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Shen X, Gu M, Zhan F, Cai H, Zhang K, Wang K, Li C. Porcine beta defensin 2 attenuates inflammatory responses in IPEC-J2 cells against Escherichia coli via TLRs-NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:357. [PMID: 39127630 PMCID: PMC11316325 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine beta defensin 2 (pBD2) is one of the porcine beta defensins that has antibacterial activity, and plays an important role in the immunomodulatory activity that protects cells from pathogens. It has been reported that pBD2 plays their immunomodulatory functions related to the TLR4-NF-κB signal pathways. However, it is not completely clear how pBD2 reduces the inflammatory response caused by pathogens. RESULTS In this study, the effect of pBD2 on the expression of genes in the TLRs signaling pathway was investigated after IPEC-J2 cells were challenged with E. coli. The results showed that pBD2 decreased the expression of IL-8 induced by E. coli (P < 0.05), and pBD2 significantly decreased the expression of TLR4, TLR5 and TLR7 (P < 0.05), as well as the key downstream genes p38 and JNK which activated by E. coli (P < 0.05). In addition, pBD2 inhibited the p-p65, p-p38 and p-JNK which were up-regulated by E. coli. CONCLUSIONS pBD2 could reduce the inflammatory response induced by E. coli perhaps by inhibiting the TLRs-TAK1-NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway which was activated by E. coli in IPEC-J2 cells. Our study further reveals the immunomodulatory activity of recombinant pBD2 against E. coli, and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms that protect cells from E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218, PingAn Road, Zheng Dong New District, Zhengzhou, 460045, Henan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Mingke Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218, PingAn Road, Zheng Dong New District, Zhengzhou, 460045, Henan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Fengting Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218, PingAn Road, Zheng Dong New District, Zhengzhou, 460045, Henan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hanfang Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218, PingAn Road, Zheng Dong New District, Zhengzhou, 460045, Henan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Kejun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218, PingAn Road, Zheng Dong New District, Zhengzhou, 460045, Henan, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No. 218, PingAn Road, Zheng Dong New District, Zhengzhou, 460045, Henan, The People's Republic of China.
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2
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Chiba N, Tada R, Ohnishi T, Matsuguchi T. TLR4/7-mediated host-defense responses of gingival epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30576. [PMID: 38726711 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are physical and immunological barriers against outward pathogens while coping with a plethora of non-pathogenic commensal bacteria. GECs express several members of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and control subsequent innate immune responses. TLR4 senses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) while TLR7/8 recognizes single-strand RNA (ssRNA) playing important roles against viral infection. However, their distinct roles in GECs have not been fully demonstrated. Here, we analyzed biological responses of GECs to LPS and CL075, a TLR7/8 agonist. GE1, a mouse gingival epithelial cell line, constitutively express TLR4 and TLR7, but not TLR8, like primary skin keratinocytes. Stimulation of GE1 cells with CL075 induced cytokine, chemokine, and antimicrobial peptide expressions, the pattern of which is rather different from that with LPS: higher mRNA levels of interferon (IFN) β, CXCL10, and β-defensin (BD) 14 (mouse homolog of human BD3); lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), CCL5, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL2, and CX3CL1. As for the intracellular signal transduction of GE1 cells, CL075 rapidly induced significant AKT phosphorylation but failed to activate IKKα/β-NFκB pathway, whereas LPS induced marked IKKα/β-NFκB activation without significant AKT phosphorylation. In contrast, both CL075 and LPS induced rapid IKKα/β-NFκB activation and AKT phosphorylation in a macrophage cell line. Furthermore, specific inhibition of AKT activity abrogated CL075-induced IFNβ, CXCL10, and BD14 mRNA expression in GE1 cells. Thus, TLR4/7 ligands appear to induce rather different host-defense responses of GECs through distinct intracellular signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norika Chiba
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tada
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ohnishi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsuguchi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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3
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Wang H, Chen F, Wang S, Li Y, Liu T, Li Y, Deng H, Dong J, Pang J, Song D, Zhang D, Yu J, Wang Y. Evaluation and mechanism study of Pien Tze Huang against EV-A71 infection. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1251731. [PMID: 37954857 PMCID: PMC10637388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1251731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection, currently lacks specific preventive and therapeutic interventions. Here, we demonstrated that Pien Tze Huang (PZH) could dose-dependently inhibit EV-A71 replication at the cellular level, resulting in significant reductions in EV-A71 virus protein 1 (VP1) expression and viral yields in Vero and human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. More importantly, we confirmed that PZH could protect mice from EV-A71 infection for the first time, with Ribavirin serving as a positive control. PZH treatment reduced EV-A71 VP1 protein expression, viral yields in infected muscles, and improved muscle pathology. Additionally, we conducted a preliminary mechanism study using quantitative proteomics. The results suggested that the suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways may contribute to the anti-EV-A71 activity of PZH. These findings provide strong evidence supporting the potential therapeutic application of PZH for EV-A71 infection management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fenbei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shicong Wang
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute for Drug Control, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Danqing Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dousheng Zhang
- Institute for Drug Control, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Yu
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Yang G, Yue Z, Pan P, Li Y. In Memory of the Virologist Jianguo Wu, 1957-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1754. [PMID: 37632095 PMCID: PMC10457867 DOI: 10.3390/v15081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is with deep sorrow that we mourn the passing of the virologist Professor Jianguo Wu [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yue
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Chen X. A Tribute to Professor Jianguo Wu. Viruses 2023; 15:1720. [PMID: 37632062 PMCID: PMC10457838 DOI: 10.3390/v15081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been a couple of months since Professor Jianguo Wu left us [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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6
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Li C, Zhang W, Chang X, Di X, Xie Q, Lin B, Zhang H, Ye Z, Lan M, Lian J, Zhang H, Qiu X, Zeng J, Huang M. The upregulation of peripheral blood polyamine metabolites spermidine and spermine in children with hand, foot, mouth disease is related to enterovirus 71 capsid protein VP1, but not VP4. Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:194-207. [PMID: 36891375 PMCID: PMC9986783 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common viral childhood illness caused most commonly by enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16. The pathogenesis of EV71 has been extensively studied, and the regulation of the host immune response is suspected to aggravate the serious complications induced by EV71. Our previous research showed that EV71 infection significantly increased the release of circulating interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-27. Notably, these cytokines are related to the EV71 infection risk and clinical stage. Polyamines are compounds that are ubiquitous in mammalian cells and play a key role in various cellular processes. Several studies have shown that targeting polyamine metabolic pathways can reduce infections caused by viruses. However, the significance of polyamine metabolism in EV71 infection remains largely unknown. METHODS Serum samples from 82 children with HFMD and 70 healthy volunteers (HVs) were collected to determine the polyamine metabolites spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM), and IL-6 levels. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated with EV71 viral protein 1 (VP1) and EV71 VP4, and the cells and supernatant were then collected to analyze the expression of polyamine metabolism-related enzymes by western blot. The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 7.0 software (USA). RESULTS The serum polyamine metabolites SPD and SPM were elevated in the HFMD patients, especially in the EV71-infected children. Further, a positive correlation was found between serum SPD and IL-6 levels in the EV71-infected children. We also found that the upregulation of peripheral blood polyamine metabolites in the EV71-infected HFMD children was related to EV71 capsid protein VP1, but not VP4. VP1 may promote the expression of polyamine metabolism-related enzymes and promote the production of polyamine metabolites, thereby upregulating the SPD/nuclear factor kappa B/IL-6 signaling pathway. However, VP4 has the opposite effect in this process. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that EV71 capsid protein may regulate the polyamine metabolic pathways of infected cells in a variety of ways. This study provides insights into the mechanism of EV71 infection and polyamine metabolism and has good reference value for the development of EV71 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Department of Stomatology, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaodan Chang
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaohua Di
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bihua Lin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Dongguan Metabolite Analysis Engineering Technology Center of Cells for Medical Use, Guangdong Xinghai Institute of Cell, Dongguan, China
| | - Minsheng Lan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiachun Lian
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Dongguan Metabolite Analysis Engineering Technology Center of Cells for Medical Use, Guangdong Xinghai Institute of Cell, Dongguan, China
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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Zhou L, Zhu Y, Mo L, Wang M, Lin J, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Xie A, Wei H, Qiu H, Huang J, Yang Q. TLR7 controls myeloid-derived suppressor cells expansion and function in the lung of C57BL6 mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010851. [PMID: 36279265 PMCID: PMC9591064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses against Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) infection. However, the role of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in the mouse lung during S. japonicum infection and the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) affected by the absence of TLR7 are not clearly understood. In this study, the results indicated that the MDSCs were accumulated and the proportion and activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were decreased in the lung of mice at 6-7 weeks after S. japonicum infection. Then, the expression of TLR7 was detected in isolated pulmonary MDSCs and the results showed that the expression of TLR7 in MDSCs was increased after infection. Furthermore, TLR7 agonist R848 could down-regulate the induction effect of the soluble egg antigen (SEA) on pulmonary MDSCs in vitro. Meanwhile, TLR7 deficiency could promote the pulmonary MDSCs expansion and function by up-regulating the expression of PD-L1/2 and secreting of IL-10 in the mice infected with S. japonicum. Mechanistic studies revealed that S. japonicum infection and the antigen effects are mediated by NF-κB signaling. Moreover, TLR7 deficiency aggravates S. japonicum infection-induced damage in the lung, with more inflammatory cells infiltration, interstitial dilatation and granuloma in the tissue. In summary, this study indicated that TLR7 signaling inhibits the accumulation and function of MDSCs in S. japonicum infected mouse lung by down-regulating the expression of PD-L1/2 and secreting of IL-10, via NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - lengshan Mo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (QY)
| | - Quan Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JH); (QY)
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Ruan Z, Liang Y, Chen Z, Yin J, Li C, Pan P, Zhang Q, Wu J, Luo Z. Enterovirus 71 non-structural protein 3A hijacks vacuolar protein sorting 25 to boost exosome biogenesis to facilitate viral replication. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1024899. [PMID: 36274707 PMCID: PMC9581156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major agents of the hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and occasionally causes severe neurological complications. There is clinical evidence that EV71 infection increases the exosomes in the serum of severe HFMD patients, suggesting a role of exosomes in EV71 pathogenesis. However, the relationship between exosomes and EV71 replication remains elusive. In this study, we initially found that EV71 infection elevated exosome biogenesis in the cultured cells. Among EV71 non-structural proteins, we identified EV71 3A, but not 3B, constitutively promoted exosome secretion. In detail, EV71 3A protein interacted with vacuolar protein sorting 25 (VPS25), while knock-down of VPS25 reduced EV71 3A protein- and EV71-induced exosome production. Further studies revealed VPS25 located on exosomes and its expression correlated to the exosome production. During EV71 infection, knock-down of VPS25 decreased exosome biogenesis to attenuate viral replication. Consistently, GW4869, an exosome inhibitor, exerted an obviously antiviral activity against EV71 replication companied with the decrease of exosome secretion or formation. These findings suggest the binding of EV71 3A and VPS25 benefited exosome biogenesis, thereby boosting viral replication. This study uncovers a novel mechanism underlying EV71-mediated exosomes in the regulation of viral replication, which provides potential anti-viral strategies against the EV71 infection and transmission in HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yicong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zicong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialing Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
- Jianguo Wu,
| | - Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhen Luo,
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Activation of Host Cellular Signaling and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 Viral Proteins Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102190. [PMID: 36298746 PMCID: PMC9609926 DOI: 10.3390/v14102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis, known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in children worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 are the two viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enteroviruses. The identified EV71 receptors provide useful information for understanding viral replication and tissue tropism. Host factors interact with the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of EV71 to regulate viral translation. However, the specific molecular features of the respective viral genome that determine virulence remain unclear. Although a vaccine is currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Therefore, understanding the host-pathogen interaction could provide knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefits to anti-viral therapy development. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of viral ligands with the host receptors as well as the activation of immunerelated signaling pathways for innate immunity and the involvement of different cytokines and chemokines during host-pathogen interaction. The study also examined the roles of viral proteins, mainly 2A and 3C protease, interferons production and their inhibitory effects.
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10
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Tian H, Xu W, Wen L, Tang L, Zhang X, Song T, Yang C. Association of TLR3 gene 1377C/T (rs3775290) and TLR7 gene C/G (rs3853839) polymorphism with hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71 infection susceptibility and severity in the Chinese Han population: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29758. [PMID: 35801751 PMCID: PMC9259132 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several case-control studies have been conducted on the relationship between rs3775290 C/T and rs3853839 C/G single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) susceptibility and severity. This meta-analysis aimed to offer a systemic review of HFMD susceptibility and severity among the Chinese Han population associated with the C/T (rs3775290) polymorphism of the TLR3 gene or C/G (rs3853839) polymorphism of the TLR7 gene. METHODS A computer search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and WanFang databases. The time ranges were from database establishment to 30/7/2021. Articles selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent data extraction and methodological quality evaluation. RevMan 5.4 and Stata 16.0 were adopted for meta-analysis, and the incorporated odds ratio (OR) values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Sensitivity and publication bias assessments were performed. RESULTS 8 articles with 9 studies were selected. Among them, there were 858 cases and 577 controls in TLR3 rs3775290 studies as well as 2151 cases and 1554 controls in TLR7 rs3853839 studies. Regarding rs3775290 of TLR3, susceptibilities of the severe type of T-possessing individuals were larger than those of C-possessing individuals [OR = 1.34, 95%CI (1.10, 1.64), P = .004]. The susceptibility of individuals with the severe TT genotype was 1.61 times that of individuals with the CC genotype [95%CI (1.07, 2.43), P=0.02], while susceptibility to HFMD was not influenced by the genotype. In terms of the rs3853839 of the TLR7 gene, C allele carriers have a higher risk of developing HFMD than G allele carriers. The susceptibility to HFMD in CC+CG individuals was 1.24 times than that in GG individuals [95%CI (1.07, 1.43), P = .004]. However, no relationship was found between this polymorphism and severity of the severe type. No significant publication bias was observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS rs3775290 (C/T) of TLR3 is associated with susceptibility to the severe type, whereas rs3853839 (C/G) of TLR7 is associated with susceptibility to HFMD. However, owing to the limited quantity and quality of the research, the aforementioned conclusions are yet to be justified by more high-quality research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haokun Tian
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weikai Xu
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lequan Wen
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Lequan Wen, Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China (e-mail: )
| | - Lirui Tang
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tiangang Song
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Changsen Yang
- Joint program of Nanchang University and Queen Mary University of London, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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11
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Wei H, Xie H, Qu J, Xie A, Xie S, Huang H, Li J, Fang C, Shi F, Qiu H, Qi Y, Tian X, Yang Q, Huang J. TLR7 modulating B-cell immune responses in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009943. [PMID: 34788282 PMCID: PMC8598019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells played an important role in Schistosoma infection-induced diseases. TLR7 is an intracellular member of the innate immune receptor. The role of TLR7 on B cells mediated immune response is still unclear. Here, C57BL/6 mice were percutaneously infected by S. japonicum for 5-6 weeks. The percentages and numbers of B cells increased in the infected mice (p < 0.05), and many activation and function associated molecules were also changed on B cells. More splenic cells of the infected mice expressed TLR7, and B cells were served as the main cell population. Moreover, a lower level of soluble egg antigen (SEA) specific antibody and less activation associated molecules were found on the surface of splenic B cells from S. japonicum infected TLR7 gene knockout (TLR7 KO) mice compared to infected wild type (WT) mice (p < 0.05). Additionally, SEA showed a little higher ability in inducing the activation of B cells from naive WT mice than TLR7 KO mice (p < 0.05). Finally, the effects of TLR7 on B cells are dependent on the activation of NF-κB p65. Altogether, TLR7 was found modulating the splenic B cell responses in S. japonicum infected C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Qu
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Li
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feihu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
| | - Quan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
| | - Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- China Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XT); (QY); (JH)
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12
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Sartorius R, Trovato M, Manco R, D'Apice L, De Berardinis P. Exploiting viral sensing mediated by Toll-like receptors to design innovative vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:127. [PMID: 34711839 PMCID: PMC8553822 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-recognition receptors. They function as sensors of invading pathogens through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. After their engagement by microbial ligands, TLRs trigger downstream signaling pathways that culminate into transcriptional upregulation of genes involved in immune defense. Here we provide an updated overview on members of the TLR family and we focus on their role in antiviral response. Understanding of innate sensing and signaling of viruses triggered by these receptors would provide useful knowledge to prompt the development of vaccines able to elicit effective and long-lasting immune responses. We describe the mechanisms developed by viral pathogens to escape from immune surveillance mediated by TLRs and finally discuss how TLR/virus interplay might be exploited to guide the design of innovative vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana D'Apice
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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13
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Lin YL, Lu MY, Chuang CF, Kuo Y, Lin HE, Li FA, Wang JR, Hsueh YP, Liao F. TLR7 Is Critical for Anti-Viral Humoral Immunity to EV71 Infection in the Spinal Cord. Front Immunol 2021; 11:614743. [PMID: 33679702 PMCID: PMC7935532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a positive single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus from the enterovirus genus of Picornaviridae family and causes diseases ranged from the mild disease of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) to the severe disease of neurological involvement in young children. TLR7 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) recognizing viral ssRNA. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR7 in EV71 infection in mouse pups (10-12 days old) and found that wild-type (WT) and TLR7 knock-out (TLR7KO) mice infected with EV71 showed similar limb paralysis at the onset and peak of the disease, comparable loss of motor neurons, and similar levels of antiviral molecules in the spinal cord. These results suggest that TLR7 is not the absolute PRR for EV71 in the spinal cord. Interestingly, TLR7KO mice infected with EV71 exhibited significantly delayed recovery from limb paralysis compared with WT mice. TLR7KO mice infected with EV71 showed significantly decreased levels of IgM and IgG2, important antibodies for antiviral humoral immunity. Furthermore, TLR7KO mice infected with EV71 showed a decrease of germinal center B cells in the spleen compared with WT mice. Altogether, our study suggests that TLR7 plays a critical role in anti-viral humoral immunity rather than in being a PRR in the spinal cord during EV71 infection in young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fen Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yali Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Tee HK, Zainol MI, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent advances in the understanding of enterovirus A71 infection: a focus on neuropathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:733-747. [PMID: 33183118 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1851194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is more frequently associated with neurological complications and deaths compared to other enteroviruses.Areas covered: The authors discuss current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 based on various clinical, human, and animal model studies. The authors discuss the important advancements in virus entry, virus dissemination, and neuroinvasion. The authors highlight the role of host immune system, host genetic factors, viral quasispecies, and heparan sulfate in EV-A71 neuropathogenesis.Expert opinion: Comparison of EV-A71 with EV-D68 and PV shows similarity in primary target sites and dissemination to the central nervous system. More research is needed to understand cellular tropisms, persistence of EV-A71, and other possible invasion routes. EV-A71 infection has varied clinical manifestations which may be attributed to multiple receptors usage. Future development of antivirals and vaccines should target neurotropic enteroviruses. Repurposing drug and immunomodulators used in combination could reduce the severity of EV-A71 infection. Only a few drugs have been tested in clinical trials, and in the absence of antiviral and vaccines (except China), active virus surveillance, good hand hygiene, and physical distancing should be advocated. A better understanding of EV-A71 neuropathogenesis is critical for antiviral and multivalent vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izwan Zainol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Gu J, Wu J, Fang D, Qiu Y, Zou X, Jia X, Yin Y, Shen L, Mao L. Exosomes cloak the virion to transmit Enterovirus 71 non-lytically. Virulence 2021; 11:32-38. [PMID: 31885311 PMCID: PMC6961726 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1705022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a non-enveloped virus and it can be released from host cells through a traditional cytolytic manner. Now, we showed EV71 could be spread non-lytically between cells during early viral infection. In order to explain this phenomenon, we separated supernatant fluids of rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells cultures infected with EV71 by isopycnic gradient centrifugation. Two populations of virus particles were morphology indistinguishable by transmission electron microscope (TEM). It showed that some EV71 particles were wrapped inside extracellular vesicles which were verified to be exosomes by immunoassay and morphologic analysis. In addition, exosomes containing viral RNA were shed in plasma of EV71-infected encephalitis in children. Our findings indicate that the “non-enveloped” EV71 virions could be wrapped within exosomes which promote their spread in the absence of cell lysis. Abbreviation: EV71: enterovirus 71; EXO: exosome; RD: rhabdomyosarcoma; TEM: transmission electron microscope; HFMD: hand, foot, and mouth disease; HIV: immunodeficiency virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HTLV: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus; HAV: hepatitis A virus; MOI: multiplicity of infection; EVs: extracellular vesicles; VP1: viral capsid protein 1; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; CNS: central nervous system
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Daihua Fang
- Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou children's hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinran Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaonan Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yiqian Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Shen
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhenjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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16
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The TLR3/IRF1/Type III IFN Axis Facilitates Antiviral Responses against Enterovirus Infections in the Intestine. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02540-20. [PMID: 33203755 PMCID: PMC7683398 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02540-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses infect gastrointestinal epithelium cells, cause multiple human diseases, and present public health risks worldwide. However, the mechanisms underlying host immune responses in intestinal mucosa against the early enterovirus infections remain elusive. Here, we showed that human enteroviruses including enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and poliovirus 1 (PV1) predominantly induce type III interferons (IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2/3), rather than type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), in cultured human normal and cancerous intestine epithelial cells (IECs), mouse intestine tissues, and human clinical intestine specimens. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that IFN-λ production is induced upon enterovirus infection through the Toll-like receptor 3/interferon regulatory factor 1 (TLR3/IRF1) signaling pathway in IECs. In turn, the supplementation of IFN-λ subsequently induces intrinsically antiviral responses against enterovirus replication. Notably, intraperitoneal injection in neonatal C57BL/6J mice with mouse recombinant IFN-λ2 protein represses EV71 replication and protects mice from viral lethal effects. Altogether, these results revealed a distinct mechanism by which the host elicited immune responses against enterovirus infections in intestine through activating the TLR3/IRF1/type III IFN axis. The new findings would provide an antiviral strategy for the prevention and treatment of enterovirus infections and associated diseases.IMPORTANCE Enterovirus infections are significant sources of human diseases and public health risks worldwide, but little is known about the mechanism of innate immune response in host intestine epithelial surface during the viral replication. We reported the epithelial immune response in cultured human normal and cancerous cells (IECs), mouse tissues, and human clinical intestine specimens following infection with enterovirus 71. The results mechanistically revealed type III interferons (IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2/3), rather than type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), as the dominant production through TLR3/IRF1 signaling upon multiple human enterovirus infection, including enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and poliovirus 1 (PV1). IFN-λ subsequently induced antiviral activity against enterovirus replication in vitro and in vivo. These studies uncovered the role of the novel process of type III IFN production involved in the TLR3/IRF1 pathway in host intestine upon enterovirus infection, which highlighted a regulatory manner of antiviral defense in intestine during enterovirus infection.
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17
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Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor is required for impairing toll-like receptor 7 signaling on macrophage efferocytosis in lupus. Mol Immunol 2020; 127:38-45. [PMID: 32911323 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of apoptotic cells is one of the pathological characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been reported to be increased in SLE patients and to be involved in macrophage efferocytosis. Although the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is also over-expressed in lupus, its relationship to uPAR and its role in macrophage efferocytosis in lupus is still unclear. In the present study, we revealed that apoptotic cells accumulate in the spleen, macrophage efferocytosis is impaired, and uPAR is increased in the spleen and peritoneal macrophages of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ)-induced SLE mouse model. Moreover, TLR7 upregulated uPAR expression in the mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. The same results were also obtained using peritoneal macrophages of female Balb/c mice. When uPAR levels in peritoneal macrophages were knocked down by siRNA or inhibited by the peptide inhibitor UPARANT, and cells further treated with the TLR7 agonist R848, efferocytosis of peritoneal macrophages on apoptotic cells was restored. These results indicated that TLR7 activation impaired efferocytosis via uPAR in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, TLR7 regulated uPAR expression via ERK/JNK signaling in macrophages. These results suggest that uPAR may be an important factor related to the accumulation of apoptotic cells in SLE.
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18
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Song J, Liu P, Wu S, Tan Y, Fan F, Chen Z. Association of CD14 rs2569190 G/A genetic polymorphism with the severity of enterovirus 71 infection in Chinese children. Virology 2020; 548:25-30. [PMID: 32838942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Sifei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
| | - Yuxia Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China; Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No. 11 Xingyuandong Road, Zibo, Shandong, 255029, PR China.
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, No. 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, PR China.
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19
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Li J, Li W, Wang Z, Khalique A, Wang J, Yang M, Ni X, Zeng D, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Luo Q, Jing B, Pan K. Screening of immune-related differentially expressed genes from primary lymphatic organs of broilers fed with probiotic bacillus cereus PAS38 based on suppression subtractive hybridization. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235476. [PMID: 32609751 PMCID: PMC7329121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the molecular mechanism of the effect of Bacillus cereus PAS38 on the immunity of broilers, sixty 7-day-old broilers were divided into two groups with three replicates. The control group was fed with basal diet, and the treatment group was fed with basal diet containing Bacillus cereus PAS38 1×106 CFU/g. Thymus and bursa of fabricius were taken from two groups of broilers at the age of 42 days, total RNA was extracted, differential gene library was constructed by SSH technology, and immune-related differential genes were screened. Then, we used siRNA to interfere with the expression of some differential genes in the original generation lymphocytes of broiler blood to detect the change of cytokines mRNA expression level. A total of 42 immune-related differentially expressed genes were screened, including 22 up-regulated genes and 20 down-regulated genes. When 7 differentially up-regulated genes associated with enhanced immune function were interfered with in lymphocytes, some immune-promoting cytokines were down-regulated. These results showed that Bacillus cereus PAS38 might up-regulate the expression of JCHAIN, PRDX1, CD3E, CDK6 and other genes in immune organs of broilers, thereby affecting the development of immune organs, the expression of various cytokines and the transduction of immune signals, improving the immune capacity of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wanqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Abdul Khalique
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Junrui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Technology Centre of Chengdu Custom, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Jin J, Wang W, Ai S, Liu W, Song Y, Luo Z, Zhang Q, Wu K, Liu Y, Wu J. Enterovirus 71 Represses Interleukin Enhancer-Binding Factor 2 Production and Nucleus Translocation to Antagonize ILF2 Antiviral Effects. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010022. [PMID: 31878072 PMCID: PMC7019514 DOI: 10.3390/v12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), meningoencephalitis, neonatal sepsis, and even fatal encephalitis in children, thereby presenting a serious risk to public health. It is important to determine the mechanisms underlying the regulation of EV71 infection. In this study, we initially show that the interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2) reduces EV71 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) and attenuates EV71 plaque-formation unit (PFU), thereby repressing EV71 infection. Microarray data analyses show that ILF2 mRNA is reduced upon EV71 infection. Cellular studies indicate that EV71 infection represses ILF2 mRNA expression and protein production in human leukemic monocytes (THP-1) -differentiated macrophages and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. In addition, EV71 nonstructural protein 2B interacts with ILF2 in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. Interestingly, in the presence of EV71 2B, ILF2 is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and it colocalizes with 2B in the cytoplasm. Therefore, we present a distinct mechanism by which EV71 antagonizes ILF2-mediated antiviral effects by inhibiting ILF2 expression and promoting ILF2 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through its 2B protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.J.); (S.A.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Sha Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.J.); (S.A.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.J.); (S.A.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.J.); (S.A.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.J.); (S.A.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.J.); (S.A.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yingle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.J.); (S.A.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (J.J.); (S.A.); (W.L.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.W.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-68754979
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The ESCRT-0 Protein HRS Interacts with the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 Antisense Protein APH-2 and Suppresses Viral Replication. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01311-19. [PMID: 31597781 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01311-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The divergent clinical outcomes of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 infections have been attributed to functional differences in their antisense proteins. In contrast to HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), the role of the antisense protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2) in HTLV-2 infection is poorly understood. In previous studies, we identified the endosomal sorting complex required for transport 0 (ESCRT-0) subunit HRS as a novel interaction partner of APH-2 but not HBZ. HRS is a master regulator of endosomal protein sorting for lysosomal degradation and is hijacked by many viruses to promote replication. However, no studies to date have shown a link between HTLVs and HRS. In this study, we sought to characterize the interaction between HRS and APH-2 and to investigate the impact of HRS on the life cycle of HTLV-2. We confirmed a direct specific interaction between APH-2 and HRS and showed that the CC2 domain of HRS and the N-terminal domain of APH-2 mediate their interaction. We demonstrated that HRS recruits APH-2 to early endosomes, possibly furnishing an entry route into the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. We demonstrated that inhibition of this pathway using either bafilomycin or HRS overexpression substantially extends the half-life of APH-2 and stabilizes Tax2B expression levels. We found that HRS enhances Tax2B-mediated long terminal repeat (LTR) activation, while depletion of HRS enhances HTLV-2 production and release, indicating that HRS may have a negative impact on HTLV-2 replication. Overall, our study provides important new insights into the role of the ESCRT-0 HRS protein, and by extension the ESCRT machinery and the endosomal/lysosomal pathway, in HTLV-2 infection.IMPORTANCE While APH-2 is the only viral protein consistently expressed in infected carriers, its role in HTLV-2 infection is poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the interaction between the ESCRT-0 component HRS and APH-2 and explored the role of HRS in HTLV-2 replication. HRS is a master regulator of protein sorting for lysosomal degradation, a feature that is manipulated by several viruses to promote replication. Unexpectedly, we found that HRS targets APH-2 and possibly Tax2B for lysosomal degradation and has an overall negative impact on HTLV-2 replication and release. The negative impact of interactions between HTLV-2 regulatory proteins and HRS, and by extension the ESCRT machinery, may represent an important strategy used by HTLV-2 to limit virus production and to promote persistence, features that may contribute to the limited pathogenic potential of this infection.
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Chen KR, Ling P. Interplays between Enterovirus A71 and the innate immune system. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:95. [PMID: 31787104 PMCID: PMC6886175 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a growing threat to public health, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. EV-A71 infection is most prevalent in infants and children and causes a wide spectrum of clinical complications, including hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), pulmonary and neurological disorders. The pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection is poorly understood at present. It is likely that viral factors and host immunity, and their interplay, affect the pathogenesis and outcome of EV-A71 infection. The mammalian innate immune system forms the first layer of defense against viral infections and triggers activation of adaptive immunity leading to full protection. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interaction between EV-A71 and the innate immune system. We discuss the role of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and inflammasomes, in the detection of EV-A71 infection and induction of antiviral immunity. As a counteraction, EV-A71 viral proteins target multiple innate immune pathways to facilitate viral replication in host cells. These novel insights at the virus-host interphase may support the future development of vaccines and therapeutics against EV-A71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ru Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung Univeristy, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung Univeristy, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung Universiy, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Luo Z, Su R, Wang W, Liang Y, Zeng X, Shereen MA, Bashir N, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Wu K, Liu Y, Wu J. EV71 infection induces neurodegeneration via activating TLR7 signaling and IL-6 production. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008142. [PMID: 31730654 PMCID: PMC6932824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As a neurotropic virus, human Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and may develop severe neurological disorders in infants. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) acts as an innate immune receptor and is also a death receptor in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of TLR7-mediated brain pathogenesis upon EV71 infection remain largely elusive. Here we reveal a novel mechanism by which EV71 infects astrocytes in the brain and induces neural pathogenesis via TLR7 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in C57BL/6 mice and in human astroglioma U251 cells. Upon EV71 infection, wild-type (WT) mice displayed more significant body weight loss, higher clinical scores, and lower survival rates as compared with TLR7-/- mice. In the cerebral cortex of EV71-infected mice, neurofilament integrity was disrupted, and inflammatory cell infiltration and neurodegeneration were induced in WT mice, whereas these were largely absent in TLR7-/- mice. Similarly, IL-6 production, Caspase-3 cleavage, and cell apoptosis were significantly higher in EV71-infected WT mice as compared with TLR7-/- mice. Moreover, EV71 preferentially infected and induced IL-6 in astrocytes of mice brain. In U251 cells, EV71-induced IL-6 production and cell apoptosis were suppressed by shRNA-mediated knockdown of TLR7 (shTLR7). Moreover, in the cerebral cortex of EV71-infected mice, the blockade of IL-6 with anti-IL-6 antibody (IL-6-Ab) restored the body weight loss, attenuated clinical scores, improved survival rates, reduced the disruption of neurofilament integrity, decreased cell apoptotic induction, and lowered levels of Caspase-3 cleavage. Similarly, in EV71-infected U251 cells, IL-6-Ab blocked EV71-induced IL-6 production and cell apoptosis in response to viral infection. Collectively, it’s exhibited TLR7 upregulation, IL-6 induction and astrocytic cell apoptosis in EV71-infected human brain. Taken together, we propose that EV71 infects astrocytes of the cerebral cortex in mice and human and triggers TLR7 signaling and IL-6 release, subsequently inducing neural pathogenesis in the brain. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection causes aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis-like paralysis and fatal encephalitis in infants. Besides an immune receptor, toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) serves as a death receptor in central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of TLR7 in EV71-induced neural pathogenesis remains ambiguous. This study reveals a distinct mechanism by which EV71 induces neurodegeneration via TLR7 and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Upon EV71 infection, TLR7-/- mice displayed less body weight loss, lower clinical score, and higher survival rate as compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Meanwhile, a severer histopathologic neurofilaments disruption, neurodegeneration and cell apoptosis were observed in brain of EV71-infected WT mice. IL-6 release, cell apoptosis, and Caspase-3 cleavage were attenuated by shRNA targeting TLR7 (shTLR7) in EV71-infected U251 cells. Moreover, anti-IL-6 antibody (IL-6-Ab) suppressed EV71-induced body weight loss, clinical score increase, and survival rate decrease as well as neurofilaments disruption and neurodegeneration in mice, and it also attenuated EV71-induced cell apoptosis and Caspase-3 cleavage in U251 cells. It’s retrospectively observed that TLR7 upregulation, IL-6 induction and astrocytic cell apoptosis in EV71-infected human brain. Therefore, TLR7 is required for neural pathogenesis by IL-6 induction upon EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yicong Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nadia Bashir
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Chen SL, Liu YG, Zhou YT, Zhao P, Ren H, Xiao M, Zhu YZ, Qi ZT. Endophilin-A2-mediated endocytic pathway is critical for enterovirus 71 entry into caco-2 cells. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:773-786. [PMID: 31132962 PMCID: PMC6542187 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1618686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is typically transmitted by the oral-faecal route and initiates infection upon crossing the intestinal mucosa. Our limited understanding of the mechanisms by which it crosses the intestinal mucosa has hampered the development of effective therapeutic options. Here, using an RNA interference screen combined with chemical inhibitors or the overexpression of dominant negative proteins, we found that EV71 entry into Caco-2 cells, a polarized human intestinal epithelial cell line, does not involve clathrin- and caveolae-dependent endocytic pathways or macropinocytosis but requires GTP-binding protein dynamin 2 and cytoskeleton remodelling. The use of siRNAs targeting endophilin family members revealed that endophlin-A2 is essential for the uptake of EV71 particles by Caco-2 cells. Subcellular analysis revealed that internalized EV71 virions largely colocalized with endophilin-A2 at cytomembrane ruffles and in the perinuclear area. Combined with viral entry kinetics, these data suggest that EV71 enters Caco-2 cells mainly via an endophilin-A2-mediated endocytic (EME) pathway. Finally, we showed that internalized EV71 virions were transported to endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-related multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These data provide attractive therapeutic targets to block EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lin Chen
- a Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,b General Hospital of the Tibet Military Area Command , Tibet , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Gang Liu
- a Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Tao Zhou
- a Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,c Company 7, Department of Clinical Medicine , Second Military Medical University Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- a Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ren
- a Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Man Xiao
- b General Hospital of the Tibet Military Area Command , Tibet , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhe Zhu
- a Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Tian Qi
- a Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense , Second Military Medical University Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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Bai J, Chen X, Liu Q, Zhou X, Long JE. Characteristics of enterovirus 71-induced cell death and genome scanning to identify viral genes involved in virus-induced cell apoptosis. Virus Res 2019; 265:104-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Syk and Hrs Regulate TLR3-Mediated Antiviral Response in Murine Astrocytes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6927380. [PMID: 31089414 PMCID: PMC6476135 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6927380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Nevertheless, the mechanisms modulating TLR-triggered innate immune responses are not yet fully understood. Complex regulatory systems exist to appropriately direct immune responses against foreign or self-nucleic acids, and a critical role of hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS), endosomal sorting complex required for transportation-0 (ESCRT-0) subunit, has recently been implicated in the endolysosomal transportation of TLR7 and TLR9. We investigated the involvement of Syk, Hrs, and STAM in the regulation of the TLR3 signaling pathway in a murine astrocyte cell line C8-D1A following cell stimulation with a viral dsRNA mimetic. Our data uncover a relationship between TLR3 and ESCRT-0, point out Syk as dsRNA-activated kinase, and suggest the role for Syk in mediating TLR3 signaling in murine astrocytes. We show molecular events that occur shortly after dsRNA stimulation of astrocytes and result in Syk Tyr-342 phosphorylation. Further, TLR3 undergoes proteolytic processing; the resulting TLR3 N-terminal form interacts with Hrs. The knockdown of Syk and Hrs enhances TLR3-mediated antiviral response in the form of IFN-β, IL-6, and CXCL8 secretion. Understanding the role of Syk and Hrs in TLR3 immune responses is of high importance since activation and precise execution of the TLR3 signaling pathway in the brain seem to be particularly significant in mounting an effective antiviral defense. Infection of the brain with herpes simplex type 1 virus may increase the secretion of amyloid-β by neurons and astrocytes and be a causal factor in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Errors in TLR3 signaling, especially related to the precise regulation of the receptor transportation and degradation, need careful observation as they may disclose foundations to identify novel or sustain known therapeutic targets.
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27
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Zhu L, Yin H, Qian T, Qi GJ, Ren JS, Wang Y, Qi BX. Distinct expression and clinical value of aquaporin 4 in children with hand, foot and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. J Med Virol 2019; 94:587-593. [PMID: 30942492 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Brain dysfunction is a prerequisite for critical complications in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Aquaporin 4 (AQP-4) may be involved in the pathological process of cerebral oedema and injury in children with severe and critical HFMD. This study aimed to assess the association of AQP-4 with the severity of enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated HFMD. Children with EV71-infected HFMD were divided into a common group (clinical stage 1), a severe group (clinical stage 2), and a critical group (clinical stage 3) according to Chinese guidelines. The levels of AQP-4, interleukin-6 (IL-6), norepinephrine (NE), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) before and after treatment were tested. Serum AQP-4, IL-6, NE, and NSE levels showed significant differences among the critical, severe, and common groups before and after treatment (P<0.01). No significant differences in AQP-4 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were observed between the critical and severe groups before and after treatment, but the CSF AQP-4 levels in these two groups were higher than those in the common group before treatment (P<0.01). Serum AQP-4 levels, but not CSF AQP-4 levels, closely correlated with serum IL-6, NE, and NSE levels. These results suggest that the level of AQP-4 in serum, but not in CSF, is a candidate biomarker for evaluating the severity and prognosis of EV71-associated HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tong Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gong-Jian Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Song Ren
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bo-Xiang Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xuzhou Children's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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PJA1 Coordinates with the SMC5/6 Complex To Restrict DNA Viruses and Episomal Genes in an Interferon-Independent Manner. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00825-18. [PMID: 30185588 PMCID: PMC6206484 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00825-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA viruses, including hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus, induce a series of immune responses in the host and lead to human public health concerns worldwide. In addition to cytokines in the cytoplasm, restriction of viral DNA in the nucleus is an important approach of host immunity. However, the mechanism of foreign DNA recognition and restriction in the cell nucleus is largely unknown. This work demonstrates that an important cellular factor (PJA1) suppresses DNA viruses and transfected plasmids independent of type I and II interferon (IFN) pathways. Instead, PJA1 interacts with the chromosome maintenance complex (SMC5/6), facilitates the complex to recognize and bind viral and episomal DNAs, and recruits DNA topoisomerases to restrict the foreign molecules. These results reveal a distinct mechanism underlying the silencing of viral and episomal invaders in the cell nuclei and suggest that PJA1 acts as a potential agent to prevent infectious and inflammatory diseases. Viral and episomal DNAs, as signs of infections and dangers, induce a series of immune responses in the host, and cells must sense foreign DNAs to eliminate the invaders. The cell nucleus is not “immune privileged” and exerts intrinsic mechanisms to control nuclear-replicating DNA viruses. Thus, it is important to understand the action of viral DNA sensing in the cell nucleus. Here, we reveal a mechanism of restriction of DNA viruses and episomal plasmids mediated by PJA1, a RING-H2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. PJA1 restricts the DNA viruses hepatitis B virus (HBV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) but not the RNA viruses enterovirus 71 (EV71) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Similarly, PJA1 inhibits episomal plasmids but not chromosome-integrated reporters or endogenous genes. In addition, PJA1 has no effect on endogenous type I and II interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), suggesting that PJA1 silences DNA viruses independent of the IFN pathways. Interestingly, PJA1 interacts with the SMC5/6 complex (a complex essential for chromosome maintenance and HBV restriction) to facilitate the binding of the complex to viral and episomal DNAs in the cell nucleus. Moreover, treatment with inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases (Tops) and knockdown of Tops release PJA1-mediated silencing of viral and extrachromosomal DNAs. Taken together, results of this work demonstrate that PJA1 interacts with SMC5/6 and facilitates the complex to bind and eliminate viral and episomal DNAs through DNA Tops and thus reveal a distinct mechanism underlying restriction of DNA viruses and foreign genes in the cell nucleus. IMPORTANCE DNA viruses, including hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus, induce a series of immune responses in the host and lead to human public health concerns worldwide. In addition to cytokines in the cytoplasm, restriction of viral DNA in the nucleus is an important approach of host immunity. However, the mechanism of foreign DNA recognition and restriction in the cell nucleus is largely unknown. This work demonstrates that an important cellular factor (PJA1) suppresses DNA viruses and transfected plasmids independent of type I and II interferon (IFN) pathways. Instead, PJA1 interacts with the chromosome maintenance complex (SMC5/6), facilitates the complex to recognize and bind viral and episomal DNAs, and recruits DNA topoisomerases to restrict the foreign molecules. These results reveal a distinct mechanism underlying the silencing of viral and episomal invaders in the cell nuclei and suggest that PJA1 acts as a potential agent to prevent infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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USP4 positively regulates RLR-induced NF-κB activation by targeting TRAF6 for K48-linked deubiquitination and inhibits enterovirus 71 replication. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13418. [PMID: 30194441 PMCID: PMC6128947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR) is one of the most important pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system that detects positive and/or negative stranded RNA viruses. Subsequently, it stimulates downstream transcription of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inducing the production of interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. Tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a key protein involved in the RLR-mediated antiviral signalling pathway, recruiting additional proteins to form a multiprotein complex capable of activating the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. Despite TRAF6 playing an important role in regulating host immunity and viral infection, the deubiquitination of TRAF6 induced by viral infection remains elusive. In this study, we found that enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection attenuated the expression of Ubiquitin-specific protease 4 (USP4) in vitro and in vivo, while overexpression of USP4 significantly suppressed EV71 replication. Furthermore, it was found that EV71 infection reduced the RLR signalling pathway and enhanced the degradation of TRAF6. USP4 was also found to interact with TRAF6 and positively regulate the RLR-induced NF-κB signalling pathway, inhibiting the replication of EV71. Therefore, as a novel positive regulator of TRAF6, USP4 plays an essential role in EV71 infection by deubiquitinating K48-linked ubiquitin chains.
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Hu H, Li H. Prunetin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production and MUC5AC expression by inactivating the TLR4/MyD88 pathway in human nasal epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1469-1477. [PMID: 30119221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic upper respiratory disorder characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Prunetin is an O-methylated isoflavone, which has been found to possess anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of prunetin on inflammatory cytokine and mucus production and its underlying mechanism in nasal epithelial cells. Results showed that treatment with prunetin (10, 30, and 50 μM) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression and secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and mucin 5 AC (MUC5 AC) in RPMI2650 cells, and attenuated the effect of LPS on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) expression. TAK-242 (an inhibitor of TLR4) treatment or TLR4 knockdown attenuated LPS-induced expression and secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and MUC5 AC. In conclusion, prunetin inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production and MUC5 AC expression and secretion by inactivating the TLR4/MyD88 pathway in human nasal epithelial cells. These results suggested that prunetin might be a useful agent in the treatment of AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haixia Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, People's Republic of China
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Antiviral and Inflammatory Cellular Signaling Associated with Enterovirus 71 Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040155. [PMID: 29597291 PMCID: PMC5923449 DOI: 10.3390/v10040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has become a major threat to global public health, especially in infants and young children. Epidemiological studies have indicated that EV71 infection is responsible for severe and even fatal cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Accumulated evidence indicates that EV71 infection triggers a plethora of interactive signaling pathways, resulting in host immune evasion and inflammatory response. This review mainly covers the effects of EV71 infection on major antiviral and inflammatory cellular signal pathways. EV71 can activate cellular signaling networks including multiple cell surface and intracellular receptors, intracellular kinases, calcium flux, and transcription factors that regulate antiviral innate immunity and inflammatory response. Cellular signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of host innate immune and inflammatory pathogenesis. Elucidation of antiviral and inflammatory cellular signaling pathways initiated by EV71 will not only help uncover the potential mechanisms of EV71 infection-induced pathogenesis, but will also provide clues for the design of therapeutic strategies against EV71 infection.
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32
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Zhang Q, Zhao B, Chen X, Song N, Wu J, Li G, Yu P, Han Y, Liu J, Qin C. GS-9620 inhibits enterovirus 71 replication mainly through the NF-κB and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Antiviral Res 2018; 153:39-48. [PMID: 29425831 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the second most common cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which can occur as a severe epidemic especially among children under 5-years old. New and improved treatment strategies to control EV71 infection are therefore urgently required. The heterocyclic compound GS-9620, a potent and selective agonist of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), has been reported to activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and suppress HBV as well as HIV replication. In this study, we indicated that GS-9620 also could inhibit EV71 replication in the mouse model of EV71 infection. With three-days treatment after EV71 infection, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, like IFN-α, IFN-γ and MCP-1, were sharply reduced in serum compared to those without treatment. Furthermore, GS-9620 activated TLR7 in the limb muscle cells, which stimulated the NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. When NF-κB or PI3K/AKT inhibitors were used, the antiviral effect of the GS-9620 was impacted. Overall, our data implied GS-9620 probably activates NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways to clear the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Nan Song
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guangchao Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pin Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunlin Han
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC) & Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China.
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33
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Li C, Qiao Q, Hao SB, Dong Z, Zhao L, Ji J, Wang ZY, Wen HL. Nonstructural protein 2A modulates replication and virulence of enterovirus 71. Virus Res 2017; 244:262-269. [PMID: 29175108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease in children, and severe infections can induce neurological complications and even death. However, the pathogenesis of EV71 remains unknown. The 2A proteinase (2Apro) of EV71 plays an important role in segmenting the precursor polyprotein during viral replication, inhibiting host protein synthesis, and evading innate immunity. This study was to determine the function of EV71 2Apro in replication and virulence. A chimeric strain (SDLY 107-2A-1) was recombined by replacing 2Apro of a severe strain (SDLY107) with that of a mild strain (SDLY1) based on an infectious cDNA clone. The replication kinetics of the chimeric strain in vitro and in vivo were determined by qRT-PCR, which showed that the chimeric strain replicated slower and generated less viral RNA than the severe strain. The pathological change and viral load of chimeric strain infected mice were intermediate between severe strain infected mice and mild strain infected mice. Cellular cytotoxicity assays revealed that 2Apro was associated with the neurotoxicity of EV71. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assays detected tissue pathological damage in the lungs, muscles, brain, and intestinal tissues. Together, these results suggest that 2Apro modulates replication and virulence of EV71. This provides a theoretical basis for virulence determination of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiao Qiao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shu-Bin Hao
- Shandong Medical Equipment Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Key Laboratories of Biological Evaluation, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Wang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Ling Wen
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 Shandong Province, China.
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