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Guito JC, Kirejczyk SGM, Schuh AJ, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Graziano J, Spengler JR, Harmon JR, Wozniak DM, Prescott JB, Towner JS. Coordinated inflammatory responses dictate Marburg virus control by reservoir bats. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1826. [PMID: 38418477 PMCID: PMC10902335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats are increasingly recognized as reservoirs of emerging zoonotic pathogens. Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs) are the known reservoir of Marburg virus (MARV), a filovirus that causes deadly Marburg virus disease (MVD) in humans. However, ERBs harbor MARV asymptomatically, likely due to a coadapted and specific host immunity-pathogen relationship. Recently, we measured transcriptional responses in MARV-infected ERB whole tissues, showing that these bats possess a disease tolerant strategy that limits pro-inflammatory gene induction, presumably averting MVD-linked immunopathology. However, the host resistant strategy by which ERBs actively limit MARV burden remains elusive, which we hypothesize requires localized inflammatory responses unresolvable at bulk-tissue scale. Here, we use dexamethasone to attenuate ERB pro-inflammatory responses and assess MARV replication, shedding and disease. We show that MARV-infected ERBs naturally mount coordinated pro-inflammatory responses at liver foci of infection, comprised of recruited mononuclear phagocytes and T cells, the latter of which proliferate with likely MARV-specificity. When pro-inflammatory responses are diminished, ERBs display heightened MARV replication, oral/rectal shedding and severe MVD-like liver pathology, demonstrating that ERBs balance immunoprotective tolerance with discreet MARV-resistant pro-inflammatory responses. These data further suggest that natural ERB immunomodulatory stressors like food scarcity and habitat disruption may potentiate viral shedding, transmission and therefore outbreak risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Guito
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Shannon G M Kirejczyk
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Pathology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- StageBio, Mount Jackson, VA, 22842, USA
| | - Amy J Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Tara K Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - James Graziano
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - David M Wozniak
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Virology Department, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joseph B Prescott
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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2
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Imbiakha B, Sahler JM, Buchholz DW, Ezzatpour S, Jager M, Choi A, Monreal IA, Byun H, Adeleke RA, Leach J, Whittaker G, Dewhurst S, Rudd BD, Aguilar HC, August A. Adaptive immune cells are necessary for SARS-CoV-2-induced pathology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadg5461. [PMID: 38170764 PMCID: PMC10775995 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the ongoing global pandemic associated with morbidity and mortality in humans. Although disease severity correlates with immune dysregulation, the cellular mechanisms of inflammation and pathogenesis of COVID-19 remain relatively poorly understood. Here, we used mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 strain MA10 to investigate the role of adaptive immune cells in disease. We found that while infected wild-type mice lost ~10% weight by 3 to 4 days postinfection, rag-/- mice lacking B and T lymphocytes did not lose weight. Infected lungs at peak weight loss revealed lower pathology scores, fewer neutrophils, and lower interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in rag-/- mice. Mice lacking αβ T cells also had less severe weight loss, but adoptive transfer of T and B cells into rag-/- mice did not significantly change the response. Collectively, these findings suggest that while adaptive immune cells are important for clearing SARS-CoV-2 infection, this comes at the expense of increased inflammation and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Imbiakha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Julie M. Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David W. Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shahrzad Ezzatpour
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mason Jager
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Annette Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Isaac A. Monreal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Haewon Byun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard Ayomide Adeleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Justin Leach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Gary Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Brian D. Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense; Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense; Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense; Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Center for Health Equity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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3
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Yan J, Nielsen TB, Lu P, Talyansky Y, Slarve M, Reza H, Novakovic B, Netea MG, Keller AE, Warren T, DiGiandomenico A, Sellman BR, Luna BM, Spellberg B. A protein-free vaccine stimulates innate immunity and protects against nosocomial pathogens. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf9556. [PMID: 37792959 PMCID: PMC10947341 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf9556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines are difficult to deploy against the diverse antimicrobial-resistant, nosocomial pathogens that cause health care-associated infections. We developed a protein-free vaccine composed of aluminum hydroxide, monophosphoryl lipid A, and fungal mannan that improved survival and reduced bacterial burden of mice with invasive blood or lung infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-expressing Escherichia coli, and carbapenem-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The vaccine also conferred protection against the fungi Rhizopus delemar and Candida albicans. Efficacy was apparent by 24 hours and lasted for up to 28 days after a single vaccine dose, with a second dose restoring efficacy. The vaccine acted through stimulation of the innate, rather than the adaptive, immune system, as demonstrated by efficacy in the absence of lymphocytes that were abrogated by macrophage depletion. A role for macrophages was further supported by the finding that vaccination induced macrophage epigenetic alterations that modulated phagocytosis and the inflammatory response to infection. Together, these data show that this protein-free vaccine is a promising strategy to prevent deadly antimicrobial-resistant health care-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Travis B. Nielsen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peggy Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yuli Talyansky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Matt Slarve
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hernan Reza
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley E. Keller
- AstraZeneca Inc., Early Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Troy Warren
- AstraZeneca Inc., Early Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Antonio DiGiandomenico
- AstraZeneca Inc., Early Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Bret R. Sellman
- AstraZeneca Inc., Early Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Brian M. Luna
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brad Spellberg
- Los Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Cai L, Xu H, Cui Z. Factors Limiting the Translatability of Rodent Model-Based Intranasal Vaccine Research to Humans. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:191. [PMID: 35819736 PMCID: PMC9274968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intranasal route of vaccination presents an attractive alternative to parenteral routes and offers numerous advantages, such as the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, needle-free delivery, and increased patient compliance. Despite demonstrating promising results in preclinical studies, however, few intranasal vaccine candidates progress beyond early clinical trials. This discrepancy likely stems in part from the limited predictive value of rodent models, which are used frequently in intranasal vaccine research. In this review, we explored the factors that limit the translatability of rodent-based intranasal vaccine research to humans, focusing on the differences in anatomy, immunology, and disease pathology between rodents and humans. We also discussed approaches that minimize these differences and examined alternative animal models that would produce more clinically relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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5
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Quantifying dose-, strain-, and tissue-specific kinetics of parainfluenza virus infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009299. [PMID: 34383757 PMCID: PMC8384156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory infection hospitalization in children, yet little is known about how dose, strain, tissue tropism, and individual heterogeneity affects the processes driving growth and clearance kinetics. Longitudinal measurements are possible by using reporter Sendai viruses, the murine counterpart of HPIV 1, that express luciferase, where the insertion location yields a wild-type (rSeV-luc(M-F*)) or attenuated (rSeV-luc(P-M)) phenotype. Bioluminescence from individual animals suggests that there is a rapid increase in expression followed by a peak, biphasic clearance, and resolution. However, these kinetics vary between individuals and with dose, strain, and whether the infection was initiated in the upper and/or lower respiratory tract. To quantify the differences, we translated the bioluminescence measurements from the nasopharynx, trachea, and lung into viral loads and used a mathematical model together a nonlinear mixed effects approach to define the mechanisms distinguishing each scenario. The results confirmed a higher rate of virus production with the rSeV-luc(M-F*) virus compared to its attenuated counterpart, and suggested that low doses result in disproportionately fewer infected cells. The analyses indicated faster infectivity and infected cell clearance rates in the lung and that higher viral doses, and concomitantly higher infected cell numbers, resulted in more rapid clearance. This parameter was also highly variable amongst individuals, which was particularly evident during infection in the lung. These critical differences provide important insight into distinct HPIV dynamics, and show how bioluminescence data can be combined with quantitative analyses to dissect host-, virus-, and dose-dependent effects. Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) cause acute respiratory infections and can lead to the hospitalization of children. HPIV infection severity may vary due to dose, strain, patient, and whether the infection initiates within the upper or lower respiratory tract. There is a need to determine how the rates of virus spread and clearance change in different infection scenarios in order to better understand varying clinical manifestations. The significance of our research is in identifying the dominant mechanisms driving strain-, dose-, and tissue-specific HPIV infection kinetics, and in pairing bioluminescence data with quantitative analyses to determine how the same virus can yield patient-specific outcomes. This work enhances our understanding of HPIV infection and broadens our knowledge viral dynamics in the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
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6
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Dénes L, Cságola A, Schönhardt K, Halas M, Solymosi N, Balka G. First report of porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (species Porcine respirovirus 1) in Europe. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1731-1735. [PMID: 33006252 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine respirovirus 1, also known as Porcine parainfluenza virus 1 (PPIV-1) was first identified in Hong Kong in 2013, later in the USA and most recently in Chile. Here, we report the first detection of PPIV-1 outside these three regions. We screened 22 farms in Hungary by testing 15 nasal swab samples obtained from 3-week-old piglets (3 randomly chosen piglets from 5 litters in each farm). Only one farm was found to be positive. We subsequently sampled the positive farm by taking cross-sectional 20 nasal swab samples from 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-week-old piglets. Virus detection by qRT-PCR showed that although all investigated age groups were positive to PPIV-1, a higher number of infected animals and higher viral loads were found among 4-week-old animals. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of partial F and L genes, the 3 Hungarian strains are genetically closely related to the very first PPIV-1 strain identified in Hong Kong in 2013, whereas the overall genetic difference compared to the recently described North American isolates was around 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Dénes
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Kitti Schönhardt
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Belarbi E, Legros V, Basset J, Desprès P, Roques P, Choumet V. Bioluminescent Ross River Virus Allows Live Monitoring of Acute and Long-Term Alphaviral Infection by In Vivo Imaging. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070584. [PMID: 31252609 PMCID: PMC6669695 DOI: 10.3390/v11070584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses like chikungunya and Ross River (RRV) are responsible for massive outbreaks of viral polyarthritis. There is no effective treatment or vaccine available against these viruses that induce prolonged and disabling arthritis. To explore the physiopathological mechanisms of alphaviral arthritis, we engineered a recombinant RRV expressing a NanoLuc reporter (RRV-NLuc), which exhibited high stability, near native replication kinetics and allowed real time monitoring of viral spread in an albino mouse strain. During the acute phase of the disease, we observed a high bioluminescent signal reflecting viral replication and dissemination in the infected mice. Using Bindarit, an anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits monocyte recruitment, we observed a reduction in viral dissemination demonstrating the important role of monocytes in the propagation of the virus and the adaptation of this model to the in vivo evaluation of treatment strategies. After resolution of the acute symptoms, we observed an increase in the bioluminescent signal in mice subjected to an immunosuppressive treatment 30 days post infection, thus showing active in vivo replication of remnant virus. We show here that this novel reporter virus is suitable to study the alphaviral disease up to the chronic phase, opening new perspectives for the evaluation of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essia Belarbi
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Arbovirus group, Environment and Infectious Risks unit, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Legros
- Arbovirus group, Environment and Infectious Risks unit, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France
- Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, Virology department, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Justine Basset
- Arbovirus group, Environment and Infectious Risks unit, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97491 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Arbovirus group, Environment and Infectious Risks unit, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France.
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8
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Candida albicans-induced acute lung injury through activating several inflammatory signaling pathways in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:275-283. [PMID: 31005037 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans infection-induced acute lung injury is one of the most prevalent diseases in immunosuppressive individual. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which Candida albicans induced acute lung injury remains unclear. The present study investigated the mechanism by which Candida albicans induced acute lung injury in mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups and intratracheally injected with 60 μl Candida albicans (106 CFU) or normal saline. Half of the mice were sacrificed at 6 h after Candida albicans. The rest of the mice for survival test were observed until 7 d after Candida albicans. As expected, immunosuppression aggravated Candida albicans-induced acute lung injury and death in mice. Additionally, Candida albicans infection elevated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory and chemokines in lungs and the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-17 in serum. Further study showed that Candida albicans promoted nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits in pulmonary epithelial cells and interstitial cells. Candida albicans induced pulmonary p38, ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in normal and immunosuppressive mice. Moreover, Candida albicans infection activated pulmonary STAT3 signaling in normal and immunosuppressive mice. Overall, these results suggest that Candida albicans induced acute lung injury and death may be through activating several inflammatory signaling pathways.
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9
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Directed Evolution of an Influenza Reporter Virus To Restore Replication and Virulence and Enhance Noninvasive Bioluminescence Imaging in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00593-18. [PMID: 29899096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00593-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reporter viruses provide a powerful tool to study infection, yet incorporating a nonessential gene often results in virus attenuation and genetic instability. Here, we used directed evolution of a luciferase-expressing pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) 2009 influenza A virus in mice to restore replication kinetics and virulence, increase the bioluminescence signal, and maintain reporter gene expression. An unadapted pH1N1 virus with NanoLuc luciferase inserted into the 5' end of the PA gene segment grew to titers 10-fold less than those of the wild type in MDCK cells and in DBA/2 mice and was less virulent. For 12 rounds, we propagated DBA/2 lung samples with the highest bioluminescence-to-titer ratios. Every three rounds, we compared in vivo replication, weight loss, mortality, and bioluminescence. Mouse-adapted virus after 9 rounds (MA-9) had the highest relative bioluminescence signal and had wild-type-like fitness and virulence in DBA/2 mice. Using reverse genetics, we discovered fitness was restored in virus rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N by a combination of PA-D479N and PB2-E158G amino acid mutations and PB2 noncoding mutations C1161T and C1977T. rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N has increased mRNA transcription, which helps restore wild-type-like phenotypes in DBA/2 and BALB/c mice. Overall, the results demonstrate that directed evolution that maximizes foreign-gene expression while maintaining genetic stability is an effective method to restore wild-type-like in vivo fitness of a reporter virus. Virus rPB2-MA9/PA-D479N is expected to be a useful tool for noninvasive imaging of pH1N1 influenza virus infection and clearance while analyzing virus-host interactions and developing new therapeutics and vaccines.IMPORTANCE Influenza viruses contribute to 290,000 to 650,000 deaths globally each year. Infection is studied in mice to learn how the virus causes sickness and to develop new drugs and vaccines. During experiments, scientists have needed to euthanize groups of mice at different times to measure the amount of infectious virus in mouse tissues. By inserting a foreign gene that causes infected cells to light up, scientists could see infection spread in living mice. Unfortunately, adding an extra gene not needed by the virus slowed it down and made it weaker. Here, we used a new strategy to restore the fitness and lethality of an influenza reporter virus; we adapted it to mouse lungs and selected for variants that had the greatest light signal. The adapted virus can be used to study influenza virus infection, immunology, and disease in living mice. The strategy can also be used to adapt other viruses.
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10
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Włodarczyk M, Ograczyk E, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Druszczyńska M, Rudnicka W, Fol M. Effect of Cyclophosphamide Treatment on Central and Effector Memory T Cells in Mice. Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:373-382. [PMID: 29923437 DOI: 10.1177/1091581818780128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a key feature of adaptive immunity. It provides the organism with long-lived and robust protection against infection. The important question is whether cyclophosphamide (CP), as immunosuppressive agent used in cancer therapy and in some autoimmune diseases, may act on the memory T-cell population. We investigated the effect of CP on the percentage of central memory T cells (TCM) and effector memory T cells (TEM) in the mouse model of CP-induced immunosuppression (8-10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice CP treated for 7 days at the daily dose of 50 μg/g body weight [bw], manifested the best immunosuppression status, as compared to lower doses of CP: 10 or 20 μg/g bw). The CP induced a significant decrease in the percentage of CD8+ (TCM), compared to nonimmunosuppressed mice. This effect was not observed in the case of CD4+ TCM population. The percentage of gated TEM with CD4 and CD8 phenotype was significantly decreased in CP-treated mice, as compared to the control ones. Taken together, the above data indicate that CP-induced immunosuppression in mice leads to a reduction in the abundance of central memory cells possessing preferentially CD8+ phenotype as well as to a reduction in the percentage of effector memory cells (splenocytes both CD4+ and CD8+), compared to the cells from nonimmunosuppressed mice. These findings in mice described in this article may contribute to the understanding of the complexity of the immunological responses in humans and extend research on the impact of the CP model of immunosuppression in mice and memory T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Włodarczyk
- 1 Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Ograczyk
- 1 Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalewicz-Kulbat
- 1 Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Magdalena Druszczyńska
- 1 Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Wiesława Rudnicka
- 1 Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek Fol
- 1 Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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11
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Mostafa HH, Vogel P, Srinivasan A, Russell CJ. Dynamics of Sendai Virus Spread, Clearance, and Immunotherapeutic Efficacy after Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Imaged Noninvasively in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:e01705-17. [PMID: 29093083 PMCID: PMC5752929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01705-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no approved vaccines or virus-specific treatments for human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), which have recently been reclassified into the species Human respirovirus 1, Human respirovirus 3, Human rubulavirus 2, and Human rubulavirus 4 These viruses cause morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). No small-animal models for noninvasive imaging of respiratory virus infection in the HCT host exist, despite the utility that such a system would offer to monitor prolonged infection, its clearance, and treatment options. We used a luciferase-expressing reporter virus to noninvasively image in mice the infection of murine respirovirus (strain Sendai virus [SeV]), the murine counterpart of HPIV1. Independent of disease severity, the clearance of infection began approximately 21 days after HCT, largely due to the recovery of CD8+ T cells. Immunotherapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells provided a limited therapeutic benefit. Treatment with a fusion (F) protein-specific monoclonal antibody arrested the spread of lung infection and reduced the disease severity even when treatment was delayed to up to 10 days postinfection but had little observable effect on upper respiratory tract infection. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells at 10 days postinfection accelerated the clearance by 5 days, reduced the extent of infection throughout the respiratory tract, and reduced the disease severity. Overall, the results support investigation of the clinical treatment of respiratory virus infection in the HCT host with monoclonal antibodies and adoptive T-cell transfer; the imaging system should be extendable to other respiratory viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus.IMPORTANCE Parainfluenza viruses are a major cause of disease and death due to respiratory virus infection in the immunocompromised host, including those undergoing bone marrow transplantation. There are currently no effective treatment measures. We noninvasively imaged mice that were undergoing a bone marrow transplant and infected with Sendai virus, a murine parainfluenza virus (respirovirus). For the first time, we show the therapeutic windows of adoptive T-cell therapy and treatment with a monoclonal antibody to the fusion (F) protein in clearing Sendai virus from the respiratory tract and reducing disease severity. Mice tolerated these treatments without any detectable toxicity. These findings pave the way for studies assessing the safety of T-cell therapy against parainfluenza virus in humans. Adoptive T-cell therapy against other blood-borne viruses in humans has been shown to be safe and effective. Our model of noninvasive imaging in mice that had undergone a bone marrow transplant may be well suited to track other respiratory virus infections and develop novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba H Mostafa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Marathe BM, Mostafa HH, Vogel P, Pascua PNQ, Jones JC, Russell CJ, Webby RJ, Govorkova EA. A pharmacologically immunosuppressed mouse model for assessing influenza B virus pathogenicity and oseltamivir treatment. Antiviral Res 2017; 148:20-31. [PMID: 29100887 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to influenza virus infections. Although neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) therapy has proved effective in these patients, the treatment regimens require optimization, which can be partly addressed via animal models. Here, we describe a pharmacologically immunosuppressed mouse model for studying the pathogenesis of influenza B viruses and evaluating the efficacy of antiviral treatment. We modeled clinical regimens for dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide to immunosuppress BALB/c mice that were then inoculated with B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage) or B/Brisbane/60/2008 (BR/08, Victoria lineage) virus. Although both viruses caused morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed mice, BR/08 was more virulent, consistently inducing greater morbidity and 100% lethality in mice inoculated with at least 103 TCID50/mouse. The replication of both viruses was prolonged in the lungs of immunosuppressed mice, but the extent of pulmonary inflammation in these mice was markedly less than that in immunocompetent animals. Most of the examined cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-1β, and RANTES, were significantly decreased in the lungs of immunosuppressed mice, as compared to immunocompetent animals, until at least 10 days post-infection. Treatment with the NAI oseltamivir for 8 or 16 days increased the mean survival time and reduced virus spread in the lungs of immunosuppressed mice challenged with a lethal dose of BR/08 but did not completely provide protection or decrease the virus titers. Our data suggests that the synergy of the viral load and aberrant immune responses is a key contributor to the severity of infection, as well as the limited efficacy of oseltamivir, which in immunosuppressed mice curtails virus release without clearing infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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13
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An anti-Propionibacterium acnes antibody shows heterologous resistance to an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection independent of neutrophils in mice. Immunol Res 2017; 65:1124-1129. [PMID: 28929313 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Porcine contagious pleuropneumonia is a highly fatal respiratory disease that is caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and results in tremendous economic losses for the pig breeding industry worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated that Propionibacterium acnes (PA) could effectively prevent APP infection in mice and pigs. The humoral immune response played a primary role during this process and anti-PA antibody could mediate macrophages to kill the bacteria. However, the role of neutrophils in this process is currently unknown. In this study, mice were injected with cyclophosphamide to deplete neutrophils and then passively immunized with anti-PA serum or negative serum. Mice were subsequently challenged with APP serotype 1. The results showed that the mice exhibited less bacterial colonization, less lung damage, and a high survival rate, which were immunized with the anti-PA antibody whether neutrophils were depleted or not. Worse still, the presence of neutrophils increased the damage to the mice after challenge. These results suggest that the activity of the anti-PA antibody against APP infection was independent of neutrophils. These findings have important significance for understanding the mechanisms of humoral immunity conferred by heterologous immunization and lay a good foundation for preventing APP infection.
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Aguayo-Hiraldo PI, Arasaratnam RJ, Tzannou I, Kuvalekar M, Lulla P, Naik S, Martinez CA, Piedra PA, Vera JF, Leen AM. Characterizing the Cellular Immune Response to Parainfluenza Virus 3. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:153-161. [PMID: 28472480 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, with no approved therapies. Our group has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of adoptively transferred virus-specific T cells for the prevention and treatment of a broad range of viral infections including BK virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and Epstein-Barr virus. However, this approach is restricted to well-characterized viruses with known immunogenic/protective T-cell target antigens, precluding extension to PIV3. We now characterize the cellular immune response to all 7 PIV3-encoded antigens in 17 healthy donors and define a hierarchy of immunogenicity based on the frequency of responding donors and the magnitude of specific cells. We show that reactive populations of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are capable of producing Th1-polarized effector cytokines and killing PIV3-expressing targets. Furthermore, we confirm the clinical relevance of these cells by demonstrating a direct correlation between the presence of PIV3-specific T cells and viral control in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Taken together, our findings support the clinical use of PIV3-specific T cells produced with our Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant manufacturing process, in immunocompromised patients with uncontrolled infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paibel I Aguayo-Hiraldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Reuben J Arasaratnam
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Ifigeneia Tzannou
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Manik Kuvalekar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Premal Lulla
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Swati Naik
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Caridad A Martinez
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | | | - Juan F Vera
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital
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