1
|
Awasthi P, Kumar D, Hasan S. Role of 14-3-3 protein family in the pathobiology of EBV in immortalized B cells and Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1353828. [PMID: 39144488 PMCID: PMC11322100 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1353828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Several studies have revealed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection raised the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) via infecting B lymphocytes. The purpose of the current investigation was to assess the possible association between EBV infection and AD. Methods The microarray datasets GSE49628, GSE126379, GSE122063, and GSE132903 were utilized to extract DEGs by using the GEO2R tool of the GEO platform. The STRING tool was used to determine the interaction between the DEGs, and Cytoscape was used to visualize the results. The DEGs that were found underwent function analysis, including pathway and GO, using the DAVID 2021 and ClueGo/CluePedia. By using MNC, MCC, Degree, and Radiality of cytoHubba, we identified seven common key genes. Gene co-expression analysis was performed through the GeneMANIA web tool. Furthermore, expression analysis of key genes was performed through GTEx software, which have been identified in various human brain regions. The miRNA-gene interaction was performed through the miRNet v 2.0 tool. DsigDB on the Enrichr platform was utilized to extract therapeutic drugs connected to key genes. Results In GEO2R analysis of datasets with |log2FC|≥ 0.5 and p-value <0.05, 8386, 10,434, 7408, and 759 genes were identified. A total of 141 common DEGs were identified by combining the extracted genes of different datasets. A total of 141 nodes and 207 edges were found during the PPI analysis. The DEG GO analysis with substantial alterations disclosed that they are associated to molecular functions and biological processes, such as positive regulation of neuron death, autophagy regulation of mitochondrion, response of cell to insulin stimulus, calcium signaling regulation, organelle transport along microtubules, protein kinase activity, and phosphoserine binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis discovered the correlation between the DEGs in pathways of neurodegeneration: multiple disease, cell cycle, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Finally, YWHAH, YWHAG, YWHAB, YWHAZ, MAP2K1, PPP2CA, and TUBB genes were identified that are strongly linked to EBV and AD. Three miRNAs, i.e., hsa-mir-15a-5p, hsa-let-7a-5p, and hsa-mir-7-5p, were identified to regulate most of hub genes that are associated with EBV and AD. Further top 10 significant therapeutic drugs were predicted. Conclusion We have discovered new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD, as well as the possible biological mechanisms whereby infection with EBV may be involved in AD susceptibility for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prankur Awasthi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES University Dehradun, Dehradun, India
| | - Saba Hasan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Nagy N, Ayala-Torres C, Aguilar-Alonso F, Morais-Esteves F, Xu S, Masucci MG. Remodeling of the ribosomal quality control and integrated stress response by viral ubiquitin deconjugases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8315. [PMID: 38097648 PMCID: PMC10721647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The strategies adopted by viruses to reprogram the translation and protein quality control machinery and promote infection are poorly understood. Here, we report that the viral ubiquitin deconjugase (vDUB)-encoded in the large tegument protein of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV BPLF1)-regulates the ribosomal quality control (RQC) and integrated stress responses (ISR). The vDUB participates in protein complexes that include the RQC ubiquitin ligases ZNF598 and LTN1. Upon ribosomal stalling, the vDUB counteracts the ubiquitination of the 40 S particle and inhibits the degradation of translation-stalled polypeptides by the proteasome. Impairment of the RQC correlates with the readthrough of stall-inducing mRNAs and with activation of a GCN2-dependent ISR that redirects translation towards upstream open reading frames (uORFs)- and internal ribosome entry sites (IRES)-containing transcripts. Physiological levels of active BPLF1 promote the translation of the EBV Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)1 mRNA in productively infected cells and enhance the release of progeny virus, pointing to a pivotal role of the vDUB in the translation reprogramming that enables efficient virus production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Ayala-Torres
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Aguilar-Alonso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Morais-Esteves
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhai H, Wang T, Liu D, Pan L, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. Autophagy as a dual-faced host response to viral infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289170. [PMID: 38125906 PMCID: PMC10731275 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy selectively degrades viral particles or cellular components, either facilitating or inhibiting viral replication. Conversely, most viruses have evolved strategies to escape or exploit autophagy. Moreover, autophagy collaborates with the pattern recognition receptor signaling, influencing the expression of adaptor molecules involved in the innate immune response and regulating the expression of interferons (IFNs). The intricate relationship between autophagy and IFNs plays a critical role in the host cell defense against microbial invasion. Therefore, it is important to summarize the interactions between viral infections, autophagy, and the host defense mechanisms against viruses. This review specifically focuses on the interactions between autophagy and IFN pathways during viral infections, providing a comprehensive summary of the molecular mechanisms utilized or evaded by different viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Yang Z, Pan T, Sun Q, Chen Q, Wang PH, Li X, Kuang E. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp8 suppresses MDA5 antiviral immune responses by impairing TRIM4-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011792. [PMID: 37956198 PMCID: PMC10681309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5) acts as a cytoplasmic RNA sensor to detect viral dsRNA and mediates antiviral innate immune responses to infection by RNA viruses. Upon recognition of viral dsRNA, MDA5 is activated with K63-linked polyubiquitination and then triggers the recruitment of MAVS and activation of TBK1 and IKKα/β, subsequently leading to IRF3 and NF-κB phosphorylation. However, the specific E3 ubiquitin ligase for MDA5 K63-polyubiquitination has not been well characterized. Great numbers of symptomatic and severe infections of SARS-CoV-2 are spreading worldwide, and the poor efficacy of treatment with type I interferon and antiviral immune agents indicates that SARS-CoV-2 escapes from antiviral immune responses via several unknown mechanisms. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 8 (nsp8) acts as a suppressor of antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses to promote infection of SARS-CoV-2. It downregulates the expression of type I interferon, IFN-stimulated genes and proinflammatory cytokines by binding to MDA5 and TRIM4 and impairing TRIM4-mediated MDA5 K63-linked polyubiquitination. Our findings reveal that nsp8 mediates innate immune evasion during SARS-CoV-2 infection and may serve as a potential target for future therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziwei Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinqin Sun
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyang Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oswald J, Constantine M, Adegbuyi A, Omorogbe E, Dellomo AJ, Ehrlich ES. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Gammaherpesviruses and HIV: A Review of Virus Adaptation and Exploitation. Viruses 2023; 15:1935. [PMID: 37766341 PMCID: PMC10535929 DOI: 10.3390/v15091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For productive infection and replication to occur, viruses must control cellular machinery and counteract restriction factors and antiviral proteins. Viruses can accomplish this, in part, via the regulation of cellular gene expression and post-transcriptional and post-translational control. Many viruses co-opt and counteract cellular processes via modulation of the host post-translational modification machinery and encoding or hijacking kinases, SUMO ligases, deubiquitinases, and ubiquitin ligases, in addition to other modifiers. In this review, we focus on three oncoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and their interactions with the ubiquitin-proteasome system via viral-encoded or cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elana S. Ehrlich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahimi-Tesiye M, Zaersabet M, Salehiyeh S, Jafari SZ. The role of TRIM25 in the occurrence and development of cancers and inflammatory diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188954. [PMID: 37437700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins are a group of proteins involved in different signaling pathways. The changes in the expression regulation, function, and signaling of this protein family are associated with the occurrence and progression of a wide range of disorders. Given the importance of these proteins in pathogenesis, they can be considered as potential therapeutic targets for many diseases. TRIM25, as an E3-ubiquitin ligase, is involved in the development of various diseases and cellular mechanisms, including antiviral innate immunity and cell proliferation. The clinical studies conducted on restricting the function of this protein have reached promising results that can be further evaluated in the future. Here, we review the regulation of TRIM25 and its function in different diseases and signaling pathways, especially the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) signaling which prompts many kinds of cancers and inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi-Tesiye
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Zaersabet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Sajad Salehiyeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Sandhu PK, Damania B. The Role of RNA Sensors in Regulating Innate Immunity to Gammaherpesviral Infections. Cells 2023; 12:1650. [PMID: 37371120 PMCID: PMC10297173 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are double-stranded DNA oncogenic gammaherpesviruses. These two viruses are associated with multiple human malignancies, including both B and T cell lymphomas, as well as epithelial- and endothelial-derived cancers. KSHV and EBV establish a life-long latent infection in the human host with intermittent periods of lytic replication. Infection with these viruses induce the expression of both viral and host RNA transcripts and activates several RNA sensors including RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), protein kinase R (PKR) and adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR1). Activation of these RNA sensors induces the innate immune response to antagonize the virus. To counteract this, KSHV and EBV utilize both viral and cellular proteins to block the innate immune pathways and facilitate their own infection. In this review, we summarize how gammaherpesviral infections activate RNA sensors and induce their downstream signaling cascade, as well as how these viruses evade the antiviral signaling pathways to successfully establish latent infection and undergo lytic reactivation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo Y, Pan L, Wang L, Wang S, Fu J, Luo W, Wang K, Li X, Huang C, Liu Y, Kang H, Zeng Q, Fu X, Huang Z, Li W, He Y, Li L, Peng T, Yang H, Li M, Xiao B, Cai M. Epstein-Barr Virus Envelope Glycoprotein gp110 Inhibits IKKi-Mediated Activation of NF-κB and Promotes the Degradation of β-Catenin. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0032623. [PMID: 37022262 PMCID: PMC10269791 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00326-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects host cells and establishes a latent infection that requires evasion of host innate immunity. A variety of EBV-encoded proteins that manipulate the innate immune system have been reported, but whether other EBV proteins participate in this process is unclear. EBV-encoded envelope glycoprotein gp110 is a late protein involved in virus entry into target cells and enhancement of infectivity. Here, we reported that gp110 inhibits RIG-I-like receptor pathway-mediated promoter activity of interferon-β (IFN-β) as well as the transcription of downstream antiviral genes to promote viral proliferation. Mechanistically, gp110 interacts with the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKi) and restrains its K63-linked polyubiquitination, leading to attenuation of IKKi-mediated activation of NF-κB and repression of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. Additionally, gp110 interacts with an important regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, β-catenin, and induces its K48-linked polyubiquitination degradation via the proteasome system, resulting in the suppression of β-catenin-mediated IFN-β production. Taken together, these results suggest that gp110 is a negative regulator of antiviral immunity, revealing a novel mechanism of EBV immune evasion during lytic infection. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects almost all human beings, and the persistence of EBV in the host is largely due to immune escape mediated by its encoded products. Thus, elucidation of EBV's immune escape mechanisms will provide a new direction for the design of novel antiviral strategies and vaccine development. Here, we report that EBV-encoded gp110 serves as a novel viral immune evasion factor, which inhibits RIG-I-like receptor pathway-mediated interferon-β (IFN-β) production. Furthermore, we found that gp110 targeted two key proteins, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKi) and β-catenin, which mediate antiviral activity and the production of IFN-β. gp110 inhibited K63-linked polyubiquitination of IKKi and induced β-catenin degradation via the proteasome, resulting in decreased IFN-β production. In summary, our data provide new insights into the EBV-mediated immune evasion surveillance strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxia Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Liding Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangqin Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yintao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Haoran Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Qiyuan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Xiuxia Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zejin Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yingxin He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidi Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Murata T. Tegument proteins of Epstein-Barr virus: Diverse functions, complex networks, and oncogenesis. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200260. [PMID: 37169175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The tegument is the structure between the envelope and nucleocapsid of herpesvirus particles. Viral (and cellular) proteins accumulate to create the layers of the tegument. Some Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) tegument proteins are conserved widely in Herpesviridae, but others are shared only by members of the gamma-herpesvirus subfamily. As the interface to envelope and nucleocapsid, the tegument functions in virion morphogenesis and budding of the nucleocapsid during progeny production. When a virus particle enters a cell, enzymes such as kinase and deubiquitinase, and transcriptional activators are released from the virion to promote virus infection. Moreover, some EBV tegument proteins are involved in oncogenesis. Here, we summarize the roles of EBV tegument proteins, in comparison to those of other herpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Murata
- Department of Virology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hsieh CH, Chou CC, Fang YC, Hsu PH, Chiu YH, Yang CS, Jow GM, Tang CY, Jeng CJ. 14-3-3 proteins regulate cullin 7-mediated Eag1 degradation. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:18. [PMID: 36717938 PMCID: PMC9885684 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the human gene encoding the neuron-specific Eag1 (KV10.1; KCNH1) potassium channel are linked to congenital neurodevelopmental diseases. Disease-causing mutant Eag1 channels manifest aberrant gating function and defective protein homeostasis. Both the E3 ubiquitin ligase cullin 7 (Cul7) and the small acid protein 14-3-3 serve as binding partners of Eag1. Cul7 mediates proteasomal and lysosomal degradation of Eag1 protein, whereas over-expression of 14-3-3 notably reduces Eag1 channel activity. It remains unclear whether 14-3-3 may also contribute to Eag1 protein homeostasis. RESULTS In human cell line and native rat neurons, disruptions of endogenous 14-3-3 function with the peptide inhibitor difopein or specific RNA interference up-regulated Eag1 protein level in a transcription-independent manner. Difopein hindered Eag1 protein ubiquitination at the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, effectively promoting the stability of both immature and mature Eag1 proteins. Suppression of endogenous 14-3-3 function also reduced excitotoxicity-associated Eag1 degradation in neurons. Difopein diminished Cul7-mediated Eag1 degradation, and Cul7 knock-down abolished the effect of difopein on Eag1. Inhibition of endogenous 14-3-3 function substantially perturbed the interaction of Eag1 with Cul7. Further structural analyses suggested that the intracellular Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain and cyclic nucleotide-binding homology domain (CNBHD) of Eag1 are essential for the regulatory effect of 14-3-3 proteins. Significantly, suppression of endogenous 14-3-3 function reduced Cul7-mediated degradation of disease-associated Eag1 mutant proteins. CONCLUSION Overall these results highlight a chaperone-like role of endogenous 14-3-3 proteins in regulating Eag1 protein homeostasis, as well as a therapeutic potential of 14-3-3 modulators in correcting defective protein expression of disease-causing Eag1 mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Heng Hsieh
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chou
- grid.36020.370000 0000 8889 3720National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Fang
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.19188.390000 0004 0546 0241Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Hsu
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.19188.390000 0004 0546 0241Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Chiu
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Yang
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan
| | - Guey-Mei Jow
- grid.256105.50000 0004 1937 1063School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yung Tang
- grid.19188.390000 0004 0546 0241Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112 Taiwan ,grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Herpesvirus ubiquitin deconjugases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:185-192. [PMID: 34776333 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like polypeptides to cellular and viral proteins regulates numerous processes that enable virus infection, viral genome replication, and the spread of viruses to new hosts. The importance of these protein modifications in the regulation of the life cycle of herpesviruses is underscored by the discovery that all known members of this virus family encode at least one protease that specifically recognizes and disassembles ubiquitin conjugates. The structural and functional characterization of the viral enzymes and the identification of their viral and cellular substrates is providing valuable insights into the biology of viral infection and increasing evidence suggests that the viral deconjugases may also play a role in malignant transformation.
Collapse
|
12
|
The Central Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in EBV-Mediated Oncogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030611. [PMID: 35158879 PMCID: PMC8833352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first discovered human tumor virus, which contributes to the oncogenesis of many human cancers. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is a key player during EBV-mediated oncogenesis and has been developed as a crucial therapeutic target for treatment. In this review, we briefly describe how EBV antigens can modulate the ubiquitin–proteasome system for targeted protein degradation and how they are regulated in the EBV life cycle to mediate oncogenesis. Additionally, the developed proteasome inhibitors are discussed for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers. Abstract Deregulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) plays a critical role in the development of numerous human cancers. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the first known human tumor virus, has evolved distinct molecular mechanisms to manipulate the ubiquitin–proteasome system, facilitate its successful infection, and drive opportunistic cancers. The interactions of EBV antigens with the ubiquitin–proteasome system can lead to oncogenesis through the targeting of cellular factors involved in proliferation. Recent studies highlight the central role of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in EBV infection. This review will summarize the versatile strategies in EBV-mediated oncogenesis that contribute to the development of specific therapeutic approaches to treat EBV-associated malignancies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang XZ, Li FH, Wang XJ. Regulation of Tripartite Motif-Containing Proteins on Immune Response and Viral Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:794882. [PMID: 34925304 PMCID: PMC8671828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs), exhibiting ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, are involved in regulation of not only autophagy and apoptosis but also pyrotosis and antiviral immune responses of host cells. TRIMs play important roles in modulating signaling pathways of antiviral immune responses via type I interferon, NF-κB, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and Nrf2. However, viruses are able to antagonize TRIM activity or evenly utilize TRIMs for viral replication. This communication presents the current understanding of TRIMs exploited by viruses to evade host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Huang Li
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry Service (South Section), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Virus-Induced Tumorigenesis and IFN System. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100994. [PMID: 34681093 PMCID: PMC8533565 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses favor the development of tumors in mammals by persistent infection and specific cellular pathways modifications by deregulating cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. They counteract the cellular antiviral defense through viral proteins as well as specific cellular effectors involved in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines critical not only for viral interference but also for their broad range of properties that go beyond the antiviral action. In fact, they can inhibit cell proliferation and modulate differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. However, their principal role is to regulate the development and activity of most effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Various are the mechanisms by which IFNs exert their effects on immune cells. They can act directly, through IFN receptor triggering, or indirectly by the induction of chemokines, the secretion of further cytokines, or by the stimulation of cells useful for the activation of particular immune cells. All the properties of IFNs are crucial in the host defense against viruses and bacteria, as well as in the immune surveillance against tumors. IFNs may be affected by and, in turn, affect signaling pathways to mediate anti-proliferative and antiviral responses in virus-induced tumorigenic context. New data on cellular and viral microRNAs (miRNAs) machinery, as well as cellular communication and microenvironment modification via classical secretion mechanisms and extracellular vesicles-mediated delivery are reported. Recent research is reviewed on the tumorigenesis induced by specific viruses with RNA or DNA genome, belonging to different families (i.e., HPV, HTLV-1, MCPyV, JCPyV, Herpesviruses, HBV, HCV) and the IFN system involvement.
Collapse
|
15
|
The Epstein-Barr virus deubiquitinating enzyme BPLF1 regulates the activity of topoisomerase II during productive infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009954. [PMID: 34543352 PMCID: PMC8483405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases are essential for the replication of herpesviruses but the mechanisms by which the viruses hijack the cellular enzymes are largely unknown. We found that topoisomerase-II (TOP2) is a substrate of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ubiquitin deconjugase BPLF1. BPLF1 co-immunoprecipitated and deubiquitinated TOP2, and stabilized SUMOylated TOP2 trapped in cleavage complexes (TOP2ccs), which halted the DNA damage response to TOP2-induced double strand DNA breaks and promoted cell survival. Induction of the productive virus cycle in epithelial and lymphoid cell lines carrying recombinant EBV encoding the active enzyme was accompanied by TOP2 deubiquitination, accumulation of TOP2ccs and resistance to Etoposide toxicity. The protective effect of BPLF1 was dependent on the expression of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) that releases DNA-trapped TOP2 and promotes error-free DNA repair. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized function of BPLF1 in supporting a non-proteolytic pathway for TOP2ccs debulking that favors cell survival and virus production. The N-terminal domains of the herpesvirus large tegument proteins encode a conserved cysteine protease with ubiquitin- and NEDD8-specific deconjugase activity. Members of the viral enzyme family regulate different aspects of the virus life cycle including virus replication, the assembly of infectious virus particles and the host innate anti-viral response. However, only few substrates have been validated under physiological conditions of expression and very little is known on the mechanisms by which the enzymes contribute to the reprograming of cellular functions that are required for efficient infection and virus production. Cellular type I and type II topoisomerases (TOP1 and TOP2) resolve topological problems that arise during DNA replication and transcription and are therefore essential for herpesvirus replication. We report that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ubiquitin deconjugase BPLF1 selectively regulates the activity of TOP2 in cells treated with the TOP2 poison Etoposide and during productive infection. Using transiently transfected and stable cell lines that express catalytically active or inactive BPLF1, we found that BPLF1 interacts with both TOP2α and TOP2β in co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro pull-down assays and the active enzyme stabilizes TOP2 trapped in TOP2ccs, promoting a shift towards TOP2 SUMOylation. This hinders the activation of DNA-damage responses and reduces the toxicity of Etoposide. The physiological relevance of this finding was validated using pairs of EBV carrying HEK-293T cells and EBV immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) expressing the wild type or catalytic mutant enzyme. Using knockout LCLs we found that the capacity of BPLF1 to rescue of Etoposide toxicity is dependent on the expression of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) that releases DNA-trapped TOP2 and promotes error-free DNA repair.
Collapse
|
16
|
Muscolino E, Luoto LM, Brune W. Viral Induced Protein Aggregation: A Mechanism of Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179624. [PMID: 34502533 PMCID: PMC8431809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors can interfere with the process of protein folding, resulting in protein aggregates. Usually, cells prevent the formation of aggregates or degrade them to prevent the cytotoxic effects they may cause. However, during viral infection, the formation of aggregates may serve as a cellular defense mechanism. On the other hand, some viruses are able to exploit the process of aggregate formation and removal to promote their replication or evade the immune response. This review article summarizes the process of cellular protein aggregation and gives examples of how different viruses exploit it. Particular emphasis is placed on the ribonucleotide reductases of herpesviruses and how their additional non-canonical functions in viral immune evasion are closely linked to protein aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muscolino
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.); (L.-M.L.)
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura-Marie Luoto
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.); (L.-M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-48051351
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suppression of JAK-STAT signaling by Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein BGLF2 through recruitment of SHP1 phosphatase and promotion of STAT2 degradation. J Virol 2021; 95:e0102721. [PMID: 34319780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01027-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Some lytic proteins encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) suppress host interferon (IFN) signaling to facilitate viral replication. In this study we sought to identify and characterize EBV proteins antagonizing IFN signaling. The induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by IFN-β was effectively suppressed by EBV. A functional screen was therefore performed to identify IFN-antagonizing proteins encoded by EBV. EBV tegument protein BGLF2 was identified as a potent suppressor of JAK-STAT signaling. This activity was found to be independent of its stimulatory effect on p38 and JNK pathways. Association of BGLF2 with STAT2 resulted in more pronounced K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the latter. Mechanistically, BGLF2 promoted the recruitment of SHP1 phosphatase to STAT1 to inhibit its tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, BGLF2 associated with cullin 1 E3 ubiquitin ligase to facilitate its recruitment to STAT2. Consequently, BGLF2 suppressed ISG induction by IFN-β. Furthermore, BGLF2 also suppressed type II and type III IFN signaling, although the suppressive effect on type II IFN response was milder. When pre-treated with IFN-β, host cells became less susceptible to primary infection of EBV. This phenotype was reversed when expression of BGLF2 was enforced. Finally, genetic disruption of BGLF2 in EBV led to more pronounced induction of ISGs. Taken together, our study unveils the roles of BGLF2 not only in the subversion of innate IFN response but also in lytic infection and reactivation of EBV. Importance Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. EBV has to subvert interferon-mediated host antiviral response to replicate and cause diseases. It is therefore of great interest to identify and characterize interferon-antagonizing proteins produced by EBV. In this study we perform a screen to search for EBV proteins that suppress the action of interferons. We further show that BGLF2 protein of EBV is particularly strong in this suppression. This is achieved by inhibiting two key proteins STAT1 and STAT2 that mediate the antiviral activity of interferons. BGLF2 recruits a host enzyme to remove the phosphate group from STAT1 thereby inactivating its activity. BGLF2 also redirects STAT2 for degradation. A recombinant virus in which BGLF2 gene has been disrupted can activate host interferon response more robustly. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which EBV BGLF2 protein suppresses interferon signaling.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang Z, Wang J, He B, Zhang X, Li X, Kuang E. RTN3 inhibits RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses by impairing TRIM25-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination. eLife 2021; 10:e68958. [PMID: 34313226 PMCID: PMC8315805 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon viral RNA recognition, the RIG-I signalosome continuously generates IFNs and cytokines, leading to neutrophil recruitment and inflammation. Thus, attenuation of excessive immune and inflammatory responses is crucial to restore immune homeostasis and prevent unwarranted damage, yet few resolving mediators have been identified. In the present study, we demonstrated that RTN3 is strongly upregulated during RNA viral infection and acts as an inflammation-resolving regulator. Increased RTN3 aggregates on the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with both TRIM25 and RIG-I, subsequently impairing K63-linked polyubiquitination and resulting in both IRF3 and NF-κB inhibition. Rtn3 overexpression in mice causes an obvious inflammation resolving phenomenon when challenged with VSV, Rtn3-overexpressing mice display significantly decreased neutrophil numbers and inflammatory cell infiltration, which is accompanied by reduced tissue edema in the liver and thinner alveolar interstitium. Taken together, our findings identify RTN3 as a conserved negative regulator of immune and inflammatory responses and provide insights into the negative feedback that maintains immune and inflammatory homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bailin He
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of EducationGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Inhibition of selective autophagy by members of the herpesvirus ubiquitin-deconjugase family. Biochem J 2021; 478:2297-2308. [PMID: 34143865 PMCID: PMC8238521 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important component of the innate immune response that restricts infection by different types of pathogens. Viruses have developed multiple strategies to avoid autophagy to complete their replication cycle and promote spreading to new hosts. Here, we report that the ubiquitin deconjugases encoded in the N-terminal domain of the large tegument proteins of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi Sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but not herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), regulate selective autophagy by inhibiting the activity of the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62. We found that all the homologs bind to and deubiquitinate SQSTM1/p62 but with variable efficiency, which correlates with their capacity to prevent the colocalization of light chain 3 (LC3) with SQSTM1/p62 aggregates and promote the accumulation of a model autophagy substrate. The findings highlight important differences in the strategies by which herpesviruses interfere with selective autophagy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu J, Cao S, Ding G, Wang B, Li Y, Zhao Y, Shao Q, Feng J, Liu S, Qin L, Xiao Y. The role of 14-3-3 proteins in cell signalling pathways and virus infection. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4173-4182. [PMID: 33793048 PMCID: PMC8093981 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved in species ranging from yeast to mammals and regulate numerous signalling pathways via direct interactions with proteins carrying phosphorylated 14-3-3-binding motifs. Recent studies have shown that 14-3-3 proteins can also play a role in viral infections. This review summarizes the biological functions of 14-3-3 proteins in protein trafficking, cell-cycle control, apoptosis, autophagy and other cell signal transduction pathways, as well as the associated mechanisms. Recent findings regarding the role of 14-3-3 proteins in viral infection and innate immunity are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Shengliang Cao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Guofei Ding
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Yingchao Li
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Yuzhong Zhao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Qingyuan Shao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Sidang Liu
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Liting Qin
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd.QingdaoChina
- Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd.QingdaoChina
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary MedicineCollege of Animal Science and Veterinary MedicineShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and PreventionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chiang C, Dvorkin S, Chiang JJ, Potter RB, Gack MU. The Small t Antigen of JC Virus Antagonizes RIG-I-Mediated Innate Immunity by Inhibiting TRIM25's RNA Binding Ability. mBio 2021; 12:e00620-21. [PMID: 33849980 PMCID: PMC8092259 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00620-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCV), a DNA virus that leads to persistent infection in humans, is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a lethal brain disease that affects immunocompromised individuals. Almost nothing is currently known about how JCV infection is controlled by the innate immune response and, further, whether JCV has evolved mechanisms to antagonize antiviral immunity. Here, we show that the innate immune sensors retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) control JCV replication in human astrocytes. We further identify that the small t antigen (tAg) of JCV functions as an interferon (IFN) antagonist by suppressing RIG-I-mediated signal transduction. JCV tAg interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, thereby preventing its ability to bind RNA and to induce the K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I, which is known to facilitate RIG-I-mediated cytokine responses. Antagonism of RIG-I K63-linked ubiquitination and antiviral signaling is also conserved in the tAg of the related polyomavirus BK virus (BKV). These findings highlight how JCV and BKV manipulate a key innate surveillance pathway, which may stimulate research into designing novel therapies.IMPORTANCE The innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral pathogens, and in turn, many viruses have evolved strategies to evade detection by the host's innate immune surveillance machinery. Investigation of the interplay between viruses and the innate immune response provides valuable insight into potential therapeutic targets against viral infectious diseases. JC polyomavirus (JCV) is associated with a lifelong, persistent infection that can cause a rare neurodegenerative disease, called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, in individuals that are immunosuppressed. The molecular mechanisms of JCV infection and persistence are not well understood, and very little is currently known about the relevance of innate immunity for the control of JCV replication. Here, we define the intracellular innate immune sensors responsible for controlling JCV infection and also demonstrate a novel mechanism by which a JCV-encoded protein acts as an antagonist of the type I interferon-mediated innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chiang
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steve Dvorkin
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica J Chiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel B Potter
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu X, Ma Y, Voss K, van Gent M, Chan YK, Gack MU, Gale M, He B. The herpesvirus accessory protein γ134.5 facilitates viral replication by disabling mitochondrial translocation of RIG-I. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009446. [PMID: 33770145 PMCID: PMC7996975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmic RNA sensors that mediate cell intrinsic immunity against viral pathogens. While it has been well-established that RIG-I and MDA5 recognize RNA viruses, their interactive network with DNA viruses, including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), remains less clear. Using a combination of RNA-deep sequencing and genetic studies, we show that the γ134.5 gene product, a virus-encoded virulence factor, enables HSV growth by neutralization of RIG-I dependent restriction. When expressed in mammalian cells, HSV-1 γ134.5 targets RIG-I, which cripples cytosolic RNA sensing and subsequently suppresses antiviral gene expression. Rather than inhibition of RIG-I K63-linked ubiquitination, the γ134.5 protein precludes the assembly of RIG-I and cellular chaperone 14-3-3ε into an active complex for mitochondrial translocation. The γ134.5-mediated inhibition of RIG-I-14-3-3ε binding abrogates the access of RIG-I to mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) and activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. As such, unlike wild type virus HSV-1, a recombinant HSV-1 in which γ134.5 is deleted elicits efficient cytokine induction and replicates poorly, while genetic ablation of RIG-I expression, but not of MDA5 expression, rescues viral growth. Collectively, these findings suggest that viral suppression of cytosolic RNA sensing is a key determinant in the evolutionary arms race of a large DNA virus and its host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yijie Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Voss
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michiel van Gent
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ying Kai Chan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bin He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang L, Ning S. TRIMming Type I Interferon-Mediated Innate Immune Response in Antiviral and Antitumor Defense. Viruses 2021; 13:279. [PMID: 33670221 PMCID: PMC7916971 DOI: 10.3390/v13020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) family comprises at least 80 members in humans, with most having ubiquitin or SUMO E3 ligase activity conferred by their N-terminal RING domain. TRIMs regulate a wide range of processes in ubiquitination- or sumoylation-dependent manners in most cases, and fewer as adaptors. Their roles in the regulation of viral infections, autophagy, cell cycle progression, DNA damage and other stress responses, and carcinogenesis are being increasingly appreciated, and their E3 ligase activities are attractive targets for developing specific immunotherapeutic strategies for immune diseases and cancers. Given their importance in antiviral immune response, viruses have evolved sophisticated immune escape strategies to subvert TRIM-mediated mechanisms. In this review, we focus on their regulation of IFN-I-mediated innate immune response, which plays key roles in antiviral and antitumor defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ylä-Anttila P, Gupta S, Masucci MG. The Epstein-Barr virus deubiquitinase BPLF1 targets SQSTM1/p62 to inhibit selective autophagy. Autophagy 2021; 17:3461-3474. [PMID: 33509017 PMCID: PMC8632276 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1874660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy plays an important role in the control of viral infections and viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with autophagy to avoid destruction and promote their own replication and spread. Here we report that the deubiquitinase encoded in the N-terminal domain of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) large tegument protein, BPLF1, regulates selective autophagy. Mass spectrometry analysis identified several vesicular traffic and autophagy related proteins as BPLF1 interactors and potential substrates, suggesting that the viral protein targets this cellular defense during productive infection. Direct binding of BPLF1 to the autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation of transfected BPLF1 and by in vitro affinity isolation of bacterially expressed proteins. Expression of the catalytically active BPLF1 was associated with decreased SQSTM1/p62 ubiquitination and failure to recruit LC3 to SQSTM1/p62-positive aggregates. Selective autophagy was inhibited as illustrated by the accumulation of large protein aggregates in BPLF1-positive cells co-transfected with an aggregate-prone HTT (huntingtin)-Q109 construct, and by a slower autophagy-dependent clearance of protein aggregates upon transfection of BPLF1 in cells expressing a tetracycline-regulated HTT-Q103. The inhibition of aggregate clearance was restored by overexpression of a SQSTM1/p62[E409A,K420R] mutant that does not require ubiquitination of Lys420 for cargo loading. These findings highlight a previously unrecognized role of the viral deubiquitinase in the regulation of selective autophagy, which may promote infection and the production of infectious virus.Abbreviations: BPLF1, BamH1 fragment left open reading frame-1; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HTT, huntingtin; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PB1, Phox and Bem1 domain; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1; UBA, ubiquitin-associated domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Ylä-Anttila
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soham Gupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li J, Xie Y, Li L, Li X, Shen L, Gong J, Zhang R. MicroRNA-30a Modulates Type I Interferon Responses to Facilitate Coxsackievirus B3 Replication Via Targeting Tripartite Motif Protein 25. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603437. [PMID: 33519812 PMCID: PMC7840606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is caused by a viral infection and characterized by the inflammation of the myocardium. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection is one of the most common among the infections caused by this virus. The host's early innate immune response to CVB3 infection particularly depends on the functions of type I interferons (IFNs). In this study, we report that a host microRNA, miR-30a, was upregulated by CVB3 to facilitate its replication. We demonstrated that miR-30a was a potent negative regulator of IFN-I signaling by targeting tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25). In addition, we found that TRIM25 overexpression significantly suppressed CVB3 replication, whereas TRIM25 knockdown increased viral titer and VP1 protein expression. MiR-30a inhibits the expression of TRIM25 and TRIM25-mediated retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I ubiquitination to suppress IFN-β activation and production, thereby resulting in the enhancement of CVB3 replication. These results indicate the proviral role of miR-30a in modulating CVB3 infection for the first time. This not only provides a new strategy followed by CVB3 in order to modulate IFN-I-mediated antiviral immune responses by engaging host miR-30a but also improves our understanding of its pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yewei Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rufang Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Long X, Yang J, Zhang X, Yang Z, Li Y, Wang F, Li X, Kuang E. BRLF1 suppresses RNA Pol III-mediated RIG-I inflammasome activation in the early EBV lytic lifecycle. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50714. [PMID: 33225563 PMCID: PMC7788446 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent infection with herpesviruses constitutively activates inflammasomes, while lytic replication suppresses their activation through distinct mechanisms. However, how Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication inhibits the activation of inflammasomes remains unknown. Here, we reveal that the EBV immediate-early protein BRLF1 inhibits inflammasome activation, and BRLF1 deficiency significantly increases the activation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis during early lytic lifecycle. BRLF1 interacts with RNA polymerase III subunits to suppress immunostimulatory small RNA transcription, RIG-I inflammasome activation, and antiviral responses. Consequently, BRLF1-deficient EBV primary infection induces robust T-cell and NK cell activation and killing through IL-1β and IL-18. A BRLF1-derived peptide that inhibits inflammasome activation is sufficient to suppress T-cell and NK cell responses during BRLF1-deficient EBV primary infection in lymphocytes. These results reveal a novel mechanism involved in the evasion of inflammasome activation and antiviral responses during EBV early lytic infection and provide a promising approach for the manipulation of inflammasomes against infection of oncogenic herpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xubing Long
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ziwei Yang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Institute of Human VirologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat‐Sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Anderson G, Maes M. Mitochondria and immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109976. [PMID: 32470498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the pathophysiology and treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) could be considerably improved. The heterogeneity of ME/CFS and the confusion over its classification have undoubtedly contributed to this, although this would seem a consequence of the complexity of the array of ME/CFS presentations and high levels of diverse comorbidities. This article reviews the biological underpinnings of ME/CFS presentations, including the interacting roles of the gut microbiome/permeability, endogenous opioidergic system, immune cell mitochondria, autonomic nervous system, microRNA-155, viral infection/re-awakening and leptin as well as melatonin and the circadian rhythm. This details not only relevant pathophysiological processes and treatment options, but also highlights future research directions. Due to the complexity of interacting systems in ME/CFS pathophysiology, clarification as to its biological underpinnings is likely to considerably contribute to the understanding and treatment of other complex and poorly managed conditions, including fibromyalgia, depression, migraine, and dementia. The gut and immune cell mitochondria are proposed to be two important hubs that interact with the circadian rhythm in driving ME/CFS pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London, UK.
| | - M Maes
- Dept Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Dept Psychiatry, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.; IMPACT Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) are key sensors of virus infection, mediating the transcriptional induction of type I interferons and other genes that collectively establish an antiviral host response. Recent studies have revealed that both viral and host-derived RNAs can trigger RLR activation; this can lead to an effective antiviral response but also immunopathology if RLR activities are uncontrolled. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the types of RNA sensed by RLRs in the contexts of viral infection, malignancies and autoimmune diseases. We further describe how the activity of RLRs is controlled by host regulatory mechanisms, including RLR-interacting proteins, post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs. Finally, we discuss key outstanding questions in the RLR field, including how our knowledge of RLR biology could be translated into new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Masucci MG. Viral Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Deconjugases-Swiss Army Knives for Infection. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1137. [PMID: 32752270 PMCID: PMC7464072 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of cellular proteins by covalent conjugation of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like polypeptides regulate numerous cellular processes that are captured by viruses to promote infection, replication, and spreading. The importance of these protein modifications for the viral life cycle is underscored by the discovery that many viruses encode deconjugases that reverse their functions. The structural and functional characterization of these viral enzymes and the identification of their viral and cellular substrates is providing valuable insights into the biology of viral infections and the host's antiviral defense. Given the growing body of evidence demonstrating their key contribution to pathogenesis, the viral deconjugases are now recognized as attractive targets for the design of novel antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Min YQ, Ning YJ, Wang H, Deng F. A RIG-I-like receptor directs antiviral responses to a bunyavirus and is antagonized by virus-induced blockade of TRIM25-mediated ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9691-9711. [PMID: 32471869 PMCID: PMC7363118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that recognize specific viral RNA products and initiate antiviral innate immunity. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a highly pathogenic member of the Bunyavirales RIG-I, but not MDA5, has been suggested to sense some bunyavirus infections; however, the roles of RLRs in anti-SFTSV immune responses remain unclear. Here, we show that SFTSV infection induces an antiviral response accompanied by significant induction of antiviral and inflammatory cytokines and that RIG-I plays a main role in this induction by recognizing viral 5'-triphosphorylated RNAs and by signaling via the adaptor mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein. Moreover, MDA5 may also sense SFTSV infection and contribute to IFN induction, but to a lesser extent. We further demonstrate that the RLR-mediated anti-SFTSV signaling can be antagonized by SFTSV nonstructural protein (NSs) at the level of RIG-I activation. Protein interaction and MS-based analyses revealed that NSs interacts with the host protein tripartite motif-containing 25 (TRIM25), a critical RIG-I-activating ubiquitin E3 ligase, but not with RIG-I or Riplet, another E3 ligase required for RIG-I ubiquitination. NSs specifically trapped TRIM25 into viral inclusion bodies and inhibited TRIM25-mediated RIG-I-Lys-63-linked ubiquitination/activation, contributing to suppression of RLR-mediated antiviral signaling at its initial stage. These results provide insights into immune responses to SFTSV infection and clarify a mechanism of the viral immune evasion, which may help inform the development of antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qin Min
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oshiumi H. Recent Advances and Contradictions in the Study of the Individual Roles of Ubiquitin Ligases That Regulate RIG-I-Like Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1296. [PMID: 32670286 PMCID: PMC7326816 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmic viral RNA sensors and are essential for antiviral innate immune responses, such as type I interferon production. Post-translational modification is critical for the activation and inactivation of RIG-I and MDA5. At least seven ubiquitin ligases have been reported to be involved in either K63- or K48-linked polyubiquitination of RIG-I and MDA5, and these ubiquitin ligases are further regulated by other factors. TRIM25 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that delivers a K63-linked polyubiquitin moiety to the caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) of RIG-I, thereby activating the antiviral innate immune response. Recent studies have shown that NDR2, ZCCHC3, and Lnczc3h7a promote TRIM25-mediated RIG-I activation. Riplet is another ubiquitin ligase that mediates the K63-linked polyubiquitination of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RIG-I; however, it was also reported that Riplet delivers the K63-linked polyubiquitin moiety to the CARDs of RIG-I as well as to the CTD, thereby activating RIG-I. Further, there are several factors that attenuate the activation of RIG-I and MDA5. RNF125, TRIM40, and c-Cbl mediate K48-linked polyubiquitination and induce degradation of RIG-I and/or MDA5. USP21 and CYLD remove the K63-linked polyubiquitin chain from RIG-I, and NLRP12 inhibits polyubiquitin-mediated RIG-I activation. Although these new regulators have been reported, their distinctive roles and functional differences remain elusive, and in some cases, studies on the topic are contradictory to each other. In the present review, recent studies related to post-translational modifications of RIG-I and MDA5 are summarized, and several controversies and unanswered questions in this field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gu H, Jan Fada B. Specificity in Ubiquitination Triggered by Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4088. [PMID: 32521668 PMCID: PMC7313089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a prominent posttranslational modification, in which the ubiquitin moiety is covalently attached to a target protein to influence protein stability, interaction partner and biological function. All seven lysine residues of ubiquitin, along with the N-terminal methionine, can each serve as a substrate for further ubiquitination, which effectuates a diverse combination of mono- or poly-ubiquitinated proteins with linear or branched ubiquitin chains. The intricately composed ubiquitin codes are then recognized by a large variety of ubiquitin binding domain (UBD)-containing proteins to participate in the regulation of various pathways to modulate the cell behavior. Viruses, as obligate parasites, involve many aspects of the cell pathways to overcome host defenses and subjugate cellular machineries. In the virus-host interactions, both the virus and the host tap into the rich source of versatile ubiquitination code in order to compete, combat, and co-evolve. Here, we review the recent literature to discuss the role of ubiquitin system as the infection progresses in virus life cycle and the importance of ubiquitin specificity in the regulation of virus-host relation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Gu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nathan KG, Lal SK. The Multifarious Role of 14-3-3 Family of Proteins in Viral Replication. Viruses 2020; 12:E436. [PMID: 32294919 PMCID: PMC7232403 DOI: 10.3390/v12040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of ubiquitous and exclusively eukaryotic proteins with an astoundingly significant number of binding partners. Their binding alters the activity, stability, localization, and phosphorylation state of a target protein. The association of 14-3-3 proteins with the regulation of a wide range of general and specific signaling pathways suggests their crucial role in health and disease. Recent studies have linked 14-3-3 to several RNA and DNA viruses that may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of infections. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of host-virus interactions is vital for understanding the viral life cycle and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Moreover, pharmaceutical research is already moving towards targeting host proteins in the control of virus pathogenesis. As such, targeting the right host protein to interrupt host-virus interactions could be an effective therapeutic strategy. In this review, we generated a 14-3-3 protein interactions roadmap in viruses, using the freely available Virusmentha network, an online virus-virus or virus-host interaction tool. Furthermore, we summarize the role of the 14-3-3 family in RNA and DNA viruses. The participation of 14-3-3 in viral infections underlines its significance as a key regulator for the expression of host and viral proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Ganesan Nathan
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia;
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus LANA Modulates the Stability of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RLIM. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01578-19. [PMID: 31801865 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) protein functions in latently infected cells as an essential participant in KSHV genome replication and as a driver of dysregulated cell growth. In a previous study, we have identified LANA-interacting proteins using a protein array screen. Here, we explore the effect of LANA on the stability and activity of RLIM (RING finger LIM-domain-interacting protein, encoded by the RNF12 gene), a novel LANA-interacting protein identified in that protein screen. RLIM is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that leads to the ubiquitination and degradation of several transcription regulators, such as LMO2, LMO4, LHX2, LHX3, LDB1, and the telomeric protein TRF1. Expression of LANA leads to downregulation of RLIM protein levels. This LANA-mediated RLIM degradation is blocked in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor, MG132. Therefore, the interaction between LANA and RLIM could be detected in coimmunoprecipitation assay only in the presence of MG132 to prevent RLIM degradation. A RING finger mutant RLIM is resistant to LANA-mediated degradation, suggesting that LANA promotes RLIM autoubiquitination. Interestingly, we found that LANA enhanced the degradation of some RLIM substrates, such as LDB1 and LMO2, and prevented RLIM-mediated degradation of others, such as LHX3 and TRF1. We also show that transcription regulation by RLIM substrates is modulated by LANA. RLIM substrates are assembled into multiprotein transcription regulator complexes that regulate the expression of many cellular genes. Therefore, our study identified another way KSHV can modulate cellular gene expression.IMPORTANCE E3 ubiquitin ligases mark their substrates for degradation and therefore control the cellular abundance of their substrates. RLIM is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that leads to the ubiquitination and degradation of several transcription regulators, such as LMO2, LMO4, LHX2, LHX3, LDB1, and the telomeric protein TRF1. Here, we show that the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-encoded LANA protein enhances the ubiquitin ligase activity of RLIM, leading to enhanced RLIM autoubiquitination and degradation. Interestingly, LANA enhanced the degradation of some RLIM substrates, such as LDB1 and LMO2, and prevented RLIM-mediated degradation of others, such as LHX3 and TRF1. In agreement with protein stability of RLIM substrates, we found that LANA modulates transcription by LHX3-LDB1 complex and suggest additional ways LANA can modulate cellular gene expression. Our study adds another way a viral protein can regulate cellular protein stability, by enhancing the autoubiquitination and degradation of an E3 ubiquitin ligase.
Collapse
|
35
|
Atkins SL, Motaib S, Wiser LC, Hopcraft SE, Hardy PB, Shackelford J, Foote P, Wade AH, Damania B, Pagano JS, Pearce KH, Whitehurst CB. Small molecule screening identifies inhibitors of the Epstein-Barr virus deubiquitinating enzyme, BPLF1. Antiviral Res 2020; 173:104649. [PMID: 31711927 PMCID: PMC7017600 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviral deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) were discovered in 2005, are highly conserved across the family, and are proving to be increasingly important players in herpesviral infection. EBV's DUB, BPLF1, is known to regulate both cellular and viral target activities, yet remains largely unstudied. Our work has implicated BPLF1 in a wide range of processes including infectivity, viral DNA replication, and DNA repair. Additionally, knockout of BPLF1 delays and reduces human B-cell immortalization and lymphoma formation in humanized mice. These findings underscore the importance of BPLF1 in viral infectivity and pathogenesis and suggest that inhibition of EBV's DUB activity may offer a new approach to specific therapy for EBV infections. We set out to discover and characterize small molecule inhibitors of BPLF1 deubiquitinating activity through high-throughput screening. An initial small pilot screen resulted in discovery of 10 compounds yielding >80% decrease in BPLF1 DUB activity at a 10 μM concentration. Follow-up dose response curves of top hits identified several compounds with an IC50 in the low micromolar range. Four of these hits were tested for their ability to cleave ubiquitin chains as well as their effects on viral infectivity and cell viability. Further characterization of the top hit, commonly known as suramin was found to not be selective yet decreased viral infectivity by approximately 90% with no apparent effects on cell viability. Due to the conserved nature of Herpesviral deubiquitinating enzymes, identification of an inhibitor of BPLF1 may prove to be an effective and promising new avenue of therapy for EBV and other herpesviral family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sage L Atkins
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Safiyyah Motaib
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura C Wiser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sharon E Hopcraft
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Hardy
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julia Shackelford
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Ashley H Wade
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph S Pagano
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Pearce
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher B Whitehurst
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gupta S, Ylä-Anttila P, Sandalova T, Achour A, Masucci MG. Interaction With 14-3-3 Correlates With Inactivation of the RIG-I Signalosome by Herpesvirus Ubiquitin Deconjugases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:437. [PMID: 32226432 PMCID: PMC7080818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hijacking of cellular function through expression of proteins that interfere with the activity of cellular enzymes and regulatory complexes is a common strategy used by viruses to remodel the cell environment in favor of their own replication and spread. Here we report that the ubiquitin deconjugases encoded in the N-terminal domain of the large tegument proteins of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi Sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), but not herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), target an early step of the IFN signaling cascade that involves the formation of a trimolecular complex with the ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 and the 14-3-3 molecular scaffold. Different from other homologs, the HSV-1 encoded enzyme fails to interact with 14-3-3, which correlates with failure to promote the autoubiquitination and sequestration of TRIM25 in cytoplasmic aggregates, and inability to block the activation and nuclear translocation of the IRF3 transcription factor. These findings highlight a key role for 14-3-3 molecular scaffolds in the regulation of innate immune response to herpesvirus infections and points to a possible target for the development of a new type of antivirals with applications in a broad spectrum of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soham Gupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Soham Gupta
| | - Päivi Ylä-Anttila
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G. Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Maria G. Masucci
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee HC, Chathuranga K, Lee JS. Intracellular sensing of viral genomes and viral evasion. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 31827068 PMCID: PMC6906418 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, virus-derived cytosolic nucleic acids are recognized by host intracellular specific sensors. The efficacy of this recognition system is crucial for triggering innate host defenses, which then stimulate more specific adaptive immune responses against the virus. Recent studies show that signal transduction pathways activated by sensing proteins are positively or negatively regulated by many modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have evolved several strategies to counteract/evade host immune reactions. These systems involve viral proteins that interact with host sensor proteins and prevent them from detecting the viral genome or from initiating immune signaling. In this review, we discuss key regulators of cytosolic sensor proteins and viral proteins based on experimental evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Cheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
- Central Research Institute, Komipharm International Co., Ltd, Shiheung, 15094, Korea
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Carriere J, Rao Y, Liu Q, Lin X, Zhao J, Feng P. Post-translational Control of Innate Immune Signaling Pathways by Herpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2647. [PMID: 31798565 PMCID: PMC6868034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses constitute a large family of disease-causing DNA viruses. Each herpesvirus strain is capable of infecting particular organisms with a specific cell tropism. Upon infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize conserved viral features to trigger signaling cascades that culminate in the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. To invoke a proper immune response while avoiding collateral tissue damage, signaling proteins involved in these cascades are tightly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Herpesviruses have developed strategies to subvert innate immune signaling pathways in order to ensure efficient viral replication and achieve persistent infection. The ability of these viruses to control the proteins involved in these signaling cascades post-translationally, either directly via virus-encoded enzymes or indirectly through the deregulation of cellular enzymes, has been widely reported. This ability provides herpesviruses with a powerful tool to shut off or restrict host antiviral and inflammatory responses. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the herpesvirus-mediated post-translational control along PRR-mediated signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gupta S, Ylä-Anttila P, Sandalova T, Sun R, Achour A, Masucci MG. 14-3-3 scaffold proteins mediate the inactivation of trim25 and inhibition of the type I interferon response by herpesvirus deconjugases. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008146. [PMID: 31710640 PMCID: PMC6874091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 molecular scaffolds promote type I interferon (IFN) responses by stabilizing the interaction of RIG-I with the TRIM25 ligase. Viruses have evolved unique strategies to halt this cellular response to support their replication and spread. Here, we report that the ubiquitin deconjugase (DUB) encoded in the N-terminus of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) large tegument protein BPLF1 harnesses 14-3-3 molecules to promote TRIM25 autoubiquitination and sequestration of the ligase into inactive protein aggregates. Catalytically inactive BPLF1 induced K48-linked autoubiquitination and degradation of TRIM25 while the ligase was mono- or di-ubiquitinated in the presence of the active viral enzyme and formed cytosolic aggregates decorated by the autophagy receptor p62/SQSTM1. Aggregate formation and the inhibition of IFN response were abolished by mutations of solvent exposed residues in helix-2 of BPLF1 that prevented binding to 14-3-3 while preserving both catalytic activity and binding to TRIM25. 14-3-3 interacted with the Coiled-Coil (CC) domain of TRIM25 in in vitro pulldown, while BPLF1 interacted with both the CC and B-box domains, suggesting that 14-3-3 positions BPLF1 at the ends of the CC dimer, close to known autoubiquitination sites. Our findings provide a molecular understanding of the mechanism by which a viral deubiquitinase inhibits the IFN response and emphasize the role of 14-3-3 proteins in modulating antiviral defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soham Gupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Päivi Ylä-Anttila
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Campus Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renhua Sun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Campus Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Campus Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G. Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Epstein-Barr Virus and Innate Immunity: Friends or Foes? Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060183. [PMID: 31238570 PMCID: PMC6617214 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) successfully persists in the vast majority of adults but causes lymphoid and epithelial malignancies in a small fraction of latently infected individuals. Innate immunity is the first-line antiviral defense, which EBV has to evade in favor of its own replication and infection. EBV uses multiple strategies to perturb innate immune signaling pathways activated by Toll-like, RIG-I-like, NOD-like, and AIM2-like receptors as well as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. EBV also counteracts interferon production and signaling, including TBK1-IRF3 and JAK-STAT pathways. However, activation of innate immunity also triggers pro-inflammatory response and proteolytic cleavage of caspases, both of which exhibit proviral activity under some circumstances. Pathogenic inflammation also contributes to EBV oncogenesis. EBV activates NFκB signaling and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines. Through differential modulation of the proviral and antiviral roles of caspases and other host factors at different stages of infection, EBV usurps cellular programs for death and inflammation to its own benefits. The outcome of EBV infection is governed by a delicate interplay between innate immunity and EBV. A better understanding of this interplay will instruct prevention and intervention of EBV-associated cancers.
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang Q, Li X, Cui K, Liu C, Wu M, Prochownik EV, Li Y. The MAP3K13-TRIM25-FBXW7α axis affects c-Myc protein stability and tumor development. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:420-433. [PMID: 31186535 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Myc (Myc) is a master transcription factor that is often deregulated and highly expressed by at least 50% of cancers. In many cases, Myc protein levels correlate with resistance to therapy and poor prognosis. However, effective direct inhibition of Myc by pharmacologic approaches has remained unachievable. Here, we identify MAP3K13 as a positive regulator of Myc to promote tumor development. Our findings show that MAP3K13 upregulation is predictive of poor outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, MAP3K13 phosphorylates the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 at Ser12 to decrease its polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. This newly stabilized TRIM25 then directly ubiquitinates Lys412 of FBXW7α, a core subunit of the SKP1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex involved in Myc ubiquitination, thereby stabilizing Myc. Together, these results reveal a novel regulatory pathway that supervises Myc protein stability via the MAP3K13-TRIM25-FBXW7α signaling axis. In addition, they provide a potential therapeutic target in Myc over-expressing human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Kasa Cui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhi Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and The Hillman Cancer Center of UPMC, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Youjun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China. .,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lai Y, Liang M, Hu L, Zeng Z, Lin H, Yi G, Li M, Liu Z. RNF135 is a positive regulator of IFN expression and involved in RIG-I signaling pathway by targeting RIG-I. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:474-479. [PMID: 30508673 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) play a key role in antiviral and inflammatory responses. Increasing evidence indicates that ubiquitination is crucial for regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway. Several ubiquitin ligases were reported to be involved in RIG-I-mediated signal transduction. In the present study, we demonstrated zebrafish RING finger protein 135 (zbRNF135) was a critical player in the regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway. zbRNF135 mRNA was widely expressed in different tissues of zebrafish. The expression of zbRNF135 was up-regulated post poly(I:C) treatment in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the expression profiles of RIG-I signaling pathway related genes (LGP2, MDA5, RIG-I, MAVS, TRAF3, IRF3 and IRF7), together with its downstream molecules (IFN1, ISG15, Mx and PKR), were up-regulated by overexpression of zbRNF135 in ZF4 cells. Luciferase and ubiquitination assays revealed that overexpression of zbRNF135 facilitated zebrafish RIG-I (zbRIG-I)-mediated IFN1 promoter activation by mediating K63-linked ubiquitination of zbRIG-I. The co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that zbRNF135 specifically interacted with zbRIG-I. Our study indicated that zbRNF135 participated in innate immune response through modulating RIG-I signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiong Lai
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - La Hu
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Zicheng Zeng
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Gao Yi
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Unterholzner L, Almine JF. Camouflage and interception: how pathogens evade detection by intracellular nucleic acid sensors. Immunology 2018; 156:217-227. [PMID: 30499584 PMCID: PMC6376273 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular DNA and RNA sensors play a vital part in the innate immune response to viruses and other intracellular pathogens, causing the secretion of type I interferons, cytokines and chemokines from infected cells. Pathogen RNA can be detected by retinoic-acid inducible gene I-like receptors in the cytosol, whereas cytosolic DNA is recognized by DNA sensors such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). The resulting local immune response, which is initiated within hours of infection, is able to eliminate many pathogens before they are able to establish an infection in the host. For this reason, all viruses, and some intracellular bacteria and protozoa, need to evade detection by nucleic acid sensors. Immune evasion strategies include the sequestration and modification of nucleic acids, and the inhibition or degradation of host factors involved in innate immune signalling. Large DNA viruses, such as herpesviruses, often use multiple viral proteins to inhibit signalling cascades at several different points; for instance herpes simplex virus 1 targets both DNA sensors cGAS and interferon-γ-inducible protein 16, as well as the adaptor protein STING (stimulator of interferon genes) and other signalling factors in the pathway. Viruses with a small genome encode only a few immunomodulatory proteins, but these are often multifunctional, such as the NS1 protein from influenza A virus, which inhibits RNA sensing in multiple ways. Intracellular bacteria and protozoa can also be detected by nucleic acid sensors. However, as the type I interferon response is not always beneficial for the host under these circumstances, some bacteria subvert, rather than evade, these signalling cascades for their own gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Unterholzner
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jessica F Almine
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mapping and Sequencing of a Significant Quantitative Trait Locus Affecting Resistance to Koi Herpesvirus in Common Carp. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:3507-3513. [PMID: 30150301 PMCID: PMC6222565 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyprinids are the most highly produced group of fishes globally, with common carp being one of the most valuable species of the group. Koi herpesvirus (KHV) infections can result in high levels of mortality, causing major economic losses, and is listed as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. Selective breeding for host resistance has the potential to reduce morbidity and losses due to KHV. Therefore, improving knowledge about host resistance and methods of incorporating genomic data into breeding for resistance may contribute to a decrease in economic losses in carp farming. In the current study, a population of 1,425 carp juveniles, originating from a factorial cross between 40 sires and 20 dams was challenged with KHV. Mortalities and survivors were recorded and sampled for genotyping by sequencing using Restriction Site-Associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Genome-wide association analyses were performed to investigate the genetic architecture of resistance to KHV. A genome-wide significant QTL affecting resistance to KHV was identified on linkage group 44, explaining approximately 7% of the additive genetic variance. Pooled whole genome resequencing of a subset of resistant (n = 60) and susceptible animals (n = 60) was performed to characterize QTL regions, including identification of putative candidate genes and functional annotation of associated polymorphisms. The TRIM25 gene was identified as a promising positional and functional candidate within the QTL region of LG 44, and a putative premature stop mutation in this gene was discovered.
Collapse
|
45
|
Bussey KA, Brinkmann MM. Strategies for immune evasion by human tumor viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 32:30-39. [PMID: 30241043 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion is a hallmark of viral persistence. For the seven human tumor viruses to establish lifelong infection in their hosts, they must successfully control the host response to them. Viral inhibition of immune responses occurs at many levels. While some viruses directly target the pattern recognition receptors (PRR) of the innate immune system, they may also antagonize downstream effectors of PRR signaling cascades or activation of transcription, which would otherwise induce a type I interferon (IFN) and/or pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Secretion of IFN activates the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR) signaling pathway, which is also prone to viral inhibition. To evade the adaptive host response, viruses also target various mechanisms including antigen processing and presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A Bussey
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany; Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|