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Cheng X, Wan M, Song Y, Liu Q, Hu X, Chen X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wu R, Lu Q, Huang Y, Lv J, Cai W, Guan D, Yang S, He S. CaSTH2 disables CaWRKY40 from activating pepper thermotolerance and immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum via physical interaction. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae066. [PMID: 38725461 PMCID: PMC11079491 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
CaWRKY40 coordinately activates pepper immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum infection (RSI) and high temperature stress (HTS), forms positive feedback loops with other positive regulators and is promoted by CaWRKY27b/CaWRKY28 through physical interactions; however, whether and how it is regulated by negative regulators to function appropriately remain unclear. Herein, we provide evidence that CaWRKY40 is repressed by a SALT TOLERANCE HOMOLOG2 in pepper (CaSTH2). Our data from gene silencing and transient overexpression in pepper and epoptic overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed that CaSTH2 acted as negative regulator in immunity against RSI and thermotolerance. Our data from BiFC, CoIP, pull down, and MST indicate that CaSTH2 interacted with CaWRKY40, by which CaWRKY40 was prevented from activating immunity or thermotolerance-related genes. It was also found that CaSTH2 repressed CaWRKY40 at least partially through blocking interaction of CaWRKY40 with CaWRKY27b/CaWRKY28, but not through directly repressing binding of CaWRKY40 to its target genes. The results of study provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the coordination of pepper immunity and thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingge Cheng
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Meiyun Wan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuqiu Song
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qian Liu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiufang Chen
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xujing Zhang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ruijie Wu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Qiaoling Lu
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yu Huang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jingang Lv
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - WeiWei Cai
- College of of Horticultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 350002, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Langin G, González-Fuente M, Üstün S. The Plant Ubiquitin-Proteasome System as a Target for Microbial Manipulation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:351-375. [PMID: 37253695 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-110443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system perceives pathogens to trigger defense responses. In turn, pathogens secrete effector molecules to subvert these defense responses. The initiation and maintenance of defense responses involve not only de novo synthesis of regulatory proteins and enzymes but also their regulated degradation. The latter is achieved through protein degradation pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS regulates all stages of immunity, from the perception of the pathogen to the execution of the response, and, therefore, constitutes an ideal candidate for microbial manipulation of the host. Pathogen effector molecules interfere with the plant UPS through several mechanisms. This includes hijacking general UPS functions or perturbing its ability to degrade specific targets. In this review, we describe how the UPS regulates different immunity-related processes and how pathogens subvert this to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Langin
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Suayib Üstün
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Huang X, Wei J, Wu D, Mi N, Fang S, Xiao Y, Li Y. Silencing of SlDRB1 gene reduces resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2149942. [PMID: 36453197 PMCID: PMC9718546 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2149942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-binding proteins are small molecules in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway that form the RNAi machinery together with the Dicer-like protein (DCL) as a cofactor. This machinery cuts double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to form multiple small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Our goal was to clarify the function of DRB in tomato resistant to TYLCV. In this experiment, the expression of the SlDRB1 and SlDRB4 genes was analyzed in tomato leaves by qPCR, and the function of SlDRB1 and SlDRB4 in resistance to TYLCV was investigated by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Then, peroxidase activity was determined. The results showed that the expression of SlDRB1 gradually increased after inoculation of 'dwarf tomato' plants with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), but this gene was suppressed after 28 days. Resistance to TYLCV was significantly weakened after silencing of the SlDRB1 gene. However, there were no significant expression differences in SlDRB4 after TYLCV inoculation. Our study showed that silencing SlDRB1 attenuated the ability of tomato plants to resist virus infection; therefore, SlDRB1 may play a key role in the defense against TYLCV in tomato plants, whereas SlDRB4 is likely not involved in this defense response. Taken together, These results suggest that the DRB gene is involved in the mechanism of antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianming Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Na Mi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sili Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yunzhou Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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5
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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in rose. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1604-1618. [PMID: 36372105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multi-subunit complex, regulating plant development and cell cycle. In plants, the APC/C gene family has been identified in Arabidopsis, rice, and maize. The APC/Cs in rose has not yet been reported. In this study, a total of 19 APC/C genes were identified in rose. Furthermore, we also investigated phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distribution, gene structure, motif analysis, promoter sequence analysis and expression pattern of RhAPC/C genes. Synteny analysis indicated that AtAPC/Cs and RhAPC/Cs show a high degree of conservation. RhAPC/C promoters contains numerous cis-elements involved in plant morphogenesis, hormone response and stress response. Based on the transcription of RhAPC/Cs in different tissues and developmental stages, it appears that RhAPC/Cs may play a variety of roles in rose growth and development. RhAPC/Cs have limitations in the time and space during which they respond to hormones and abiotic stress. RhAPC5, RhAPC11d, RhAPC13a and RhAPC13c may play a role in rose responding to abiotic stress. The expression of RhAPC10 was altered by infection with fungal pathogen. Our study will serve as a basis for determining the functional role of APC/C genes in roses and help future research on woody plants.
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Zhang X, Fang T, Huang Y, Sun W, Cai S. Transcriptional regulation of photomorphogenesis in seedlings of Brassica napus under different light qualities. PLANTA 2022; 256:77. [PMID: 36088613 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study displayed the transcriptional regulation network of key regulators and downstream pathway in seedling morphogenesis of Brassica napus under different light quality. Plants undergo photomorphogenesis upon the presence of light, mediated by different light (e.g., blue, red, and far-red) signaling pathways. Although the light signaling pathway has been well documented in Arabidopsis, the underlying mechanisms were studied to a less extent in other plant species including Brassica napus. In this study, we investigated the effect of different light qualities (white, blue, red, and far-red light) on the hypocotyl elongation in B. napus, and performed the transcriptomic analysis of seedlings in response to different light qualities. The results showed that hypocotyl elongation was slightly inhibited by red light, while it was strongly inhibited by blue/far-red light. Transcriptome analysis identified 9748 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among treatments. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that light-responsive and photosynthesis-related genes were highly expressed in response to blue/far-red light rather than in red light. Furthermore, the key genes in light signaling (i.e., PHYB, HY5, HYH, HFR1, and PIF3) exhibited distinct expression patterns between blue/far-red and red light treatments. In addition, subgenome dominant expression of homoeologous genes were observed for some genes, such as PHYA, PHYB, HFR1, and BBXs. The current study displayed a comprehensive dissection of light-mediated transcriptional regulation network, including light signaling, phytohormone, and cell elongation/modification, which improved the understanding on the underlying mechanism of light-regulated hypocotyl growth in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tianmeng Fang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Institute of Crop Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wenyue Sun
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shengguan Cai
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi, 276000, China.
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7
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Shine MB, Zhang K, Liu H, Lim GH, Xia F, Yu K, Hunt AG, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. Phased small RNA-mediated systemic signaling in plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8791. [PMID: 35749505 PMCID: PMC9232115 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) involves the generation of systemically transported signal that arms distal plant parts against secondary infections. We show that two phased 21-nucleotide (nt) trans-acting small interfering RNA3a RNAs (tasi-RNA) derived from TAS3a and synthesized within 3 hours of pathogen infection are the early mobile signal in SAR. TAS3a undergoes alternate polyadenylation, resulting in the generation of 555- and 367-nt transcripts. The 555-nt transcripts likely serves as the sole precursor for tasi-RNAs D7 and D8, which cleave Auxin response factors (ARF) 2, 3, and 4 to induce SAR. Conversely, increased expression of ARF3 represses SAR. Knockout mutations in TAS3a or RNA silencing components required for tasi-RNA biogenesis compromise SAR without altering levels of known SAR-inducing chemicals. Both tasi-ARFs and the 367-nt transcripts are mobile and transported via plasmodesmata. Together, we show that tasi-ARFs are the early mobile signal in SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Shine
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gah-hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Keshun Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Arthur G. Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Ubiquitin ligases at the nexus of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:123-133. [PMID: 35704617 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants must cope with an ever-changing environment, including concurrent biotic and abiotic stresses. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is intricately involved in regulating signaling events that facilitate cellular changes required to mitigate the detrimental effects of environmental stress. A key component of the UPS are ubiquitin ligases (or E3s) that catalyze the attachment of ubiquitin molecules to select substrate proteins, which are then recognized by the 26S proteasome for degradation. With the identification of substrate proteins, a growing number of E3s are shown to differentially regulate responses to abiotic as well as bioitic stresses. The review discusses select E3s to illustrate the role of ubiquitin ligases as negative and/or positive regulators of responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Liang X, Jiao Y, Gong X, Gu H, Nuermaimaiti N, Meng X, Liu D, Guan Y. Staufen1 unwinds the secondary structure and facilitates the translation of fatty acid binding protein 4 mRNA during adipogenesis. Adipocyte 2021; 10:350-360. [PMID: 34224297 PMCID: PMC8259723 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1948165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis is regulated by genetic interactions, in which post-transcriptional regulation plays an important role. Staufen double-stranded RNA binding protein 1 (Staufen1 or STAU1) plays diverse roles in RNA processing and adipogenesis. Previously, we found that the downregulation of STAU1 affects the expression of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) at the protein level but not at the mRNA level. This study aimed to determine the mechanism underlying the regulation of FABP4 expression by STAU1, explaining the inconsistency between FABP4 mRNA and protein levels. We used RNA interference, photoactivatable ribonucleoside enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation, and an adeno-associated virus to examine the functions of STAU1 in adipogenesis. Our results indicate that STAU1 binds to the coding sequences of FABP4, thereby regulating the translation of FABP4 mRNA by unwinding the double-stranded structure. Furthermore, STAU1 mediates adipogenesis by regulating the secretion of free fatty acids. However, STAU1 knockdown decreases the fat weight/body weight ratio but does not affect the plasma triglyceride levels. These findings describe the mechanisms involved in STAU1-mediated regulation of FABP4 expression at the translational level during adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xueli Gong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nuerbiye Nuermaimaiti
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xuanyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yaqun Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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10
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Bhagat PK, Verma D, Sharma D, Sinha AK. HY5 and ABI5 transcription factors physically interact to fine tune light and ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:117-127. [PMID: 34490593 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cross-talk between light and ABA signaling is mediated by physical interaction between HY5 and ABI5 Arabidopsis. Plants undergo numerous transitions during their life-cycle and have developed a very complex network of signaling to integrate information from their surroundings to effectively survive in the ever-changing environment. Light signaling is one of the crucial factors that govern the plant growth and development from the very first step of that is from seedling germination to the flowering. Similarly, Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling transduces the signals from external unfavorable condition to the internal developmental pathways and is crucial for regulation of seed maturation, dormancy germination and early seedling development. These two fundamental factors coordinately regulate plant wellbeing, but the underlying molecular mechanisms that drive this regulation are poorly understood. Here, we identified that two bZIP transcription factors, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLE 5 (HY5), a positive regulator of light signaling and ABA-INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5), a positive regulator of ABA signaling interacts and integrates the two pathways together. Our phenotypic data suggest that ABI5 may act as a negative regulator during photomorphogenesis in contrast, HY5 acts as a positive regulator of ABA signaling in an ABA dependent manner. We further showed that over-expression of HY5 leads to ABA-hypersensitive phenotype and late flowering phenotype. Taken together, our data provides key insights regarding the mechanism of interaction between ABI5-HY5 that fine tunes the stress and developmental response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepanjali Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Deepika Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
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11
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Gough C, Sadanandom A. Understanding and Exploiting Post-Translational Modifications for Plant Disease Resistance. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1122. [PMID: 34439788 PMCID: PMC8392720 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly threatened by pathogens, so have evolved complex defence signalling networks to overcome pathogen attacks. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are fundamental to plant immunity, allowing rapid and dynamic responses at the appropriate time. PTM regulation is essential; pathogen effectors often disrupt PTMs in an attempt to evade immune responses. Here, we cover the mechanisms of disease resistance to pathogens, and how growth is balanced with defence, with a focus on the essential roles of PTMs. Alteration of defence-related PTMs has the potential to fine-tune molecular interactions to produce disease-resistant crops, without trade-offs in growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK;
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12
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Ponnu J, Hoecker U. Illuminating the COP1/SPA Ubiquitin Ligase: Fresh Insights Into Its Structure and Functions During Plant Photomorphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:662793. [PMID: 33841486 PMCID: PMC8024647 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.662793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in plants and animals. Discovered originally in Arabidopsis thaliana, COP1 acts in a complex with SPA proteins as a central repressor of light-mediated responses in plants. By ubiquitinating and promoting the degradation of several substrates, COP1/SPA regulates many aspects of plant growth, development and metabolism. In contrast to plants, human COP1 acts as a crucial regulator of tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the recent important findings in COP1/SPA research including a brief comparison between COP1 activity in plants and humans.
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Zhang Y, Zeng L. Crosstalk between Ubiquitination and Other Post-translational Protein Modifications in Plant Immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100041. [PMID: 33367245 PMCID: PMC7748009 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are central to the modulation of protein activity, stability, subcellular localization, and interaction with partners. They greatly expand the diversity and functionality of the proteome and have taken the center stage as key players in regulating numerous cellular and physiological processes. Increasing evidence indicates that in addition to a single regulatory PTM, many proteins are modified by multiple different types of PTMs in an orchestrated manner to collectively modulate the biological outcome. Such PTM crosstalk creates a combinatorial explosion in the number of proteoforms in a cell and greatly improves the ability of plants to rapidly mount and fine-tune responses to different external and internal cues. While PTM crosstalk has been investigated in depth in humans, animals, and yeast, the study of interplay between different PTMs in plants is still at its infant stage. In the past decade, investigations showed that PTMs are widely involved and play critical roles in the regulation of interactions between plants and pathogens. In particular, ubiquitination has emerged as a key regulator of plant immunity. This review discusses recent studies of the crosstalk between ubiquitination and six other PTMs, i.e., phosphorylation, SUMOylation, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, acetylation, redox modification, and glycosylation, in the regulation of plant immunity. The two basic ways by which PTMs communicate as well as the underlying mechanisms and diverse outcomes of the PTM crosstalk in plant immunity are highlighted.
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Sun Y, Zhu YX, Balint-Kurti PJ, Wang GF. Fine-Tuning Immunity: Players and Regulators for Plant NLRs. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:695-713. [PMID: 32526174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to defend against pathogen infection, and intracellular nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR or NB-LRR) immune receptors are one of the main components of this system. NLR activity is fine-tuned by intra- and intermolecular interactions. We survey what is known about the conservation and diversity of NLR-interacting proteins, and divide them into seven major categories. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NLR activities are regulated and how understanding this regulation has potential to facilitate the engineering of NLRs for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yu-Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Peter J Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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Zhai Y, Peng H, Neff MM, Pappu HR. Emerging Molecular Links Between Plant Photomorphogenesis and Virus Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:920. [PMID: 32695129 PMCID: PMC7338571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photomorphogenesis refers to photoreceptor-mediated morphological changes in plant development that are triggered by light. Multiple photoreceptors and transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the molecular regulation of photomorphogenesis. Likewise, light can also modulate the outcome of plant-virus interactions since both photosynthesis and many viral infection events occur in the chloroplast. Despite the apparent association between photosynthesis and virus infection, little is known about whether there are also interplays between photomorphogenesis and plant virus resistance. Recent research suggests that plant-virus interactions are potentially regulated by several photoreceptors and photomorphogenesis regulators, including phytochromes A and B (PHYA and PHYB), cryptochromes 2 (CRY2), phototropin 2 (PHOT2), the photomorphogenesis repressor constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1), the NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC)-family TF ATAF2, the Aux/IAA protein phytochrome-associated protein 1 (PAP1), the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) TF HAT1, and the core circadian clock component circadian clock associated 1 (CCA1). Particularly, the plant growth promoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormones play critical roles in integrating the regulatory pathways of plant photomorphogenesis and viral defense. Here, we summarize the current understanding of molecular mechanisms linking plant photomorphogenesis and defense against viruses, which represents an emerging interdisciplinary research topic in both molecular plant biology and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael M. Neff
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Manavella PA, Yang SW, Palatnik J. Keep calm and carry on: miRNA biogenesis under stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:832-843. [PMID: 31025462 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are major post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Their biogenesis relies on the cleavage of longer precursors by a nuclear localized processing machinery. The evolutionary preference of plant miRNAs to silence transcription factors turned these small molecules into key actors during growth and adaptive responses. Furthermore, during their life cycle plants are subject to changes in the environmental conditions surrounding them. In order to face these changes, plants display unique adaptive capacities based on an enormous developmental plasticity, where miRNAs play central roles. Many individual miRNAs have been shown to modulate the plant response to different environmental cues and stresses. In the last few years, increasing evidence has shown that not only individual genes encoding miRNAs but also the miRNA pathway as a whole is subject to regulation in response to external stimulus. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the miRNA pathway. We dissect the pathway to analyze the events leading to the generation of these small RNAs and emphasize the regulation of core components of the miRNA biogenesis machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Manavella
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (IAL, CONICET-UNL-FBCB), Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Seong W Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Javier Palatnik
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, CONICET-UNR), Rosario, 2000, Argentina
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Venkatesh J, Kang BC. Current views on temperature-modulated R gene-mediated plant defense responses and tradeoffs between plant growth and immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:9-17. [PMID: 30877945 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated ambient temperatures will likely be a key consequence of climate change over the next few decades. Adverse climatic changes could make crop plants more vulnerable to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses, which would have a major impact on worldwide food production in the future. Recent studies have indicated that elevated temperatures directly and/or indirectly affect plant-pathogen interactions. Elevated temperatures alter multiple signal transduction pathways related to stress responses in the host plant. High temperatures can also influence plant pathogenesis, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms associated with such effects. An improved understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in plant immune responses under elevated temperatures will be essential to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change to ensure future food security. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the effects of temperature on resistance (R) gene and/or regulators of R genes in plant defense responses and summarize current evidence for tradeoffs between plant growth and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Lim GH, Zhu S, Zhang K, Hoey T, Deragon JM, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. The analogous and opposing roles of double-stranded RNA-binding proteins in bacterial resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1627-1638. [PMID: 30843586 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis plasma membrane-localized resistance protein RPM1 is degraded upon the induction of the hypersensitive response (HR) triggered in response to its own activation or that of other unrelated resistance (R) proteins. We investigated the role of RPM1 turnover in RPM1-mediated resistance and showed that degradation of RPM1 is not associated with HR or resistance mediated by this R protein. Likewise, the runaway cell death phenotype in the lsd1 mutant was not associated with RPM1 degradation and did not alter RPM1-derived resistance. RPM1 stability and RPM1-mediated resistance were dependent on the double-stranded RNA binding (DRB) proteins 1 and 4. Interestingly, the function of DRB1 in RPM1-mediated resistance was not associated with its role in pre-miRNA processing. The DRB3 and DRB5 proteins negatively regulated RPM1-mediated resistance and a mutation in these completely or partially restored resistance in the drb1, drb2, and drb4 mutant backgrounds. Conversely, plants overexpressing DRB5 showed attenuated RPM1-mediated resistance. A similar role for DRBs in basal and R-mediated resistance suggests that these proteins play a general role in bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shifeng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Timothy Hoey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Deragon
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS UMR, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Pujol M, Alexiou KG, Fontaine AS, Mayor P, Miras M, Jahrmann T, Garcia-Mas J, Aranda MA. Mapping Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus Resistance in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) by Using BSA-seq Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1583. [PMID: 31850047 PMCID: PMC6901629 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) causes severe yield losses in cucurbit crops across Mediterranean countries. The control of this virus is based on cultural practices to prevent the presence of its vector (Bemisia tabaci) and breeding for natural resistance, which requires the identification of the loci involved and the development of molecular markers for linkage analysis. In this work, we mapped a monogenic locus for resistance to CVYV in cucumber by using a Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA) strategy coupled with whole-genome resequencing. We phenotyped 135 F3 families from a segregating population between a susceptible pickling cucumber and a resistant Long Dutch type cucumber for CVYV resistance. Phenotypic analysis determined the monogenic and incomplete dominance inheritance of the resistance. We named the locus CsCvy-1. For mapping this locus, 15 resistant and 15 susceptible homozygous F2 individuals were selected for whole genome resequencing. By using a customized bioinformatics pipeline, we identified a unique region in chromosome 5 associated to resistance to CVYV, explaining more than 80% of the variability. The resequencing data provided us with additional SNP markers to decrease the interval of CsCvy-1 to 625 kb, containing 24 annotated genes. Markers flanking CsCvy-1 in a 5.3 cM interval were developed for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs and will be useful for the identification of the target gene in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pujol
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Plant and Animal Genomics Program, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Genomics and Biotecnology Program, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Konstantinos G. Alexiou
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Plant and Animal Genomics Program, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Genomics and Biotecnology Program, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Mayor
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Miras
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
| | - Torben Jahrmann
- Semillas Fitó S.A., Biotechnology Department, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Mas
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Plant and Animal Genomics Program, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Genomics and Biotecnology Program, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel A. Aranda,
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