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Gad B, Kłosiewicz P, Oleksiak K, Krzysztoszek A, Toczyłowski K, Sulik A, Wieczorek T, Wieczorek M. Intensified Circulation of Echovirus 11 after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland: Detection of a Highly Pathogenic Virus Variant. Viruses 2024; 16:1011. [PMID: 39066174 PMCID: PMC11281687 DOI: 10.3390/v16071011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
After the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, a new highly pathogenic variant of echovirus 11 (E11) was detected. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of Polish E11 environmental and clinical strains circulating between 2017 and 2023 as well as compare them with E11 strains isolated from severe neonatal sepsis cases reported in Europe between 2022 and 2023. Additionally, the study explores the effectiveness of environmental monitoring in tracking the spread of new variants. For this purpose, the complete sequences of the VP1 capsid protein gene were determined for 266 E11 strains isolated in Poland from 2017 to 2023, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. In the years 2017-2023, a significant increase in the detection of E11 strains was observed in both environmental and clinical samples in Poland. The Polish E11 strains represented three different genotypes, C3, D5 and E, and were characterized by a high diversity. In Poland, the intensive circulation of the new variant E11, responsible for severe neonatal infections with a high mortality in Europe, was detected in the years 2022-2023. This investigation demonstrates the important role of environmental surveillance in the tracking of enteroviruses circulation, especially in settings with limited clinical surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Gad
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (B.G.); (P.K.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Paulina Kłosiewicz
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (B.G.); (P.K.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Kinga Oleksiak
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (B.G.); (P.K.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Arleta Krzysztoszek
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (B.G.); (P.K.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
| | - Kacper Toczyłowski
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (K.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Artur Sulik
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (K.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Tobiasz Wieczorek
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Wieczorek
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health NIH—National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland; (B.G.); (P.K.); (K.O.); (A.K.)
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2
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Mohanty MC, Desai M, Mohammad A, Aggarwal A, Govindaraj G, Bhattad S, Lashkari HP, Rajasekhar L, Verma H, Kumar A, Sawant U, Varose SY, Taur P, Yadav RM, Tatkare M, Fernandes M, Bargir U, Majumdar S, Edavazhippurath A, Rangarajan J, Manthri R, Madkaikar MR. Assessment of Enterovirus Excretion and Identification of VDPVs in Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency in India: Outcome of ICMR-WHO Collaborative Study Phase-I. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1211. [PMID: 37515027 PMCID: PMC10383878 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in patients with Primary Immunodeficiency (PID) is a threat to the polio-eradication program. In a first of its kind pilot study for successful screening and identification of VDPV excretion among patients with PID in India, enteroviruses were assessed in stool specimens of 154 PID patients across India in a period of two years. A total of 21.42% of patients were tested positive for enteroviruses, 2.59% tested positive for polioviruses (PV), whereas 18.83% of patients were positive for non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV). A male child of 3 years and 6 months of age diagnosed with Hyper IgM syndrome was detected positive for type1 VDPV (iVDPV1) with 1.6% nucleotide divergence from the parent Sabin strain. E21 (19.4%), E14 (9%), E11 (9%), E16 (7.5%), and CVA2 (7.5%) were the five most frequently observed NPEV types in PID patients. Patients with combined immunodeficiency were at a higher risk for enterovirus infection as compared to antibody deficiency. The high susceptibility of PID patients to enterovirus infection emphasizes the need for enhanced surveillance of these patients until the use of OPV is stopped. The expansion of PID surveillance and integration with a national program will facilitate early detection and follow-up of iVDPV excretion to mitigate the risk for iVDPV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Ahmad Mohammad
- World Health Organization, Country Office, New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Geeta Govindaraj
- Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Kozhikode 673008, India
| | - Sagar Bhattad
- Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore 560092, India
| | | | - Liza Rajasekhar
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India
| | - Harish Verma
- World Health Organization, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arun Kumar
- World Health Organization, Country Office, New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Unnati Sawant
- Mumbai Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Mumbai 400012, India
| | | | - Prasad Taur
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Reetika Malik Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR-NIIH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Manogat Tatkare
- Mumbai Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Mevis Fernandes
- Mumbai Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Umair Bargir
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology (ICMR-NIIH), Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Sanjukta Majumdar
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | | | - Jyoti Rangarajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore 560092, India
| | - Ramesh Manthri
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India
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Epidemiology of Type 3 Poliovirus AFP Cases in Israel between 1973 and 1988: Whole Genome Sequencing of RNA Extracted Directly from Archived Stocks to Avoid Re-Culturing Neurovirulent Wild Poliovirus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122154. [PMID: 36560563 PMCID: PMC9781118 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poliovirus post-eradication containment of wild-type 2 poliovirus (PV2) requires the destruction of all materials containing, or potentially containing, PV2. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in Israel between 1973 and 1988 were caused by all three serotypes; thus, isolates from cases and case-contacts were either PV2 or potentially contaminated with PV2. AIMS To provide a proof-of-concept that whole genome sequences (WGS) of wild-type 3 poliovirus (PV3s) could be salvaged from the RNA extracted directly from archived poliovirus stocks avoiding re-amplification of neurovirulent viruses, we link WGSs to case histories and determine the phylogenetic relationships among the PV3s. METHODS Data retrieved from 427 poliovirus-positive cases reported between 1973 and 1988 identified 85 PV3-associated cases. A total of 71 archived PV3 isolates were available from PV3-positive cases and contacts. WGSs were obtained by NGS from cDNA libraries constructed from RNA extracted directly from archived viral stocks. Sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis and linked to case data. RESULTS WGSs were successfully constructed for 55 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of seven lineages of PV3. One lineage, with 23 isolates, presented as an outbreak of six-year duration. Isolates from six other lineages were consistent with subsequent separate introductions, sporadic cases, and limited transmission. Recombinant vaccine-like PV3 recombinants were isolated from some cases. CONCLUSIONS Whole or near-whole genome sequence information, obtained from RNA extracted directly from the archived material, safely provided detailed genetic information linked to patient data from a time when limited sequence information was previously available and revealed the pattern of transmission of wild PV3 in Israel.
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Cassidy H, Schuele L, Lizarazo-Forero E, Couto N, Rossen JWA, Friedrich AW, van Leer-Buter C, Niesters HGM. OUP accepted manuscript. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veab109. [PMID: 35317350 PMCID: PMC8932292 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enterovirus infections can cause significant morbidity, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This study describes a fatal case associated with a chronic untypeable enterovirus infection in an immunocompromised patient admitted to a Dutch university hospital over nine months. We aimed to identify the enterovirus genotype responsible for the infection and to determine potential evolutionary changes. Long-read sequencing was performed using viral targeted sequence capture on four respiratory and one faecal sample. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a maximum likelihood method, along with a root-to-tip regression and time-scaled phylogenetic analysis to estimate evolutionary changes between sample dates. Intra-host variant detection, using a Fixed Ploidy algorithm, and selection pressure, using a Fixed Effect Likelihood and a Mixed Effects Model of Evolution, were also used to explore the patient samples. Near-complete genomes of enterovirus C104 (EV-C104) were recovered in all respiratory samples but not in the faecal sample. The recovered genomes clustered with a recently reported EV-C104 from Belgium in August 2018. Phylodynamic analysis including ten available EV-C104 genomes, along with the patient sequences, estimated the most recent common ancestor to occur in the middle of 2005 with an overall estimated evolution rate of 2.97 × 10−3 substitutions per year. Although positive selection pressure was identified in the EV-C104 reference sequences, the genomes recovered from the patient samples alone showed an overall negative selection pressure in multiple codon sites along the genome. A chronic infection resulting in respiratory failure from a relatively rare enterovirus was observed in a transplant recipient. We observed an increase in single-nucleotide variations between sample dates from a rapidly declining patient, suggesting mutations are weakly deleterious and have not been purged during selection. This is further supported by the persistence of EV-C104 in the patient, despite the clearance of other viral infections. Next-generation sequencing with viral enrichment could be used to detect and characterise challenging samples when conventional workflows are insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erley Lizarazo-Forero
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Natacha Couto
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - John W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alex W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
| | - Coretta van Leer-Buter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713 GZ, The Netherlands
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Wells AI, Grimes KA, Kim K, Branche E, Bakkenist CJ, DePas WH, Shresta S, Coyne CB. Human FcRn expression and Type I Interferon signaling control Echovirus 11 pathogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009252. [PMID: 33513208 PMCID: PMC7875378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal echovirus infections are characterized by severe hepatitis and neurological complications that can be fatal. Here, we show that expression of the human homologue of the neonatal Fc receptor (hFcRn), the primary receptor for echoviruses, and ablation of type I interferon (IFN) signaling are key host determinants involved in echovirus pathogenesis. We show that expression of hFcRn alone is insufficient to confer susceptibility to echovirus infections in mice. However, expression of hFcRn in mice deficient in type I interferon (IFN) signaling, hFcRn-IFNAR-/-, recapitulate the echovirus pathogenesis observed in humans. Luminex-based multianalyte profiling from E11 infected hFcRn-IFNAR-/- mice revealed a robust systemic immune response to infection, including the induction of type I IFNs. Furthermore, similar to the severe hepatitis observed in humans, E11 infection in hFcRn-IFNAR-/- mice caused profound liver damage. Our findings define the host factors involved in echovirus pathogenesis and establish in vivo models that recapitulate echovirus disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I. Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kalena A. Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Kord Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emilie Branche
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William H. DePas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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6
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Faleye TOC, George UE, Klapsa D, Majumdar M, Oragwa AO, Adewumi MO, Martin J, Adeniji JA. Isolation and Genomic Characterization of Echovirus 11 from faeces of a Non-Human Primate in Nigeria. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:461-468. [PMID: 33993387 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We recently investigated the presence of enteroviruses (EVs) in non-human primates (NHPs) in Northern Nigeria and documented the presence of EV-A76 of South-East Asian ancestry in an NHP. In this study, we go further to ask if we could also find EVs in NHPs indigenous to the forested South-south Nigeria. Fresh faecal samples were collected from the floor of 10 cages housing NHPs in Cross River Nigeria, re-suspended in PBS and subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, PanEnt 5'-UTR and PanEnt VP1 PCR assays. None of the samples was positive for the PanEnt VP1 assay, but one sample was positive for PanEnt 5'-UTR PCR. This sample was subsequently inoculated into RD cell line, produced CPE and the isolate analysed by PCR assays, next-generation whole genome sequencing and passage in four different cell lines showing replication in two of them. Analysis of the complete genome of the isolate identified it as an Echovirus 11 (E11) and revealed a recombinant genomic structure. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the E11 NHP strain was related to human clinical isolates suggesting a zoonotic behaviour. We describe the first isolation and complete genome characterization of an E11 obtained from an NHP in Nigeria having zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O C Faleye
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
- Centre for Human Virology and Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Nigerian Institute for Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - U E George
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - D Klapsa
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - M Majumdar
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - A O Oragwa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - M O Adewumi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria.
- Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - J Martin
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - J A Adeniji
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
- Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- WHO National Polio Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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7
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Vehik K, Lynch KF, Wong MC, Tian X, Ross MC, Gibbs RA, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Rewers M, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, She JX, Lernmark A, Akolkar B, Hagopian WA, Schatz DA, Krischer JP, Hyöty H, Lloyd RE. Prospective virome analyses in young children at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Nat Med 2019; 25:1865-1872. [PMID: 31792456 PMCID: PMC6898786 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are implicated in autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells, which results in insulin deficiency and type 1 diabetes (T1D)1-4. Certain enteroviruses can infect β cells in vitro5, have been detected in the pancreatic islets of patients with T1D6 and have shown an association with T1D in meta-analyses4. However, establishing consistency in findings across studies has proven difficult. Obstacles to convincingly linking RNA viruses to islet autoimmunity may be attributed to rapid viral mutation rates, the cyclical periodicity of viruses7 and the selection of variants with altered pathogenicity and ability to spread in populations. β cells strongly express cell-surface coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CXADR) genes, which can facilitate enterovirus infection8. Studies of human pancreata and cultured islets have shown significant variation in enteroviral virulence to β cells between serotypes and within the same serotype9,10. In this large-scale study of known eukaryotic DNA and RNA viruses in stools from children, we evaluated fecally shed viruses in relation to islet autoimmunity and T1D. This study showed that prolonged enterovirus B rather than independent, short-duration enterovirus B infections may be involved in the development of islet autoimmunity, but not T1D, in some young children. Furthermore, we found that fewer early-life human mastadenovirus C infections, as well as CXADR rs6517774, independently correlated with islet autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Kristian F Lynch
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthew C Wong
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiangjun Tian
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew C Ross
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anette G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V, Munich, Germany
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ake Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Desmond A Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Richard E Lloyd
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Multiple genotypes of Echovirus 11 circulated in mainland China between 1994 and 2017. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10583. [PMID: 31332200 PMCID: PMC6646367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 11 (E-11) is one of the most frequently isolated enteroviruses causing meningitis and other diseases such as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Fifty-nine newly determined E-11 VP1 sequences from the China AFP and HFMD surveillance network and 500 E-11 VP1 sequences obtained from the GenBank database, which were associated with 12 categories of diseases, were screened for phylogenetic analysis. Based on the standard method of genotype classification, E-11 strains circulated worldwide were reclassified into six genotypes as A, B, C, D, E, and F, in which genotype F is newly divided, and genotypes A and C are further divided into A1–5 and C1–4 by this research, whereas genotype D was still divided into D1–5 as in a previous study of Oberste et al. Sub-genotype A1 was the predominant sub-genotype in mainland China between 2008–2017, whereas sub-genotype D5 was the predominant sub-genotype circulated outside China from 1998–2014. However, genotype and sub-genotype spectra showed statistical significance among AFP and HFMD cases (χ2 = 60.86, P < 0.001), suggesting that different genotypes might have a tendency to cause different diseases. Strengthening the surveillance of E-11 might provide further information about pathogenic evolution or specific nucleotide mutation associated with different clinical diseases.
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