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Manthey CF, Epple HJ, Keller KM, Lübbert C, Posovszky C, Ramharter M, Reuken P, Suerbaum S, Vehreschild M, Weinke T, Addo MM, Stallmach A, Lohse AW. S2k-Leitlinie Gastrointestinale Infektionen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2024; 62:1090-1149. [PMID: 38976986 DOI: 10.1055/a-2240-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin F Manthey
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik - Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie; Sektionen Infektions- und Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
- Gemeinschaftspraxis Innere Medizin Witten, Witten, Deutschland
| | - Hans-Jörg Epple
- Antibiotic Stewardship, Vorstand Krankenversorgung, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Klaus-Michael Keller
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Wiesbaden, Deutschland
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Bereich Infektiologie und Tropenmedizin, Medizinische Klinik I (Hämatologie, Zelltherapie, Infektiologie und Hämostaseologie), Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | | | - Michael Ramharter
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik - Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie; Sektionen Infektions- und Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Philipp Reuken
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV (Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie, Zentrale Endoskopie), Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Universität München, Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, München, Deutschland
| | - Maria Vehreschild
- Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Weinke
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Infektiologie, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Deutschland
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik - Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie; Sektionen Infektions- und Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
- Institut für Infektionsforschung und Impfstoffentwicklung Sektion Infektiologie, I. Med. Klinik, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Klinik für Innere Medizin IV (Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Infektiologie, Zentrale Endoskopie), Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik - Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie; Sektionen Infektions- und Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
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2
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Zou M, Pezoldt J, Mohr J, Philipsen L, Leufgen A, Cerovic V, Wiechers C, Pils M, Ortiz D, Hao L, Yang J, Beckstette M, Dupont A, Hornef M, Dersch P, Strowig T, Müller AJ, Raila J, Huehn J. Early-life vitamin A treatment rescues neonatal infection-induced durably impaired tolerogenic properties of celiac lymph nodes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114153. [PMID: 38687643 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut-draining mesenteric and celiac lymph nodes (mLNs and celLNs) critically contribute to peripheral tolerance toward food and microbial antigens by supporting the de novo induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). These tolerogenic properties of mLNs and celLNs are stably imprinted within stromal cells (SCs) by microbial signals and vitamin A (VA), respectively. Here, we report that a single, transient gastrointestinal infection in the neonatal, but not adult, period durably abrogates the efficient Treg-inducing capacity of celLNs by altering the subset composition and gene expression profile of celLNSCs. These cells carry information about the early-life pathogen encounter until adulthood and durably instruct migratory dendritic cells entering the celLN with reduced tolerogenic properties. Mechanistically, transiently reduced VA levels cause long-lasting celLN functional impairment, which can be rescued by early-life treatment with VA. Together, our data highlight the therapeutic potential of VA to prevent sequelae post gastrointestinal infections in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangge Zou
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joern Pezoldt
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Laboratory of Systems Biology and Genetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Mohr
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lars Philipsen
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Multi-Parametric Bioimaging and Cytometry (MPBIC) Platform, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Leufgen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolin Wiechers
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marina Pils
- Mouse Pathology Platform, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diego Ortiz
- Department Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lianxu Hao
- Department Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juhao Yang
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aline Dupont
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Institute for Infectiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Site University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas J Müller
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Multi-Parametric Bioimaging and Cytometry (MPBIC) Platform, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Intravital Microscopy in Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Cossart P, Hacker J, Holden DH, Normark S, Vogel J. Meeting report 'Microbiology 2023: from single cell to microbiome and host', an international interacademy conference in Würzburg. MICROLIFE 2024; 5:uqae008. [PMID: 38665235 PMCID: PMC11044969 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
On September 20-22 September 2023, the international conference 'Microbiology 2023: from single cell to microbiome and host' convened microbiologists from across the globe for a very successful symposium, showcasing cutting-edge research in the field. Invited lecturers delivered exceptional presentations covering a wide range of topics, with a major emphasis on phages and microbiomes, on the relevant bacteria within these ecosystems, and their multifaceted roles in diverse environments. Discussions also spanned the intricate analysis of fundamental bacterial processes, such as cell division, stress resistance, and interactions with phages. Organized by four renowned Academies, the German Leopoldina, the French Académie des sciences, the Royal Society UK, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the symposium provided a dynamic platform for experts to share insights and discoveries, leaving participants inspired and eager to integrate new knowledge into their respective projects. The success of Microbiology 2023 prompted the decision to host the next quadrennial academic meeting in Sweden. This choice underscores the commitment to fostering international collaboration and advancing the frontiers of microbiological knowledge. The transition to Sweden promises to be an exciting step in the ongoing global dialogue and specific collaborations on microbiology, a field where researchers will continue to push the boundaries of knowledge, understanding, and innovation not only in health and disease but also in ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Hacker
- German National Academy of Science Leopoldina, Jägerberg 1, D-06108 Halle, Germany
| | - David H Holden
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Flowers Building, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Staffan Normark
- Karolinska Institute, Tumor-och-cellbiologi, C1 Microbial Pathogenesis, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörg Vogel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology (IMIB), University of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Josef-Schneider-Str2/Gebaude D15; É. D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
AB toxins are protein virulence factors secreted by many bacterial pathogens, contributing to the pathogenicity of the cognate bacteria. AB toxins consist of two functionally distinct components: the enzymatic "A" component for pathogenicity and the receptor-binding "B" component for toxin delivery. Consistently, unlike other virulence factors such as effectors, AB toxins do not require additional systems to deliver them to the target host cells. Target host cells are located in the infection site and/or located distantly from infected host cells. The first part of this review discusses the structural and functional features of single-peptide and multiprotein AB toxins in the context of host-microbe interactions, using several well-characterized examples. The second part of this review discusses toxin neutralization strategies, as well as applications of AB toxins relevant to developing intervention strategies against diseases.
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5
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Alvarez-Manzo HS, Davidson RK, Van Cauwelaert de Wyels J, Cotten KL, Nguyen BH, Xiao M, Zhu Z, Anthony J, van Opijnen T, Davis KM. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis doxycycline tolerance strategies include modulating expression of genes involved in cell permeability and tRNA modifications. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010556. [PMID: 35576231 PMCID: PMC9135342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerance is typically associated with a phenotypic change within a bacterial population, resulting in a transient decrease in antibiotic susceptibility that can contribute to treatment failure and recurrent infections. Although tolerant cells may emerge prior to treatment, the stress of prolonged antibiotic exposure can also promote tolerance. Here, we sought to determine how Yersinia pseudotuberculosis responds to doxycycline exposure, to then verify if these gene expression changes could promote doxycycline tolerance in culture and in our mouse model of infection. Only four genes were differentially regulated in response to a physiologically-relevant dose of doxycycline: osmB and ompF were upregulated, tusB and cnfy were downregulated; differential expression also occurred during doxycycline treatment in the mouse. ompF, tusB and cnfy were also differentially regulated in response to chloramphenicol, indicating these could be general responses to ribosomal inhibition. cnfy has previously been associated with persistence and was not a major focus here. We found deletion of the OmpF porin resulted in increased antibiotic accumulation, suggesting expression may promote diffusion of doxycycline out of the cell, while OsmB lipoprotein had a minor impact on antibiotic permeability. Overexpression of tusB significantly impaired bacterial survival in culture and in the mouse, suggesting that tRNA modification by tusB, and the resulting impacts on translational machinery, promotes survival during treatment with an antibiotic classically viewed as bacteriostatic. We believe this may be the first observation of bactericidal activity of doxycycline under physiological conditions, which was revealed by reversing tusB downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector S. Alvarez-Manzo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Davidson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jasper Van Cauwelaert de Wyels
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Cotten
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin H. Nguyen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melody Xiao
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jon Anthony
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tim van Opijnen
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Michele Davis
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors (CNFs)-A Family of Rho GTPase-Activating Bacterial Exotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120901. [PMID: 34941738 PMCID: PMC8709095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNFs) are a family of Rho GTPase-activating single-chain exotoxins that are produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Due to the pleiotropic activities of the targeted Rho GTPases, the CNFs trigger multiple signaling pathways and host cell processes with diverse functional consequences. They influence cytokinesis, tissue integrity, cell barriers, and cell death, as well as the induction of inflammatory and immune cell responses. This has an enormous influence on host-pathogen interactions and the severity of the infection. The present review provides a comprehensive insight into our current knowledge of the modular structure, cell entry mechanisms, and the mode of action of this class of toxins, and describes their influence on the cell, tissue/organ, and systems levels. In addition to their toxic functions, possibilities for their use as drug delivery tool and for therapeutic applications against important illnesses, including nervous system diseases and cancer, have also been identified and are discussed.
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7
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Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142021. [PMID: 34910573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an Enterobacteriaceae family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine, Y. pseudotuberculosis can invade through Peyer's patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Infection of MLNs by Y. pseudotuberculosis results in the clinical presentation of mesenteric lymphadenitis. MLNs are important for immune responses to intestinal pathogens and microbiota in addition to their clinical relevance to Y. pseudotuberculosis infections. A characteristic of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in MLNs is the formation of pyogranulomas. Pyogranulomas are composed of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and lymphocytes surrounding extracellular microcolonies of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Key elements of the complex pathogen-host interaction in MLNs have been identified using mouse infection models. Y. pseudotuberculosis requires the virulence plasmid pYV to induce the formation of pyogranulomas in MLNs. The YadA adhesin and the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) are encoded on pYV. YadA mediates bacterial binding to host receptors, which engages the T3SS to preferentially translocate seven Yop effectors into phagocytes. The effectors promote pathogenesis by blocking innate immune defenses such as superoxide production, degranulation, and inflammasome activation, resulting in survival and growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis. On the other hand, certain effectors can trigger immune defenses in phagocytes. For example, YopJ triggers activation of caspase-8 and an apoptotic cell death response in monocytes within pyogranulomas that limits dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis from MLNs to the bloodstream. YopE can be processed as an antigen by phagocytes in MLNs, resulting in T and B cell responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immune responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis in MLNs can also be detrimental to the host in the form of chronic lymphadenopathy. This review focuses on interactions between Y. pseudotuberculosis and phagocytes mediated by pYV that concurrently promote pathogenesis and host defense in MLNs. We propose that MLN pyogranulomas are immunological arenas in which opposing pYV-driven forces determine the outcome of infection in favor of the pathogen or host.
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Bekere I, Huang J, Schnapp M, Rudolph M, Berneking L, Ruckdeschel K, Grundhoff A, Günther T, Fischer N, Aepfelbacher M. Yersinia remodels epigenetic histone modifications in human macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010074. [PMID: 34793580 PMCID: PMC8639070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various pathogens systematically reprogram gene expression in macrophages, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We investigated whether the enteropathogen Yersinia enterocolitica alters chromatin states to reprogram gene expression in primary human macrophages. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) seq analyses showed that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induced up- or down-regulation of histone modifications (HMod) at approximately 14500 loci in promoters and enhancers. Effectors of Y. enterocolitica reorganized about half of these dynamic HMod, with the effector YopP being responsible for about half of these modulatory activities. The reorganized HMod were associated with genes involved in immune response and metabolism. Remarkably, the altered HMod also associated with 61% of all 534 known Rho GTPase pathway genes, revealing a new level in Rho GTPase regulation and a new aspect of bacterial pathogenicity. Changes in HMod were associated to varying degrees with corresponding gene expression, e. g. depending on chromatin localization and cooperation of the HMod. In summary, infection with Y. enterocolitica remodels HMod in human macrophages to modulate key gene expression programs of the innate immune response. Human pathogenic bacteria can affect epigenetic histone modifications to modulate gene expression in host cells. However, a systems biology analysis of this bacterial virulence mechanism in immune cells has not been performed. Here we analyzed genome-wide epigenetic histone modifications and associated gene expression changes in primary human macrophages infected with enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. We demonstrate that Yersinia virulence factors extensively modulate histone modifications and associated gene expression triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the bacteria. The epigenetically modulated genes are involved in several key pathways of the macrophage immune response, including the Rho GTPase pathway, revealing a novel level of Rho GTPase regulation by a bacterial pathogen. Overall, our findings provide an in-depth view of epigenetic and gene expression changes during host-pathogen interaction and might have further implications for understanding of the innate immune memory in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Bekere
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IB); (MA)
| | - Jiabin Huang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Schnapp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Rudolph
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Berneking
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ruckdeschel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute (HPI), Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Research Group Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IB); (MA)
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9
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Chaoprasid P, Lukat P, Mühlen S, Heidler T, Gazdag E, Dong S, Bi W, Rüter C, Kirchenwitz M, Steffen A, Jänsch L, Stradal TEB, Dersch P, Blankenfeldt W. Crystal structure of bacterial cytotoxic necrotizing factor CNF Y reveals molecular building blocks for intoxication. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105202. [PMID: 33410511 PMCID: PMC7883292 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNFs) are bacterial single-chain exotoxins that modulate cytokinetic/oncogenic and inflammatory processes through activation of host cell Rho GTPases. To achieve this, they are secreted, bind surface receptors to induce endocytosis and translocate a catalytic unit into the cytosol to intoxicate host cells. A three-dimensional structure that provides insight into the underlying mechanisms is still lacking. Here, we determined the crystal structure of full-length Yersinia pseudotuberculosis CNFY . CNFY consists of five domains (D1-D5), and by integrating structural and functional data, we demonstrate that D1-3 act as export and translocation module for the catalytic unit (D4-5) and for a fused β-lactamase reporter protein. We further found that D4, which possesses structural similarity to ADP-ribosyl transferases, but had no equivalent catalytic activity, changed its position to interact extensively with D5 in the crystal structure of the free D4-5 fragment. This liberates D5 from a semi-blocked conformation in full-length CNFY , leading to higher deamidation activity. Finally, we identify CNF translocation modules in several uncharacterized fusion proteins, which suggests their usability as a broad-specificity protein delivery tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweena Chaoprasid
- Institute of InfectiologyCenter for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE)University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Molecular Infection BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Peer Lukat
- Structure and Function of ProteinsHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Sabrina Mühlen
- Institute of InfectiologyCenter for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE)University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Molecular Infection BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
- Deutsches Zentrum für InfektionsforschungBraunschweigGermany
| | - Thomas Heidler
- Molecular Structural BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Emerich‐Mihai Gazdag
- Structure and Function of ProteinsHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Shuangshuang Dong
- Structure and Function of ProteinsHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Wenjie Bi
- Cellular ProteomicsHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Christian Rüter
- Institute of InfectiologyCenter for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE)University of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Marco Kirchenwitz
- Cell BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Cell BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular ProteomicsHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
- Institute of ZoologyTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Cell BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
- Institute of ZoologyTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Institute of InfectiologyCenter for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE)University of MünsterMünsterGermany
- Molecular Infection BiologyHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
- Deutsches Zentrum für InfektionsforschungBraunschweigGermany
- Institute of MicrobiologyTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of ProteinsHelmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweigGermany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and BioinformaticsTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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10
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Somova LM, Antonenko FF, Timchenko NF, Lyapun IN. Far Eastern Scarlet-Like Fever is a Special Clinical and Epidemic Manifestation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection in Russia. Pathogens 2020; 9:E436. [PMID: 32498317 PMCID: PMC7350351 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudotuberculosis in humans until the 1950s was found in different countries of the world as a rare sporadic disease that occurred in the form of acute appendicitis and mesenteric lymphadenitis. In Russia and Japan, the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Y. pseudotuberculosis) infection often causes outbreaks of the disease with serious systemic inflammatory symptoms, and this variant of the disease has been known since 1959 as Far Eastern Scarlet-like Fever (FESLF). Russian researchers have proven that the FESLF pathogen is associated with a concrete clonal line of Y. pseudotuberculosis, characterized by a specific plasmid profile (pVM82, pYV 48 MDa), sequence (2ST) and yadA gene allele (1st allele). This review summarized the most important achievements in the study of FESLF since its discovery in the Far East. It has been established that the FESLF causative agent is characterized by a unique phenomenon of psychrophilicity, which consists of its ability to reproduce in the environment with its biologically low and variable temperature (4-12 °C), at which the pathogen multiplies and accumulates while maintaining or increasing its virulence, which ensures the emergence and development of the epidemic process. The key genetic and biochemical mechanisms of Y. pseudotuberculosis adaptation to changing environmental conditions were characterized, and the morphological manifestations of the adaptive variability of these bacteria in different conditions of their habitat were revealed. The main features of the pathogenesis and morphogenesis of FESLF, including those associated with the Y. pseudotuberculosis toxigenicity, were presented. The pathogenetic value of the plasmid PVM82, found only in the FESLF pathogen, was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M. Somova
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.F.T.); (I.N.L.)
| | - Fedor F. Antonenko
- Russian Scientific Center for Roentgen-Radiology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nelly F. Timchenko
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.F.T.); (I.N.L.)
| | - Irina N. Lyapun
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.F.T.); (I.N.L.)
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11
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Cornetti L, Tschirren B. Combining genome-wide association study and F ST -based approaches to identify targets of Borrelia-mediated selection in natural rodent hosts. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1386-1397. [PMID: 32163646 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies provide opportunities to gain novel insights into the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation. Yet to date, progress in our understanding of genotype-phenotype associations in nonmodel organisms in general and natural vertebrate populations in particular has been hampered by small sample sizes typically available for wildlife populations and a resulting lack of statistical power, as well as a limited ability to control for false-positive signals. Here we propose to combine a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and FST -based approach with population-level replication to partly overcome these limitations. We present a case study in which we used this approach in combination with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to identify genomic regions associated with Borrelia afzelii resistance or susceptibility in the natural rodent host of this Lyme disease-causing spirochete, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Using this combined approach we identified four consensus SNPs located in exonic regions of the genes Slc26a4, Tns3, Wscd1 and Espnl, which were significantly associated with the voles' Borrelia infectious status within and across populations. Functional links between host responses to bacterial infections and most of these genes have previously been demonstrated in other rodent systems, making them promising new candidates for the study of evolutionary host responses to Borrelia emergence. Our approach is applicable to other systems and may facilitate the identification of genetic variants underlying disease resistance or susceptibility, as well as other ecologically relevant traits, in wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cornetti
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Tschirren
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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Twittenhoff C, Heroven AK, Mühlen S, Dersch P, Narberhaus F. An RNA thermometer dictates production of a secreted bacterial toxin. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008184. [PMID: 31951643 PMCID: PMC6992388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent transitions of bacterial pathogens between their warm-blooded host and external reservoirs are accompanied by abrupt temperature shifts. A temperature of 37°C serves as reliable signal for ingestion by a mammalian host, which induces a major reprogramming of bacterial gene expression and metabolism. Enteric Yersiniae are Gram-negative pathogens accountable for self-limiting gastrointestinal infections. Among the temperature-regulated virulence genes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is cnfY coding for the cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNFY), a multifunctional secreted toxin that modulates the host’s innate immune system and contributes to the decision between acute infection and persistence. We report that the major determinant of temperature-regulated cnfY expression is a thermo-labile RNA structure in the 5’-untranslated region (5’-UTR). Various translational gene fusions demonstrated that this region faithfully regulates translation initiation regardless of the transcription start site, promoter or reporter strain. RNA structure probing revealed a labile stem-loop structure, in which the ribosome binding site is partially occluded at 25°C but liberated at 37°C. Consistent with translational control in bacteria, toeprinting (primer extension inhibition) experiments in vitro showed increased ribosome binding at elevated temperature. Point mutations locking the 5’-UTR in its 25°C structure impaired opening of the stem loop, ribosome access and translation initiation at 37°C. To assess the in vivo relevance of temperature control, we used a mouse infection model. Y. pseudotuberculosis strains carrying stabilized RNA thermometer variants upstream of cnfY were avirulent and attenuated in their ability to disseminate into mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. We conclude with a model, in which the RNA thermometer acts as translational roadblock in a two-layered regulatory cascade that tightly controls provision of the CNFY toxin during acute infection. Similar RNA structures upstream of various cnfY homologs suggest that RNA thermosensors dictate the production of secreted toxins in a wide range of pathogens. Bacterial pathogens closely survey the ambient conditions and induce virulence genes only at appropriate conditions. Upon host contact, many pathogens secrete toxins in order to subvert host defense systems. We find that such a secreted toxin in enteropathogenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is produced only at host body temperature. This regulation depends on a temperature-responsive RNA structure, an RNA thermometer, in the 5’-untranslated region of the toxin mRNA, which prevents translation at low temperatures when the bacterium is outside the host. Preventing melting of the RNA structure at 37°C by nucleotide substitutions that stabilize base pairing resulted in avirulent Yersinia strains unable to infect mice. Given that similar RNA thermometer-like structures exist upstream of related toxin genes in various bacterial pathogens, we propose that RNA thermometer-mediated toxin production is an evolutionary conserved mechanism. Interfering with opening of such regulatory structures might thus be a promising strategy targeting a broad spectrum of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Kathrin Heroven
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Mühlen
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Infectiology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Franz Narberhaus
- Microbial Biology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Kusmierek M, Hoßmann J, Witte R, Opitz W, Vollmer I, Volk M, Heroven AK, Wolf-Watz H, Dersch P. A bacterial secreted translocator hijacks riboregulators to control type III secretion in response to host cell contact. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007813. [PMID: 31173606 PMCID: PMC6583979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous Gram-negative pathogens use a Type III Secretion System (T3SS) to promote virulence by injecting effector proteins into targeted host cells, which subvert host cell processes. Expression of T3SS and the effectors is triggered upon host cell contact, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we report a novel strategy of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in which this pathogen uses a secreted T3SS translocator protein (YopD) to control global RNA regulators. Secretion of the YopD translocator upon host cell contact increases the ratio of post-transcriptional regulator CsrA to its antagonistic small RNAs CsrB and CsrC and reduces the degradosome components PNPase and RNase E levels. This substantially elevates the amount of the common transcriptional activator (LcrF) of T3SS/Yop effector genes and triggers the synthesis of associated virulence-relevant traits. The observed hijacking of global riboregulators allows the pathogen to coordinate virulence factor expression and also readjusts its physiological response upon host cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kusmierek
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörn Hoßmann
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Witte
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wiebke Opitz
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ines Vollmer
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Infectiology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Marcel Volk
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Infectiology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Ann Kathrin Heroven
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans Wolf-Watz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, Sweden
| | - Petra Dersch
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Infectiology, University of Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Kusmierek M, Heroven AK, Beckstette M, Nuss AM, Dersch P. Discovering Yersinia-Host Interactions by Tissue Dual RNA-Seq. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2010:99-116. [PMID: 31177434 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9541-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A detailed knowledge about virulence-relevant genes, as well as where and when they are expressed during the course of an infection is required to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the complex host-pathogen interactions. The development of unbiased probe-independent RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approaches has dramatically changed transcriptomics. It allows simultaneous monitoring of genome-wide, infection-linked transcriptional alterations of the host tissue and colonizing pathogens. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation and analysis of lymphatic tissue infected with the mainly extracellularly growing pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. This method can be used as a powerful tool for the discovery of Yersinia-induced host responses, colonization and persistence strategies of the pathogen, and underlying regulatory processes. Furthermore, we describe computational methods with which we analyzed obtained datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kusmierek
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ann Kathrin Heroven
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Aaron M Nuss
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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15
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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Exploits CD209 Receptors for Promoting Host Dissemination and Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 87:IAI.00654-18. [PMID: 30348825 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00654-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-negative enteropathogen and causes gastrointestinal infections. It disseminates from gut to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), spleen, and liver of infected humans and animals. Although the molecular mechanisms for dissemination and infection are unclear, many Gram-negative enteropathogens presumably invade the small intestine via Peyer's patches to initiate dissemination. In this study, we demonstrate that Y. pseudotuberculosis utilizes its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core to interact with CD209 receptors, leading to invasion of human dendritic cells (DCs) and murine macrophages. These Y. pseudotuberculosis-CD209 interactions result in bacterial dissemination to MLNs, spleens, and livers of both wild-type and Peyer's patch-deficient mice. The blocking of the Y. pseudotuberculosis-CD209 interactions by expression of O-antigen and with oligosaccharides reduces infectivity. Based on the well-documented studies in which HIV-CD209 interaction leads to viral dissemination, we therefore propose an infection route for Y. pseudotuberculosis where this pathogen, after penetrating the intestinal mucosal membrane, hijacks the Y. pseudotuberculosis-CD209 interaction antigen-presenting cells to reach their target destinations, MLNs, spleens, and livers.
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Knittel V, Vollmer I, Volk M, Dersch P. Discovering RNA-Based Regulatory Systems for Yersinia Virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:378. [PMID: 30460205 PMCID: PMC6232918 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Yersinia includes three human pathogenic species, Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of the bubonic and pneumonic plague, and enteric pathogens Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis that cause a number of gut-associated diseases. Over the past years a large repertoire of RNA-based regulatory systems has been discovered in these pathogens using different RNA-seq based approaches. Among them are several conserved or species-specific RNA-binding proteins, regulatory and sensory RNAs as well as various RNA-degrading enzymes. Many of them were shown to control the expression of important virulence-relevant factors and have a very strong impact on Yersinia virulence. The precise targets, the molecular mechanism and their role for Yersinia pathogenicity is only known for a small subset of identified genus- or species-specific RNA-based control elements. However, the ongoing development of new RNA-seq based methods and data analysis methods to investigate the synthesis, composition, translation, decay, and modification of RNAs in the bacterial cell will help us to generate a more comprehensive view of Yersinia RNA biology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Knittel
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ines Vollmer
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcel Volk
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Dersch
- Department of Molecular Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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17
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Davis KM. All Yersinia Are Not Created Equal: Phenotypic Adaptation to Distinct Niches Within Mammalian Tissues. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:261. [PMID: 30128305 PMCID: PMC6088192 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis replicates within mammalian tissues to form clustered bacterial replication centers, called microcolonies. A subset of bacterial cells within microcolonies interact directly with host immune cells, and other subsets of bacteria only interact with other bacteria. This establishes a system where subsets of Yersinia have distinct gene expression profiles, which are driven by their unique microenvironments and cellular interactions. When this leads to alterations in virulence gene expression, small subsets of bacteria can play a critical role in supporting the replication of the bacterial population, and can drive the overall disease outcome. Based on the pathology of infections with each of the three Yersinia species that are pathogenic to humans, it is likely that this specialization of bacterial subsets occurs during all Yersiniae infections. This review will describe the pathology that occurs during infection with each of the three human pathogenic Yersinia, in terms of the structure of bacterial replication centers and the specific immune cell subsets that bacteria interact with, and will also describe the outcome these interactions have or may have on bacterial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Davis
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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