/dL. At the baseline evaluation, sociodemographic, anthropometric, metabolic, and lifestyle data were collected. At the 5-year follow-up, incident T2D was defined as an FPG of at least 126 mg/dL or initiation of an antidiabetic medication. Results: Among 235,995 initially screened workers, the prevalence of T2D was 14.19% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.05 to 14.33) and the prevalence of prediabetes was 11.85% (95% CI 11.71 to 11.99). Follow-up data were available for 23,293 individuals with prediabetes. Among them, 36.08% (95% CI 35.46 to 36.70) returned to normoglycemia, 40.92% (95% CI 40.29 to 41.55) had persistent prediabetes, and 23.00% (95% CI 22.46 to 23.54) progressed to T2D. The risk for persistence of prediabetes and for progression to T2D increased with age, body mass index (BMI), triglyceride level, and less than 150 min/week of physical activity. An HbA1c level of 6% or greater was the strongest individual predictor of progression to T2D. Conclusions: Physical activity, diet, smoking, and BMI are modifiable factors that are associated with the persistence of prediabetes and the progression to T2D. The workplace is a feasible setting for the early detection of prediabetes and the promotion of lifestyles that can prevent progression to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Bennasar-Veny
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Balearic Islands University, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7,5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
| | - Sergio Fresneda
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Balearic Islands University, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7,5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0034-971172367; Fax: +0034-971173190
| | - Arturo López-González
- Prevention of Occupational Risks in Health Services, Balearic Islands Health Service, C/Reina Esclaramunda, 9, 07003 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
- Escuela Universitaria ADEMA, C/ Gremi de Passamaners, 11, 07009 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
| | - Carla Busquets-Cortés
- Escuela Universitaria ADEMA, C/ Gremi de Passamaners, 11, 07009 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain;
- Research Group on Evidence, lifestyles and Health Research, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7,5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; (A.A.); (A.M.Y.)
| | - Antoni Aguiló
- Research Group on Evidence, lifestyles and Health Research, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7,5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; (A.A.); (A.M.Y.)
| | - Aina M. Yañez
- Research Group on Evidence, lifestyles and Health Research, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7,5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain; (A.A.); (A.M.Y.)
- Research Group on Global Health & Human Development, Balearic Islands University, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Cra. de Valldemossa, Km 7,5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
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21
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van Dijk F, Hazelhoff CM, Post E, Prins GGH, Rombouts K, Poelstra K, Olinga P, Beljaars L. Design of a Gene Panel to Expose the Versatile Role of Hepatic Stellate Cells in Human Liver Fibrosis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E278. [PMID: 32244897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal cell involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, i.e., the activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC), has a wide range of activities during the initiation, progression and even regression of the disease. These HSC-related activities encompass cellular activation, matrix synthesis and degradation, proliferation, contraction, chemotaxis and inflammatory signaling. When determining the in vitro and in vivo effectivity of novel antifibrotic therapies, the readout is currently mainly based on gene and protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and the fibrillar collagens (type I and III). We advocate for a more comprehensive approach in addition to these markers when screening potential antifibrotic drugs that interfere with HSCs. Therefore, we aimed to develop a gene panel for human in vitro and ex vivo drug screening models, addressing each of the HSC-activities with at least one gene, comprising, in total, 16 genes. We determined the gene expression in various human stellate cells, ranging from primary cells to cell lines with an HSC-origin, and human liver slices and stimulated them with two key profibrotic factors, i.e., transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) or platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB). We demonstrated that freshly isolated HSCs showed the strongest and highest variety of responses to these profibrotic stimuli, in particular following PDGF-BB stimulation, while cell lines were limited in their responses. Moreover, we verified these gene expression profiles in human precision-cut liver slices and showed similarities with the TGFβ- and PDGF-BB-related fibrotic responses, as observed in the primary HSCs. With this study, we encourage researchers to get off the beaten track when testing antifibrotic compounds by including more HSC-related markers in their future work. This way, potential compounds will be screened more extensively, which might increase the likelihood of developing effective antifibrotic drugs.
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22
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Johnson DM, Sokoloski KJ, Jokinen JD, Pfeffer TL, Chu YK, Adcock RS, Chung D, Tretyakova I, Pushko P, Lukashevich IS. Advanced Safety and Genetic Stability in Mice of a Novel DNA-Launched Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine with Rearranged Structural Genes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010114. [PMID: 32121666 PMCID: PMC7157698 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and genetic stability of V4020, a novel Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) vaccine based on the investigational VEEV TC-83 strain, was evaluated in mice. V4020 was generated from infectious DNA, contains a stabilizing mutation in the E2-120 glycoprotein, and includes rearrangement of structural genes. After intracranial inoculation (IC), replication of V4020 was more attenuated than TC-83, as documented by low clinical scores, inflammation, viral load in brain, and earlier viral clearance. During the first 9 days post-inoculation (DPI), genes involved in inflammation, cytokine signaling, adaptive immune responses, and apoptosis were upregulated in both groups. However, the magnitude of upregulation was greater in TC-83 than V4020 mice, and this pattern persisted till 13 DPI, while V4020 gene expression profiles declined to mock-infected levels. In addition, genetic markers of macrophages, DCs, and microglia were strongly upregulated in TC-83 mice. During five serial passages in the brain, less severe clinical manifestations and a lower viral load were observed in V4020 mice and all animals survived. In contrast, 13.3% of mice met euthanasia criteria during the passages in TC-83 group. At 2 DPI, RNA-Seq analysis of brain tissues revealed that V4020 mice had lower rates of mutations throughout five passages. A higher synonymous mutation ratio was observed in the nsP4 (RdRP) gene of TC-83 compared to V4020 mice. At 2 DPI, both viruses induced different expression profiles of host genes involved in neuro-regeneration. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the improved safety and genetic stability of the experimental V4020 VEEV vaccine in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (K.J.S.); (D.C.)
- Center for Predictive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (T.L.P.); (Y.-K.C.); (R.S.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.J.); (I.S.L.)
| | - Kevin J. Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (K.J.S.); (D.C.)
- Center for Predictive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (T.L.P.); (Y.-K.C.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Jenny D. Jokinen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Tia L. Pfeffer
- Center for Predictive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (T.L.P.); (Y.-K.C.); (R.S.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Yong-Kyu Chu
- Center for Predictive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (T.L.P.); (Y.-K.C.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Robert S. Adcock
- Center for Predictive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (T.L.P.); (Y.-K.C.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Donghoon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (K.J.S.); (D.C.)
- Center for Predictive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (T.L.P.); (Y.-K.C.); (R.S.A.)
| | | | - Peter Pushko
- Medigen, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (I.T.); (P.P.)
| | - Igor S. Lukashevich
- Center for Predictive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (T.L.P.); (Y.-K.C.); (R.S.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.M.J.); (I.S.L.)
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23
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Valentino G, Zivko C, Weber F, Brülisauer L, Luciani P. Synergy of Phospholipid-Drug Formulations Significantly Deactivates Profibrogenic Human Hepatic Stellate Cells. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E676. [PMID: 31842373 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in orchestrating the bidirectional process of progression and regression of liver fibrosis makes them an ideal target for exploring new antifibrotic therapies. Essential phospholipids (EPLs), with their polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) fraction, either alone or combined with other hepatoprotective substances such as silymarin, are recommended in hepatic impairment, but a scientific rationale for their use is still lacking. Herein, we compared the ability of EPLs to restore quiescent-like features in HSCs with that of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), PPC fraction’s main component. Specifically, we screened at the cellular level the antifibrotic effects of PPC formulations in the presence and absence of silymarin, by using LX-2 cells (pro-fibrogenic HSCs) and by assessing the main biochemical hallmarks of the activated and deactivated states of this cell line. We also proved the formulations’ direct effect on the motional order of cell membranes of adherent cells. LX-2 cells, examined for lipid droplets as a quiescence marker, showed that PPCs led to a more prominent deactivation than DLPC. This result was confirmed by a reduction of collagen and α-SMA expression, and by a profound alteration in the cell membrane fluidity. PPC–silymarin formulations deactivated HSCs with a significant synergistic effect. The remarkable bioactivity of PPCs in deactivating fibrogenic HSCs paves the way for the rational design of new therapeutics aimed at managing hepatic fibrosis.
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24
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Jang AR, Yoon JY. Factors affecting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition in midlife to later life in Korea: A national population study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19:1129-1135. [PMID: 31609544 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to identify the midlife and later life factors affecting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition after 4 years. METHODS We analyzed data from the 2012 and 2016 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. The participants of this study were Korean community-dwelling adults aged ≥45 years who showed mild cognitive impairment in 2012. They were divided into midlife (<65 years) and later life (≥65 years) based on their age in 2012. Cognitive function was assessed by the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination in 2016. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the factors affecting reversion by age group. RESULTS Among participants with mild cognitive impairment, 52.0% in midlife and 26.6% in later life reverted to normal cognition after 4 years. In midlife, higher education (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.15-3.36), fewer chronic diseases (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.61-0.99), lower levels of depressive symptoms (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90-0.99) and higher participation in social activities (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.27-2.87) were significantly associated with reversion. In later life, higher baseline cognitive function (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14-1.47) and higher participation in social activities (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.79) were significantly associated with reversion. CONCLUSIONS The reversion rate in midlife was higher than that of later life. More modifiable factors affecting reversion were found in midlife, suggesting that assessment and intervention at an early age should be considered. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1129-1135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ram Jang
- College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju Young Yoon
- College of Nursing and Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Xue H, Hou P, Li Y, Mao X, Wu L, Liu Y. Factors for predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: A meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1361-1368. [PMID: 31179580 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may revert to normal cognition (NC), but predictive factors are under study. We therefore sought to identify factors which could help in predicting reversion from MCI to NC. METHODS Relevant studies were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Web of Science, EBSCO, and OVID. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, high-quality assessments of relevant literatures were conducted, followed by data extraction and meta-analysis with Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS A total of 17 studies with 6829 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The overall reversion rate is 27.57%. Positive predictive factors were found in younger age (SMD = -0.345, 95% CI, -0.501 to -0.189), higher education level (SMD = 0.337, 95% CI, 0.117-0.558), no APOE ε4 allele (OR = 0.728, 95% CI, 0.575-0.922), no hypertension (OR = 0.826, 95% CI, 0.692-0.987), no stroke (OR = 0.696, 95% CI, 0.507-0.953), and higher Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score (SMD = 0.707, 95% CI, 0.461-0.953). CONCLUSION Individuals who are at young age, have higher education level and MMSE score, and have no APOEe4 allele, no hypertension, and no stroke had a high probability to revert from MCI to NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiPing Xue
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Hou
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - YongNan Li
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin'e Mao
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - LinFeng Wu
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - YongBing Liu
- School of Nursing, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural history of prediabetes in older adults remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess the rate at which prediabetes progresses to diabetes, leads to death or reverts to normoglycaemia in older adults and to identify prognostic factors related to different outcomes of prediabetes. METHODS In the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care-Kungsholmen, 2575 diabetes-free participants aged ≥60 years were examined at baseline and followed for up to 12 years. At each wave, diabetes was diagnosed via medical examination, antidiabetic drug use, medical records or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥6.5%. Prediabetes was defined as HbA1c ≥5.7% and normoglycaemia as HbA1c <5.7% in diabetes-free participants. Data were analysed with multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS At baseline, 918 (36%) individuals had prediabetes. Of them, 204 (22%) reverted to normoglycaemia (3.4/100 person-years, 95% CI 5.6-12.3), 119 (13%) developed diabetes (2.0/100 person-years, 95% CI 1.7-2.4) and 215 (23%) died (13.0/100 person-years, 95% CI 11.4-14.9) during the 12-year follow-up. The rates of reversion, progression and mortality were higher in the first 6-year than in the second 6-year follow-up, albeit not statistically significant. Lower systolic blood pressure (SBP), absence of heart diseases and weight loss promoted the reversion from prediabetes to normoglycaemia, whilst obesity accelerated its progression to diabetes. CONCLUSIONS During a 12-year follow-up, most of older adults with prediabetes remained stable or reverted to normoglycaemia, whereas only one-third developed diabetes or died. Lower SBP, no heart diseases and weight management may promote reversion to normoglycaemia, suggesting possible strategies for achieving normoglycaemia in older adults with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Marseglia
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A-K Welmer
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Functional Area Occupational Therapy & Physiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Wang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H-X Wang
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Xu
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been the leading cause of cirrhosis in the United States now for the last several decades. With the introduction of highly effective direct acting antiviral (DAA) drugs, cure rates are now almost 100%. With this explosion of effective therapy, it is possible that many patients with HCV may have reversion in fibrosis. The purpose of this review is, therefore, to report on recent findings in this field. RECENT FINDINGS Older data that examined the effect of interferon-based HCV therapy indicate that fibrosis reverses after HCV eradication. More recent work in the DAA era similarly indicates that fibrosis is reversible. A caveat is that DAA therapy causes rapid viral clearance, and appears to lead to rapid reductions in inflammation. Some tools (such as transient elastography), which may also reflect the inflammatory response, and thus may 'overestimate' of fibrosis reversal. However, emerging data suggesting improved outcomes in patients with cirrhosis after HCV clearance support the concept that even cirrhosis reverses in some patients. SUMMARY Fibrosis (and cirrhosis) reversion, to some extent, occurs after HCV clearance. This topic is vitally important and information continues to emerge; more data on this subject are expected and needed.
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28
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Chung JY, Yoon HJ, Kim H, Choi KY, Lee JJ, Lee KH, Seo EH. Reversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment To Normal Cognition: False-Positive Error Or True Restoration Thanks To Cognitive Control Ability? Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:3021-3032. [PMID: 31749620 PMCID: PMC6818536 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s223958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Relatively little attention has been paid to the meaning of reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to cognitively normal (CN), compared to MCI progression studies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics contributing to reversion from MCI to CN and to identify the associated factors with such reversion. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 200 individuals who initially diagnosed as MCI and completed the second visit from the National Research Center for Dementia (NRCD) registry in Korea. Participants underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessments. Factors associated with reversion were examined by a independent-samples t-test, χ2 test, and logistic regression. Longitudinal change was examined by a repeated measures analysis of variance (rANOVA). RESULTS Based on the second assessment, 78 (39%) individuals were found to have reverted to CN (rMCI) and 118 (59%) remained with MCI (sMCI). Four (2%) progressed to Alzheimer's disease dementia and they were excluded from further analysis. Over a wide range of socio-demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological variables, group difference was significant only in neuropsychological tests of cognitive control. Both groups showed improvement in several neuropsychological tests, implying a practice effect, but the rMCI group showed greater improvement. CONCLUSION Reversion from MCI to CN might not be a false-positive error but a true recovery from cognitive impairment. Our results suggest that cognitive control ability may be a characteristic favorable for the restoration of cognitive function. Therefore, assessment of cognitive control might facilitate the development of appropriate interventions for MCI as well as prognosis evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Chung
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Yoon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoowon Kim
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chosun University/Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyu Yeong Choi
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jang Jae Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Hyun Seo
- National Research Center for Dementia, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea.,Department of Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Locher S, Schweneker M, Hausmann J, Zimmer G. Immunogenicity of propagation-restricted vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Ebola virus glycoprotein in guinea pigs. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:866-879. [PMID: 29869979 PMCID: PMC6152369 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) in place of the VSV glycoprotein G (VSV/EBOV-GP) is a promising EBOV vaccine candidate which has already entered clinical phase 3 studies. Although this chimeric virus was tolerated overall by volunteers, it still caused viremia and adverse effects such as fever and arthritis, suggesting that it might not be sufficiently attenuated. In this study, the VSV/EBOV-GP vector was further modified in order to achieve attenuation while maintaining immunogenicity. All recombinant VSV constructs were propagated on VSV G protein expressing helper cells and used to immunize guinea pigs via the intramuscular route. The humoral immune response was analysed by EBOV-GP-specific fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay, plaque reduction neutralization test and in vitro virus-spreading inhibition test that employed recombinant VSV/EBOV-GP expressing either green fluorescent protein or secreted Nano luciferase. Most modified vector constructs induced lower levels of protective antibodies than the parental VSV/EBOV-GP or a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector encoding full-length EBOV-GP. However, the VSV/EBOV-GP(F88A) mutant was at least as immunogenic as the parental vaccine virus although it was highly propagation-restricted. This finding suggests that VSV-vectored vaccines need not be propagation-competent to induce a robust humoral immune response. However, VSV/EBOV-GP(F88A) rapidly reverted to a fully propagation-competent virus indicating that a single-point mutation is not sufficient to maintain the propagation-restricted phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Locher
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Schweneker
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hausmann
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstraße 13, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institut für Virologie und Immunologie (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Korotkova E, Laassri M, Zagorodnyaya T, Petrovskaya S, Rodionova E, Cherkasova E, Gmyl A, Ivanova OE, Eremeeva TP, Lipskaya GY, Agol VI, Chumakov K. Pressure for Pattern-Specific Intertypic Recombination between Sabin Polioviruses: Evolutionary Implications. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110353. [PMID: 29165333 PMCID: PMC5707560 DOI: 10.3390/v9110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete genomic sequences of a non-redundant set of 70 recombinants between three serotypes of attenuated Sabin polioviruses as well as location (based on partial sequencing) of crossover sites of 28 additional recombinants were determined and compared with the previously published data. It is demonstrated that the genomes of Sabin viruses contain distinct strain-specific segments that are eliminated by recombination. The presumed low fitness of these segments could be linked to mutations acquired upon derivation of the vaccine strains and/or may have been present in wild-type parents of Sabin viruses. These “weak” segments contribute to the propensity of these viruses to recombine with each other and with other enteroviruses as well as determine the choice of crossover sites. The knowledge of location of such segments opens additional possibilities for the design of more genetically stable and/or more attenuated variants, i.e., candidates for new oral polio vaccines. The results also suggest that the genome of wild polioviruses, and, by generalization, of other RNA viruses, may harbor hidden low-fitness segments that can be readily eliminated only by recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Korotkova
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Majid Laassri
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Elena Cherkasova
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA.
| | - Anatoly Gmyl
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga E Ivanova
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Tatyana P Eremeeva
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Galina Y Lipskaya
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
| | - Vadim I Agol
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
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Canevelli M, Bruno G, Remiddi F, Vico C, Lacorte E, Vanacore N, Cesari M. Spontaneous Reversion of Clinical Conditions Measuring the Risk Profile of the Individual: From Frailty to Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:184. [PMID: 29164119 PMCID: PMC5670103 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people living with disabilities worldwide is rapidly growing due to a longer life expectancy and the subsequent increasing burden of chronic diseases. The need of developing and implementing effective strategies aimed at delaying or preventing disability has been repeatedly underlined and is currently the main focus of several health-care policies. In this scenario, a special attention is addressed to the identification of specific clinical conditions measuring the risk profile of the individual of developing an overt disability and other negative outcomes. These risk profiles can indeed become promising targets for developing and implementing preventive interventions. When the disabling cascade is fully established, in fact, the reversing/attenuating the process becomes more challenging. However, the exact nature of these relatively new constructs is not yet sufficiently clear, and several related issues remain poorly explored. In particular, these entities tend to be considered as unequivocally prodromal stages of a future disease, neglecting and underestimating their fluctuations/transitions over time and their potential to clinically improve/revert. This unbalanced judgment did probably contribute to an ambiguous and biased use of these conditions. Considering them as an early stage of an unavoidable future disease, in fact, determined a tendency to start a targeted intervention as if in presence of the disease itself, with the subsequent risk of over-diagnosis and over-treatment. In the present article, we discuss the dynamics underlying the reversion from a clinical at-risk condition to normality and its implications, specifically focusing on the examples of frailty and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Canevelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruno
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Remiddi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Vico
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lacorte
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Vanacore
- National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Quan Y, Xu H, Han Y, Mesplède T, Wainberg MA. JAK-STAT Signaling Pathways and Inhibitors Affect Reversion of Envelope-Mutated HIV-1. J Virol 2017; 91:e00075-17. [PMID: 28202754 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00075-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV can spread by both cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission. Here, we show that many of the amino acid changes in Env that are close to the CD4 binding pocket can affect HIV replication. We generated a number of mutant viruses that were unable to infect T cells as cell-free viruses but were nevertheless able to infect certain T cell lines as cell-associated viruses, which was followed by reversion to the wild type. However, the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathways caused the inhibition of such cell-to-cell infection as well as the reversion of multiple HIV Env mutants that displayed differences in their abilities to bind to the CD4 receptor. Specifically, two T cell activators, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), both capable of activation of JAK-STAT pathways, were able to inhibit cell-to-cell viral transmission. In contrast, but consistent with the above result, a number of JAK-STAT and mTOR inhibitors actually promoted HIV-1 transmission and reversion. Hence, JAK-STAT signaling pathways may differentially affect the replication of a variety of HIV Env mutants in ways that differ from the role that these pathways play in the replication of wild-type viruses.IMPORTANCE Specific alterations in HIV Env close to the CD4 binding site can differentially change the ability of HIV to mediate infection for cell-free and cell-associated viruses. However, such differences are dependent to some extent on the types of target cells used. JAK-STAT signaling pathways are able to play major roles in these processes. This work sheds new light on factors that can govern HIV infection of target cells.
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Pandya SY, Lacritz LH, Weiner MF, Deschner M, Woon FL. Predictors of Reversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2017; 43:204-214. [PMID: 28301848 PMCID: PMC5495561 DOI: 10.1159/000456070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Few studies have examined predictors of reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to normal cognition. We sought to identify baseline predictors of reversion, using the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set, by comparing MCI individuals who reverted to normal cognition to those who progressed to dementia. METHODS Participants (n = 1,208) meeting MCI criteria were evaluated at the baseline visit and 3 subsequent annual visits. Clusters of baseline predictors of MCI reversion included demographic/genetic data, global functioning, neuropsychological functioning, medical health/dementia risk score, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Stepwise logistic regression models identified predictors of MCI reversion per cluster, which were then entered into a final comprehensive model to find overall predictor(s). RESULTS At 2 years, 175 (14%) reverted to normal cognition, 612 (51%) remained MCI, and 421 (35%) progressed to dementia, with sustained diagnoses at 3 years. Significant variables associated with MCI reversion were younger age, being unmarried, absence of APOE ε4 allele, lower CDR-SOB score, and higher memory/language test scores. CONCLUSION A relatively sizable proportion of MCI individuals reverted to normal cognition, which is associated with multiple factors previously noted. Findings may enhance MCI prognostic accuracy and increase precision of early intervention studies of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Y. Pandya
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States,Department of Clinical Health and Psychology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Laura H. Lacritz
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Myron F. Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Martin Deschner
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States
| | - Fu L. Woon
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States,Seton Brain & Spine Institute, Department of Neurology, University of Texas at Austin-Dell Medical School, 1600 W 38 Street, Suite 308, Austin, TX 78731, United States
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Weyer CT, Grewar JD, Burger P, Rossouw E, Lourens C, Joone C, le Grange M, Coetzee P, Venter E, Martin DP, MacLachlan NJ, Guthrie AJ. African Horse Sickness Caused by Genome Reassortment and Reversion to Virulence of Live, Attenuated Vaccine Viruses, South Africa, 2004-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:2087-2096. [PMID: 27442883 PMCID: PMC5189153 DOI: 10.3201/eid2212.160718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic and phylogenetic analyses show repeated outbreaks derived from
vaccine viruses. African horse sickness (AHS) is a hemorrhagic viral fever of horses. It is the
only equine disease for which the World Organization for Animal Health has
introduced specific guidelines for member countries seeking official recognition
of disease-free status. Since 1997, South Africa has maintained an AHS
controlled area; however, sporadic outbreaks of AHS have occurred in this area.
We compared the whole genome sequences of 39 AHS viruses (AHSVs) from field AHS
cases to determine the source of 3 such outbreaks. Our analysis confirmed that
individual outbreaks were caused by virulent revertants of AHSV type 1 live,
attenuated vaccine (LAV) and reassortants with genome segments derived from AHSV
types 1, 3, and 4 from a LAV used in South Africa. These findings show that
despite effective protection of vaccinated horses, polyvalent LAV may,
paradoxically, place susceptible horses at risk for AHS.
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35
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Zhang L, Huang Y, Zhuo W, Zhu Y, Zhu B, Chen Z. Fisetin, a dietary phytochemical, overcomes Erlotinib-resistance of lung adenocarcinoma cells through inhibition of MAPK and AKT pathways. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4857-4868. [PMID: 27904686 PMCID: PMC5126328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Erlotinib (Tarceva) is a selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its efficacy is usually reduced by the occurrence of drug resistance. Our recent study showed that a flavonoid found in many plants, Fisetin, might have a potential to reverse the acquired Cisplatin-resistance of lung adenocarcinoma. In the present study, we aimed to test whether Fisetin could have the ability to reverse Erlotinib-resistance of lung cancer cells. Erlotinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells, HCC827-ER, were cultured from the cell line HCC827, and the effects of Fisetin and Erlotinib on the cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated. The possible signaling pathways in this process were also detected. As expected, the results showed that Fisetin effectively increased sensitivity of Erlotinib-resistant lung cancer cells to Erlotinib, possibly by inhibiting aberrant activation of MAPK and AKT signaling pathways resulted from AXL suppression. In conclusion, Fisetin was a potential agent for reversing acquired Erlotinib-resistance of lung adenocarcinoma. Inactivation of AXL, MAPK and AKT pathways might play a partial role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Wenlei Zhuo
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agriculture UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Zhengtang Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
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Yang L, Xu Z, He M, Yang H, Li X, Min X, Zhang C, Xu C, Angileri F, Légaré S, Yuan J, Miao X, Guo H, Yao P, Wu T, Zhang X. Sleep Duration and Midday Napping with 5-Year Incidence and Reversion of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese. Sleep 2016; 39:1911-1918. [PMID: 27450688 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Prospective evidence on the association of sleep duration and midday napping with metabolic syndrome (MetS) is limited. We aimed to examine the associations of sleep duration and midday napping with risk of incidence and reversion of MetS and its components among a middle-aged and older Chinese population. METHODS We included 14,399 subjects from the Dongfeng-Tongji (DFTJ) Cohort Study (2008-2013) who were free of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer at baseline. Baseline data were obtained by questionnaires and health examinations. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were derived from multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS After controlling for potential covariates, longer sleep duration (≥ 9 h) was associated with a higher risk of MetS incidence (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.08-1.55) and lower reversion of MetS (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96) compared with sleep duration of 7 to < 8 h; whereas shorter sleep duration (< 6 h) was not related to incidence or reversion of MetS. For midday napping, subjects with longer napping (≥ 90 min) was also associated with a higher risk of MetS incidence and a lower risk of MetS reversion compared with those with napping of 1 to < 30 min (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05-2.10 and OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.94, respectively). Significance for incidence or reversion of certain MetS components remained in shorter and longer sleepers but disappeared across napping categories. CONCLUSIONS Both longer sleep duration and longer midday napping were potential risk factors for MetS incidence, and concurrently exert adverse effects on MetS reversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangle Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengguang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiulou Li
- Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xinwen Min
- Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chengwei Xu
- Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Francesca Angileri
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sébastien Légaré
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yuan F, Liu J, Qiao T, Li T, Shen Q, Peng F. The Effects and Mechanisms of Periplaneta americana Extract Reversal of Multi-Drug Resistance in BEL-7402/5-FU Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070852. [PMID: 27367657 PMCID: PMC6274083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reports the reversing effects of extracts from P. americana on multidrug resistance of BEL-7402/5-FU cells, as well as a preliminary investigation on their mechanism of action. A methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method was applied to determine the multidrug resistance of BEL-7402/5-FU, while an intracellular drug accumulation assay was used to evaluate the effects of a column chromatography extract (PACC) and defatted extract (PADF) from P. americana on reversing multi-drug resistance. BEL-7402/5-FU reflected high resistance to 5-FU; PACC and PADF could promote drug accumulation in BEL-7402/5-FU cells, among which PADF was more effective than PACC. Moreover, results from the immunocytochemical method showed that PACC and PADF could downregulate the expression of drug resistance-associated proteins (P-gp, MRP, LRP); PACC and PADF had no effects on the expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes (GST-π), but PACC could increase the expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes (PKC). Results of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR revealed that PACC and PADF were able to markedly inhibit the expression of multidrug resistance-associated genes (MDR1, LRP and MRP1); PACC presented a significant impact on the gene expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes, which increased the gene expression of GST-π and PKC. However, PADF had little impact on the expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes. These results demonstrated that PACC and PADF extracted from P. americana could effectively reverse MDR in BEL-7402/5-FU cells, whose mechanism was to inhibit the expression of P-gp, MRP, and LRP, and that PADF was more effective in the reversal of MDR than did PACC. In addition, some of extracts from P. americana altered (sometimes increasing) the expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Biological Products/chemistry
- Biological Products/pharmacology
- Biomarkers
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Periplaneta/chemistry
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/genetics
- Vault Ribonucleoprotein Particles/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Falu Yuan
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Junyong Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Tingting Qiao
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Ting Li
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Qi Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Fang Peng
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R & D, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China.
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Khushaim M, Gemma R, Al-Kassab T. Laser-induced reversion of δ' precipitates in an Al-Li alloy: Study on temperature rise in pulsed laser atom probe. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:727-37. [PMID: 27297621 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The influence of tuning the laser pulse energy during the analyses on the resulting microstructure in a specimen utilizing an ultra-fast laser assisted atom probe was demonstrated by a case study of a binary Al-Li alloy. The decomposition parameters, such as the size, number density, volume fraction, and composition of δ' precipitates, were carefully monitored after each analysis. A simple model was employed to estimate the corresponding specimen temperature for each value of the laser energy. The results indicated that the corresponding temperatures for the laser pulse energy in the range of 10 to 80 pJ are located inside the miscibility gap of the binary Al-Li phase diagram and fall into the metastable equilibrium field. In addition, the corresponding temperature for a laser pulse energy of 100 pJ was in fairly good agreement with reported range of δ' solvus temperature, suggesting a result of reversion upon heating due to laser pulsing. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:727-737, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Khushaim
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryota Gemma
- Nanofabrication Core Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Strelin MM, Benitez-Vieyra S, Fornoni J, Klingenberg CP, Cocucci AA. Exploring the ontogenetic scaling hypothesis during the diversification of pollination syndromes in Caiophora (Loasaceae, subfam. Loasoideae). Ann Bot 2016; 117:937-47. [PMID: 27056974 PMCID: PMC4845809 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phenotypic diversification of flowers is frequently attributed to selection by different functional groups of pollinators. During optimization of floral phenotype, developmental robustness to genetic and non-genetic perturbations is expected to limit the phenotypic space available for future evolutionary changes. Although adaptive divergence can occur without altering the basic developmental programme of the flower (ontogenetic scaling hypothesis), the rarity of reversion to ancestral states following adaptive radiations of pollination syndromes suggests that changes in the ancestral developmental programme of the flower are common during such evolutionary transitions. Evidence suggests that flower diversification into different pollination syndromes in the Loasoideae genus Caiophora took place during a recent adaptive radiation in the central Andes. This involved transitions from bee to hummingbird and small rodent pollination. The aim of this work was to examine if the adaptive radiation of pollination syndromes in Caiophora occurred through ontogenetic scaling or involved a departure from the ontogenetic pattern basal to this genus. METHODS We used geometric morphometric variables to describe the shape and size of floral structures taking part in the pollination mechanism of Loasoideae. This approach was used to characterize the developmental trajectories of three species basal to the genus Caiophora through shape-size relationships (ontogenetic allometry). We then tested if the shape-size combinations of these structures in mature flowers of derived Caiophora species fall within the phenotypic space predicted by the development of basal species. KEY RESULTS Variation in the size and shape of Caiophora flowers does not overlap with the pattern of ontogenetic allometry of basal species. Derived bee-, hummingbird- and rodent-pollinated species had divergent ontogenetic patterns of floral development from that observed for basal bee-pollinated species. CONCLUSIONS The adaptive radiation of Caiophora involved significant changes in the developmental pattern of the flowers, rejecting the ontogenetic scaling hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Strelin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Casilla de Correo 495, X5000ZAA, Córdoba, Argentina,
| | - Santiago Benitez-Vieyra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Casilla de Correo 495, X5000ZAA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Fornoni
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Casilla de Correo 495, X5000ZAA, Córdoba, Argentina, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-275, Distrito Federal 04510, México and
| | - Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrea A Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Casilla de Correo 495, X5000ZAA, Córdoba, Argentina
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Abstract
Many microbial populations rapidly adapt to changing environments with multiple variants competing for survival. To quantify such complex evolutionary dynamics in vivo, time resolved and genome wide data including rare variants are essential. We performed whole-genome deep sequencing of HIV-1 populations in 9 untreated patients, with 6-12 longitudinal samples per patient spanning 5-8 years of infection. The data can be accessed and explored via an interactive web application. We show that patterns of minor diversity are reproducible between patients and mirror global HIV-1 diversity, suggesting a universal landscape of fitness costs that control diversity. Reversions towards the ancestral HIV-1 sequence are observed throughout infection and account for almost one third of all sequence changes. Reversion rates depend strongly on conservation. Frequent recombination limits linkage disequilibrium to about 100 bp in most of the genome, but strong hitch-hiking due to short range linkage limits diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zanini
- Evolutionary Dynamics and Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Brodin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Thebo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Lanz
- Evolutionary Dynamics and Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Göran Bratt
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard A Neher
- Evolutionary Dynamics and Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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Zhuo W, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Xie Q, Zhu B, Chen Z. Valproic acid, an inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases, reverses acquired Erlotinib-resistance of lung adenocarcinoma cells: a Connectivity Mapping analysis and an experimental study. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2202-2211. [PMID: 26328250 PMCID: PMC4548331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have been used as a powerful targeting therapeutic agent for treatment of lung adenocarcinoma for years. Nevertheless, the efficacy of TKI was hampered by the appearance of acquired TKI-resistance. In the present study, we aimed to search, predict, and screen the agents that can overcome the acquired TKI-resistance of lung adenocarcinoma by using the expression profiles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and Connectivity map (CMAP). The profiles of DEGs were obtained by searching GEO microarray database, and then, they were submitted to CMAP for analysis in order to predict and screen the agent that might reverse the TKI-resistance of lung cancer cells. Next, the effects of the selected agent on TKI-resistant cancer cells were tested and the possible signaling pathways were also evaluated. As a result, valproic acid (VPA) was selected. Then, we used a low-concentration of VPA that has little effect on the cell growth for analysis. Interestingly, the results showed that treatment with a combination of VPA and Erlotinib significantly led to a decrease in cell viability and an increase in cell apoptosis for TKI-resistant HCC827-ER cells, relative to those treated with VPA or Erlotinib alone. Further experiments confirmed that inhibition of MAPK and AKT might be involved in this process. Analyzing the DEGs through the CMAP is a good strategy for exploitation of anti-tumor agents. VPA might markedly increase the sensitivity of TKI-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells to Erlotinib, thus reversing the acquired TKI-resistance of cancer cells and raising VPA as a potential agent for TKI-resistant lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Zhuo
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agriculture UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qichao Xie
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Zhengtang Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
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Mi K, Xing Z. CD44(+)/CD24(-) breast cancer cells exhibit phenotypic reversion in three-dimensional self-assembling peptide RADA16 nanofiber scaffold. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3043-53. [PMID: 25945050 PMCID: PMC4408941 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s66723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffolds have been shown to be a permissive biological material for tissue repair, cell proliferation, differentiation, etc. Recently, a subpopulation (CD44+/CD24−) of breast cancer cells has been reported to have stem/progenitor cell properties. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this subpopulation of cancer cells have different phenotypes in self-assembling COCH3-RADARADARADARADA-CONH2 (RADA16) peptide nanofiber scaffold compared with Matrigel® (BD Biosciences, Two Oak Park, Bedford, MA, USA) and collagen I. Methods CD44 and CD24 expression was determined by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was measured by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine assay and DNA content measurement. Immunostaining was used to indicate the morphologies of cells in three-dimensional (3D) cultures of different scaffolds and the localization of β-catenin in the colonies. Western blot was used to determine the expression of signaling proteins. In vitro migration assay and inoculation into nude mice were used to evaluate invasion and tumorigenesis in vivo. Results The breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435S contained a high percentage (>99%) of CD44+/CD24− cells, which exhibited phenotypic reversion in 3D RADA16 nanofiber scaffold compared with collagen I and Matrigel. The newly formed reverted acini-like colonies reassembled a basement membrane and reorganized their cytoskeletons. At the same time, cells cultured and embedded in RADA16 peptide scaffold exhibited growth arrest. Also, they exhibited different migration potential, which links their migration ability with their cellular morphology. Consistent with studies in vitro, the in vivo tumor formation assay further supported of the functional changes caused by the reversion in 3D RADA16 culture. Expression levels of intercellular surface adhesion molecule-1 were upregulated in cells cultured in RADA16 scaffolds, and the NF-kappa B inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate could inhibit RADA16-induced upregulation of intercellular surface adhesion molecule-1 and the phenotype reversion of MDA-MB-453S cells. Conclusion Culturing a CD44+/CD24−-enriched breast cancer cell population in 3D RADA16 peptide nanofiber scaffold led to a significant phenotypic reversion compared with Matrigel and collagen I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Mi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Xing
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute for Nanobiomedical Technology and Membrane Biology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The end point of liver fibrosis in almost all chronic liver diseases including HBV chronic hepatitis is cirrhosis. Progression to cirrhosis is associated with annular deposition of fibrous tissue and vascular remodeling with a shift from a lobular to nodular organization. Although advanced liver fibrosis was previously thought to be irreversible, today there is compelling evidence that cirrhosis can be reversed if the underlying cause of liver injury is eliminated. Indeed, most clinical trials with antiviral therapy and histological follow-up have shown that fibrosis can regress and that in some cases even cirrhosis can reverse following long-term HBV-DNA suppression, although the return to a fully normal liver is rarely observed and difficult to prove. Nevertheless, a marked percentage of cirrhosis will not reverse even after effective antiviral therapy. Generally cirrhosis is more likely to regress if it is recent, there is effective and long-lasting viral suppression, an internal capacity to regenerate and no vascular thrombosis. HBV treatment in patients with cirrhosis is associated with an improved clinical outcome although there may still be a risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nevertheless it has not yet been determined if a favorable outcome depends on histological regression or whether the reversal of cirrhosis is merely a surrogate marker of viral suppression. The significance of the reversal of cirrhosis is still a subject of debate because neither the histological scoring systems nor non-invasive markers to evaluate the reversal of cirrhosis have been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bedossa
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Beaujon, University Paris-Denis Diderot, Paris, France
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Kidokoro M, Shida H. Vaccinia Virus LC16m8∆ as a Vaccine Vector for Clinical Applications. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:755-71. [PMID: 26344890 PMCID: PMC4494248 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The LC16m8 strain of vaccinia virus, the active ingredient in the Japanese smallpox vaccine, was derived from the Lister/Elstree strain. LC16m8 is replication-competent and has been administered to over 100,000 infants and 3,000 adults with no serious adverse reactions. Despite this outstanding safety profile, the occurrence of spontaneously-generated large plaque-forming virulent LC16m8 revertants following passage in cell culture is a major drawback. We identified the gene responsible for the reversion and deleted the gene (B5R) from LC16m8 to derive LC16m8Δ. LC16m8∆ is non-pathogenic in immunodeficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, genetically-stable and does not reverse to a large-plaque phenotype upon passage in cell culture, even under conditions in which most LC16m8 populations are replaced by revertants. Moreover, LC16m8∆ is >500-fold more effective than the non-replicating vaccinia virus (VV), Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), at inducing murine immune responses against pathogenic VV. LC16m8∆, which expresses the SIV gag gene, also induced anti-Gag CD8⁺ T-cells more efficiently than MVA and another non-replicating VV, Dairen I minute-pock variants (DIs). Moreover, LC16m8∆ expressing HIV-1 Env in combination with a Sendai virus vector induced the production of anti-Env antibodies and CD8⁺ T-cells. Thus, the safety and efficacy of LC16m8∆ mean that it represents an outstanding platform for the development of human vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Kidokoro
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Hisatoshi Shida
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
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Cohen ASA, Wilson SL, Trinh J, Ye XC. Detecting somatic mosaicism: considerations and clinical implications. Clin Genet 2014; 87:554-62. [PMID: 25223253 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human disease is rarely a matter of all or nothing; variable expressivity is generally observed. Part of this variability is explained by somatic mosaicism, which can arise by a myriad of genetic alterations. These can take place at any stage of development, possibly leading to unusual features visible at birth, but can also occur later in life, conceivably leading to cancer. Previously, detection of somatic mosaicism was extremely challenging, as many gold standard tests lacked the necessary resolution. However, with the advances in high-throughput sequencing, mosaicism is being detected more frequently and at lower levels. This raises the issue of normal variation within each individual vs mosaicism leading to disease, and how to distinguish between the two. In this article, we will define somatic mosaicism with a brief overview of its main mechanisms in concrete clinical examples, discuss the impact of next-generation sequencing technologies in its detection, and expand on the clinical implications associated with a discovery of somatic mosaicism in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S A Cohen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
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46
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Jing H, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Hill BJ, Dove CG, Gelfand EW, Atkinson TP, Uzel G, Matthews HF, Mustillo PJ, Lewis DB, Kavadas FD, Hanson IC, Kumar AR, Geha RS, Douek DC, Holland SM, Freeman AF, Su HC. Somatic reversion in dedicator of cytokinesis 8 immunodeficiency modulates disease phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1667-75. [PMID: 24797421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations in dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) cause a combined immunodeficiency characterized by atopy, recurrent infections, and cancer susceptibility. A genotype-phenotype explanation for the variable disease expression is lacking. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether reversions contributed to the variable disease expression. METHODS Patients followed at the National Institutes of Health's Clinical Center were studied. We performed detailed genetic analyses and intracellular flow cytometry to detect DOCK8 protein expression within lymphocyte subsets. RESULTS We identified 17 of 34 DOCK8-deficient patients who had germline mutations with variable degrees of reversion caused by somatic repair. Somatic repair of the DOCK8 mutations resulted from second-site mutation, original-site mutation, gene conversion, and intragenic crossover. Higher degrees of reversion were associated with recombination-mediated repair. DOCK8 expression was restored primarily within antigen-experienced T cells or natural killer cells but less so in naive T or B cells. Several patients exhibited multiple different repair events. Patients who had reversions were older and had less severe allergic disease, although infection susceptibility persisted. No patients were cured without hematopoietic cell transplantation. CONCLUSIONS In patients with DOCK8 deficiency, only certain combinations of germline mutations supported secondary somatic repair. Those patients had an ameliorated disease course with longer survival but still had fatal complications or required hematopoietic cell transplantation. These observations support the concept that some DOCK8-immunodeficient patients have mutable mosaic genomes that can modulate disease phenotype over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huie Jing
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Brenna J Hill
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Christopher G Dove
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Helen F Matthews
- Laboratory of Immunology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Peter J Mustillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David B Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Fotini D Kavadas
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - I Celine Hanson
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Ashish R Kumar
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency and Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md.
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Abstract
Dedication: with highest respect and affection to Prof. Giovanni Neri on the eve of his official administrative retirement as Chair of the Institute of Medical Genetics of the Università Cattolica of Rome for leadership in medical genetics and medical science and friendship for decades. The concept "atavism," reversion, throwback, Rückschlag remains an epistemological challenge in biology; unwise or implausible over-interpretation of a given structure as such has led some to almost total skepticism as to its existence. Originating in botany in the 18th century it became applied to zoology (and humans) with increasing frequency over the last two centuries such that the very concept became widely discredited. Presently, atavisms have acquired a new life and reconsideration given certain reasonable criteria, including: Homology of structure of the postulated atavism to that of ancestral fossils or collateral species with plausible soft tissue reconstructions taking into account relationships of parts, obvious sites of origin and insertion of muscles, vascular channels, etc. Most parsimonious, plausible phylogenetic assumptions. Evident rudimentary or vestigial anatomical state in prior generations or in morphogenesis of a given organism. Developmental instability in prior generations, that is, some closely related species facultatively with or without the trait. Genetic identity or phylogenomic similarity inferred in ancestors and corroborated in more or less closely related species. Fluctuating asymmetry may be the basis for the striking evolutionary diversification and common atavisms in limbs; however, strong selection and developmental constraints would make atavisms in, for example, cardiac or CNS development less likely. Thus, purported atavisms must be examined critically in light of the above criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, IRRCS, Rome, Italy
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Ingram AL, Christin PA, Osborne CP. Molecular phylogenies disprove a hypothesized C4 reversion in Eragrostis walteri (Poaceae). Ann Bot 2011; 107:321-5. [PMID: 21098824 PMCID: PMC3025728 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The main assemblage of the grass subfamily Chloridoideae is the largest known clade of C(4) plant species, with the notable exception of Eragrostis walteri Pilg., whose leaf anatomy has been described as typical of C(3) plants. Eragrostis walteri is therefore classically hypothesized to represent an exceptional example of evolutionary reversion from C(4) to C(3) photosynthesis. Here this hypothesis is tested by verifying the photosynthetic type of E. walteri and its classification. METHODS Carbon isotope analyses were used to determine the photosynthetic pathway of several E. walteri accessions, and phylogenetic analyses of plastid rbcL and ndhF and nuclear internal transcribed spacer DNA sequences were used to establish the phylogenetic position of the species. RESULTS Carbon isotope analyses confirmed that E. walteri is a C(3) plant. However, phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that this species has been misclassified, showing that E. walteri is positioned outside Chloridoideae in Arundinoideae, a subfamily comprised entirely of C(3) species. CONCLUSIONS The long-standing hypothesis of C(4) to C(3) reversion in E. walteri is rejected, and the classification of this species needs to be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Ingram
- Department of Biology, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, IN 47933, USA.
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an update on the origin of the HIV epidemic and insights into how the immune response is shaping virus evolution. RECENT FINDINGS Characterization of archival samples showed that by the 1960s, HIV had already diverged within humans. It is now estimated that HIV has been in humans since at least the early 1900s. However, despite the potential for different divergent viruses to spread, surprisingly few viruses successfully expanded to cause the global epidemic. In approximately 80% of cases, productive infection is the result of infection with only a single virus or single virus-infected cell. After transmission, HIV evolves at a rapid rate driven by the immune pressure until the virus reaches a delicate survival balance: on one hand avoiding elimination through the development of cytotoxic T-cell immune escape mutations, and on the other sacrificing replication fitness as these mutations may come with a severe fitness cost to the virus. People infected with these 'attenuated' cytotoxic T-cell escape viruses can have a survival advantage. Cytotoxic T-cell responses are molding HIV diversity at a population level resulting in a loss of some of the common immune epitopes. SUMMARY Insights into the origin of HIV and its evolution between populations and within individuals is essential to understanding HIV pathogenesis and imperative for the design of effective biomedical interventions such as vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenda Woodman
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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50
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Kidokoro M, Tashiro M, Shida H. Genetically stable and fully effective smallpox vaccine strain constructed from highly attenuated vaccinia LC16m8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4152-7. [PMID: 15753319 PMCID: PMC554788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406671102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly attenuated LC16m8 (m8) smallpox vaccine has been licensed in Japan because of its extremely low neurovirulence profile, which is comparable to that of replication incompetent strains of vaccinia virus. From 1973 to 1975, m8 was administrated to >100,000 infants where it induced levels of immunity similar to that of the originating Lister strain, without any serious side effects. Recently, we observed that m8 reverts spontaneously to large plaque forming clones that possess virulence equivalent to that of LC16mO, a parental virus strain of m8. Here, we report that the B5R gene is responsible for the reversion, and that we could construct a more genetically stable virus by deleting B5R from m8. The protective immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate proved to be equivalent to that of the U.S.-licensed product Dryvax, and much superior to modified vaccinia Ankara in a mouse model. Furthermore, the vaccine strain never elicited any symptoms in severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice, even at a dose 1,000-fold greater than that used in the immune protection experiments, which is in contrast to the lethal pathogenicity induced by Dryvax inoculation of severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice. Our results suggest that this vaccine strain is a good candidate as a suitable smallpox vaccine and a vector virus, and that B5R is not essential for protective immunity against smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Kidokoro
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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