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Liu Y, Niu M, Luo Y, Pan M, Hong S. DNA damage response and inflammatory response: Two traffic lights for HPVs on the road to transformation. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29815. [PMID: 39073137 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. When HPV infection persists, infected tissues can develop many HPV-related diseases such as cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. To establish their persistent infection, HPVs have evolved mechanisms to manipulate the host cellular processes such as DNA damage response (DDR), which includes homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining, and microhomology-mediated end joining. Additionally, HPVs utilize host inflammatory processes to facilitate their life cycles. Here, we bridge the concepts of DDR and inflammatory response, and discuss how HPV proteins orchestrate a sophisticated manipulation of DDR and inflammation to promote their viral replication, ultimately fostering the progression of infected cells towards oncogenic transformation to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengda Niu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyuan Hong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Dutta P, Pal D, Sultana F, Mandal RK, Roy A, Panda CK. Down-regulation of FA-BRCA Pathway in Cervical Carcinoma Gradually Reversed During the Development of Chemo-tolerance: Clinical Implications. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:1122-1138. [PMID: 38012520 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among females, worldwide. The contributory role of different cellular pathways in the process of carcinogenesis is still poorly understood. Our study was focused here to understand the functional evaluation of key regulatory genes of FA-BRCA pathway in the development of CACX and their role in chemo-tolerance of the disease by analyzing the molecular profile of the genes both in normal and tumour tissue of our sample pool, also validated in in silico datasets. Later on, prognostic importance of the genes was further evaluated in plasma DNA and cisplatin-treated in vitro system. We found that expression profile of FA-BRCA pathway genes was gradually reduced from undifferentiated basal-parabasal layers of normal tissue towards the progression of the disease. Further analysis revealed that frequent promoter methylation [32-55%] and deletion [34-52%] events were the plausible reasons for their reduced expression in CACX. Noticeably, invasion of promoter methylation of the genes [11-17%] in plasma CTCs of CACX patients was positively correlated [p < 0.001] with poor prognosis among patients. On the other hand, functional upregulation of these genes at higher concentrations [IC50-70] of cisplatin was a predictor for the development of drug tolerance, as evaluated in our in vitro study. This finding was supported further by low prevalence of γ-H2X foci formation and reduced expression of DNMT1 at higher concentrations of cisplatin. In totality, we discovered that the FA-BRCA pathway must be inactivated for cancer formation. In contrast, elevated gene expression played a substantial role in building of chemo-tolerance and might be associated with developing increased risk of disease recurrence among patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dutta
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Debolina Pal
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Farhin Sultana
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranajit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Anup Roy
- Department of Pathology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, 700014, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, 700026, West Bengal, India.
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Wendel S, Wallace NA. Interactions among human papillomavirus proteins and host DNA repair factors differ during the viral life cycle and virus-induced tumorigenesis. mSphere 2023; 8:e0042723. [PMID: 37850786 PMCID: PMC10732048 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00427-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes on DNA repair pathways with a particular focus on how these relationships change as productive HPV infections transition to malignant lesions. We made specific efforts to incorporate advances in the understanding of HPV and DNA damage repair over the last 4 years. We apologize for any articles that we missed in compiling this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendel
- Kansas State University, Division of Biology, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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4
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Wendel SO, Snow JA, Gu L, Banerjee NS, Malkas L, Wallace NA. The potential of PCNA inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in cervical cancer. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29244. [PMID: 38010649 PMCID: PMC10683864 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancers are the fourth most common and most deadly cancer in women worldwide. Despite being a tremendous public health burden, few novel approaches to improve care for these malignancies have been introduced. We discuss the potential for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) inhibition to address this need as well as the advantages and disadvantages for compounds that can therapeutically inhibit PCNA with a specific focus on cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jazmine A Snow
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Long Gu
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Nilam Sanjib Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Linda Malkas
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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5
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Zarrella K, Longmire P, Zeltzer S, Collins-McMillen D, Hancock M, Buehler J, Reitsma JM, Terhune SS, Nelson JA, Goodrum F. Human cytomegalovirus UL138 interaction with USP1 activates STAT1 in infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011185. [PMID: 37289831 PMCID: PMC10284425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses are crucial for limiting virus infection. However, viruses often hijack our best defenses for viral objectives. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta herpesvirus which establishes a life-long latent infection. Defining the virus-host interactions controlling latency and reactivation is vital to the control of viral disease risk posed by virus reactivation. We defined an interaction between UL138, a pro-latency HCMV gene, and the host deubiquitinating complex, UAF1-USP1. UAF1 is a scaffold protein pivotal for the activity of ubiquitin specific peptidases (USP), including USP1. UAF1-USP1 sustains an innate immune response through the phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (pSTAT1), as well as regulates the DNA damage response. After the onset of viral DNA synthesis, pSTAT1 levels are elevated in infection and this depends upon UL138 and USP1. pSTAT1 localizes to viral centers of replication, binds to the viral genome, and influences UL138 expression. Inhibition of USP1 results in a failure to establish latency, marked by increased viral genome replication and production of viral progeny. Inhibition of Jak-STAT signaling also results in increased viral genome synthesis in hematopoietic cells, consistent with a role for USP1-mediated regulation of STAT1 signaling in the establishment of latency. These findings demonstrate the importance of the UL138-UAF1-USP1 virus-host interaction in regulating HCMV latency establishment through the control of innate immune signaling. It will be important going forward to distinguish roles of UAF1-USP1 in regulating pSTAT1 relative to its role in the DNA damage response in HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Zarrella
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Pierce Longmire
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Zeltzer
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Meaghan Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason Buehler
- Imanis Life Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Reitsma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Abbvie, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Scott S. Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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Zuo N, Ma L, Liu T, Hu W, Luo Y, Meng H, Ren Q, Deng Y, Wei L, Liu Q. Human papillomavirus associated XPF deficiency increases alternative end joining and cisplatin sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2023; 140:106367. [PMID: 36996606 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human papillomavirus (HPV) positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) showed a considerably better prognosis with greater cisplatin sensitivity compared to their HPV-negative counterparts. Deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms for HPV-induced cisplatin sensitivity is imperative to improve the prognosis of HPV-negative HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway status in HNSCC cells was analysed by detecting the cell cycle and chromosomal aberrations. XPF expression was validated using PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Droplet digital PCR and GFP expressing reporter assay were used to analyse the changes in alternative end-joining (alt-EJ) levels. The cisplatin sensitization was verified by cell proliferation assay, clonogenic cell survival assay, and TUNEL. RESULTS HPV-positive HNSCC cells showed significant prolonged G2-M cell cycle arrest and aberrant chromosome formation under interstrand crosslinker treatment. Both mRNA and protein expression of XPF were considerably decreased in HPV-positive HNSCC, according to the analysis of cellular and clinical data. XPF inhibition upregulated the activity of the alt-EJ pathway in HPV-negative HNSCC cells by 32.02% (P < 0.001) but had little effect on HPV-positive HNSCC. Consistent with this, simultaneous suppression of XPF and alt-EJ enhanced cisplatin sensitivity of HPV-negative HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION HPV-positive HNSCC cells exhibit a profound FA pathway deficiency associated with reduced XPF expression. HNSCC cells with compromised XPF function are more reliant on the alt-EJ pathway for genomic stability. Combining FA and alt-EJ inhibition may be used to cope with the hard-to-treat HPV-negative HNSCC.
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7
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Zarrella K, Longmire P, Zeltzer S, Collins-McMillen D, Hancock M, Buehler J, Reitsma JM, Terhune SS, Nelson JA, Goodrum F. Human Cytomegalovirus UL138 Interaction with USP1 Activates STAT1 in infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.527452. [PMID: 36798153 PMCID: PMC9934528 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune responses are crucial for limiting virus infection. However, viruses often hijack our best defenses for viral objectives. Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta herpesvirus which establishes a life-long latent infection. Defining the virus-host interactions controlling latency and reactivation is vital to the control of viral disease risk posed by virus reactivation. We defined an interaction between UL138, a pro-latency HCMV gene, and the host deubiquintase complex, UAF1-USP1. UAF1 is a scaffold protein pivotal for the activity of ubiquitin specific peptidases (USP), including USP1. UAF1-USP1 sustains an innate immune response through the phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (pSTAT1), as well as regulates the DNA damage response. After the onset of viral DNA synthesis, pSTAT1 levels are elevated and this depends upon UL138 and USP1. pSTAT1 localizes to viral centers of replication, binds to the viral genome, and influences UL138 expression. Inhibition of USP1 results in a failure to establish latency, marked by increased viral genome replication and production of viral progeny. Inhibition of Jak-STAT signaling also results in increased viral genome synthesis in hematopoietic cells, consistent with a role for USP1-mediated regulation of STAT1 signaling in the establishment of latency. These findings demonstrate the importance of the UL138-UAF1-USP1 virus-host interaction in regulating HCMV latency establishment through the control of innate immune signaling. It will be important going forward to distinguish roles of UAF1-USP1 in regulating pSTAT1 relative to its role in the DNA damage response in HCMV infection. Importance Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of nine herpesviruses that infect humans. Following a primary infection, HCMV establishes a life-long latent infection that is marked by sporadic, and likely frequent reactivation events. While these reactivation events are asymptomatic in the immune competent host, they pose important disease risks for the immune compromised, including solid organ or stem cell transplant recipients. Its complex interactions with host biology and deep coding capacity make it an excellent model for defining mechanisms important for viral latency and reactivation. Here we define an interaction with host proteins that commandeer typically antiviral innate immune signaling for the establishment of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Zarrella
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Pierce Longmire
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | | | - Meaghan Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jason Buehler
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Justin M Reitsma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Abbvie, 1 N Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Scott S Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Jay A Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
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Bruyere D, Roncarati P, Lebeau A, Lerho T, Poulain F, Hendrick E, Pilard C, Reynders C, Ancion M, Luyckx M, Renard M, Jacob Y, Twizere JC, Peiffer R, Peulen O, Delvenne P, Hubert P, McBride A, Gillet N, Masson M, Herfs M. Human papillomavirus E6/E7 oncoproteins promote radiotherapy-mediated tumor suppression by globally hijacking host DNA damage repair. Theranostics 2023; 13:1130-1149. [PMID: 36793865 PMCID: PMC9925306 DOI: 10.7150/thno.78091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Whatever the mucosa primary infected, HPV-positive cancers are traditionally associated with a favorable outcome, attributable to a high sensitivity to radiation therapy. However, the direct impact of viral E6/E7 oncoproteins on the intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity (and, globally, on host DNA repair) remains mostly speculative. Methods: Using several isogenic cell models expressing HPV16 E6 and/or E7, the effect of viral oncoproteins on global DNA damage response was first investigated by in vitro/in vivo approaches. The binary interactome of each individual HPV oncoprotein with factors involved in the various host DNA damage/repair mechanisms was then precisely mapped by Gaussia princeps luciferase complementation assay (and validated by co-immunoprecipitation). The stability/half-life of protein targets for HPV E6 and/or E7 as well as their subcellular localizations were determined. At last, the host genome integrity following E6/E7 expression and the synergy between radiotherapy and compounds targeting DNA repair were analyzed. Results: We first showed that the sole expression of one viral oncoprotein from HPV16 was able to significantly increase the sensitivity to irradiation of cells without affecting their basal viability parameters. In total, 10 novel targets (CHEK2, CLK2, CLK2/3, ERCC3, MNAT1, PER1, RMI1, RPA1, UVSSA and XRCC6) for E6 and 11 (ALKBH2, CHEK2, DNA2, DUT, ENDOV, ERCC3, PARP3, PMS1, PNKP, POLDIP2 and RBBP8) for E7 were identified. Importantly, not degraded following their interaction with E6 or E7, these proteins have been shown to be less linked to host DNA and to colocalize with HPV replication foci, denoting their crucial implication in viral life cycle. Finally, we found that E6/E7 oncoproteins globally jeopardize host genome integrity, increase the cellular sensitivity to DNA repair inhibitors and enhance their synergy with radiotherapy. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings provide a molecular insight into the direct hijacking of host DNA damage/repair responses by HPV oncoproteins, demonstrate the significant impact of this phenomenon on both intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity and host DNA integrity and suggest novel connected therapeutic vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bruyere
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Patrick Roncarati
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Alizee Lebeau
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Thomas Lerho
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Florian Poulain
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Integrated Veterinary Research Unit (URVI), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Elodie Hendrick
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Pilard
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Celia Reynders
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie Ancion
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Margaux Luyckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Michael Renard
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Yves Jacob
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, UMR 3569, CNRS, Pasteur Institute, University of Paris Diderot, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Signaling and Protein Interactions, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Raphael Peiffer
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Olivier Peulen
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Pascale Hubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Alison McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nicolas Gillet
- Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Integrated Veterinary Research Unit (URVI), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Murielle Masson
- Biothechnology Superior School, UMR 7242, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Wendel SO, Stoltz A, Xu X, Snow JA, Wallace N. HPV 16 E7 alters translesion synthesis signaling. Virol J 2022; 19:165. [PMID: 36266721 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the cause of virtually every cervical cancer. These so-called "high-risk" HPVs encode two major oncogenes (HPV E6 and E7) that are necessary for transformation. Among "high-risk" HPVs, HPV16 causes most cervical cancers and is often used as a representative model for oncogenic HPVs. The HPV16 E7 oncogene facilitates the HPV16 lifecycle by binding and destabilizing RB, which ensures the virus has access to cellular replication machinery. RB destabilization increases E2F1-responsive gene expression and causes replication stress. While HPV16 E6 mitigates some of the deleterious effects associated with this replication stress by degrading p53, cells undergo separate adaptations to tolerate the stress. Here, we demonstrate that this includes the activation of the translesion synthesis (TLS) pathway, which prevents replication stress from causing replication fork collapse. We show that significantly elevated TLS gene expression is more common in cervical cancers than 15 out of the 16 the other cancer types that we analyzed. In addition to increased TLS protein abundance, HPV16 E7 expressing cells have a reduced ability to induct a critical TLS factor (POLη) in response to replication stress-inducing agents. Finally, we show that increased expression of at least one TLS gene is associated with improved survival for women with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avanelle Stoltz
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Xuan Xu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jazmine A Snow
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Nicholas Wallace
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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10
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Replication Compartments-The Great Survival Strategy for Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Replication. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050896. [PMID: 35630341 PMCID: PMC9144946 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) lytic replication, viral DNA synthesis is carried out in viral replication factories called replication compartments (RCs), which are located at discrete sites in the nucleus. Viral proteins constituting the viral replication machinery are accumulated in the RCs to amplify viral genomes. Newly synthesized viral DNA is stored in a subdomain of the RC termed the BMRF1-core, matured by host factors, and finally packed into assembled viral capsids. Late (L) genes are transcribed from DNA stored in the BMRF1-core through a process that is mainly dependent on the viral pre-initiation complex (vPIC). RC formation is a well-regulated system and strongly advantageous for EBV survival because of the following aspects: (1) RCs enable the spatial separation of newly synthesized viral DNA from the cellular chromosome for protection and maturation of viral DNA; (2) EBV-coded proteins and their interaction partners are recruited to RCs, which enhances the interactions among viral proteins, cellular proteins, and viral DNA; (3) the formation of RCs benefits continuous replication, leading to L gene transcription; and (4) DNA storage and maturation leads to efficient progeny viral production. Here, we review the state of knowledge of this important viral structure and discuss its roles in EBV survival.
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11
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Chihanga T, Vicente-Muñoz S, Ruiz-Torres S, Pal B, Sertorio M, Andreassen PR, Khoury R, Mehta P, Davies SM, Lane AN, Romick-Rosendale LE, Wells SI. Head and Neck Cancer Susceptibility and Metabolism in Fanconi Anemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082040. [PMID: 35454946 PMCID: PMC9025423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited, generally autosomal recessive syndrome, but it displays X-linked or dominant negative inheritance for certain genes. FA is characterized by a deficiency in DNA damage repair that results in bone marrow failure, and in an increased risk for various epithelial tumors, most commonly squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) and of the esophagus, anogenital tract and skin. Individuals with FA exhibit increased human papilloma virus (HPV) prevalence. Furthermore, a subset of anogenital squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in FA harbor HPV sequences and FA-deficient laboratory models reveal molecular crosstalk between HPV and FA proteins. However, a definitive role for HPV in HNSCC development in the FA patient population is unproven. Cellular metabolism plays an integral role in tissue homeostasis, and metabolic deregulation is a known hallmark of cancer progression that supports uncontrolled proliferation, tumor development and metastatic dissemination. The metabolic consequences of FA deficiency in keratinocytes and associated impact on the development of SCC in the FA population is poorly understood. Herein, we review the current literature on the metabolic consequences of FA deficiency and potential effects of resulting metabolic reprogramming on FA cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Chihanga
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.C.); (S.R.-T.); (B.P.)
| | - Sara Vicente-Muñoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (S.V.-M.); (L.E.R.-R.)
| | - Sonya Ruiz-Torres
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.C.); (S.R.-T.); (B.P.)
| | - Bidisha Pal
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.C.); (S.R.-T.); (B.P.)
| | - Mathieu Sertorio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Paul R. Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Ruby Khoury
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (R.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Parinda Mehta
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (R.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Stella M. Davies
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (R.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Andrew N. Lane
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Lindsey E. Romick-Rosendale
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (S.V.-M.); (L.E.R.-R.)
| | - Susanne I. Wells
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.C.); (S.R.-T.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-513-636-5986
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12
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Molkentine DP, Molkentine JM, Bridges KA, Valdecanas DR, Dhawan A, Bahri R, Hefner AJ, Kumar M, Yang L, Abdelhakiem M, Pifer PM, Sandulache V, Sheth A, Beadle BM, Thames HD, Mason KA, Pickering CR, Meyn RE, Skinner HD. p16 Represses DNA Damage Repair via a Novel Ubiquitin-Dependent Signaling Cascade. Cancer Res 2022; 82:916-928. [PMID: 34965932 PMCID: PMC9136619 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) is more sensitive to DNA-damaging therapies than its HPV-negative counterpart. Here, we show that p16, the clinically used surrogate for HPV positivity, renders cells more sensitive to radiotherapy via a ubiquitin-dependent signaling pathway, linking high levels of this protein to increased activity of the transcription factor SP1, increased HUWE1 transcription, and degradation of ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) and TRIP12. Activation of this pathway in HPV-positive disease led to decreased homologous recombination and improved response to radiotherapy, a phenomenon that can be recapitulated in HPV-negative disease using USP7 inhibitors in clinical development. This p16-driven axis induced sensitivity to PARP inhibition and potentially leads to "BRCAness" in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Thus, these findings support a functional role for p16 in HPV-positive tumors in driving response to DNA damage, which can be exploited to improve outcomes in both patients with HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC. SIGNIFICANCE In HPV-positive tumors, a previously undiscovered pathway directly links p16 to DNA damage repair and sensitivity to radiotherapy via a clinically relevant and pharmacologically targetable ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Molkentine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M. Molkentine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathleen A. Bridges
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David R. Valdecanas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Annika Dhawan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Reshub Bahri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J. Hefner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, AIMS, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Liangpeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mohamed Abdelhakiem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Phillip M. Pifer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vlad Sandulache
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | - Aakash Sheth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Texas
| | - Beth M. Beadle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford California
| | - Howard D. Thames
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kathryn A. Mason
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Curtis R. Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Raymond E. Meyn
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Heath D. Skinner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Oncogenic HPV promotes the expression of the long noncoding RNA lnc-FANCI-2 through E7 and YY1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014195118. [PMID: 33436409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014195118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play diverse roles in biological processes, but their expression profiles and functions in cervical carcinogenesis remain unknown. By RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses of 18 clinical specimens and selective validation by RT-qPCR analyses of 72 clinical samples, we provide evidence that, relative to normal cervical tissues, 194 lncRNAs are differentially regulated in high-risk (HR)-HPV infection along with cervical lesion progression. One such lncRNA, lnc-FANCI-2, is extensively characterized because it is expressed from a genomic locus adjacent to the FANCI gene encoding an important DNA repair factor. Both genes are up-regulated in HPV lesions and in in vitro model systems of HR-HPV18 infection. We observe a moderate reciprocal regulation of lnc-FANCI-2 and FANCI in cervical cancer CaSki cells. In these cells, lnc-FANCI-2 is transcribed from two alternative promoters, alternatively spliced, and polyadenylated at one of two alternative poly(A) sites. About 10 copies of lnc-FANCI-2 per cell are detected preferentially in the cytoplasm. Mechanistically, HR-HPVs, but not low-risk (LR)-HPV oncogenes induce lnc-FANCI-2 in primary and immortalized human keratinocytes. The induction is mediated primarily by E7, and to a lesser extent by E6, mostly independent of p53/E6AP and pRb/E2F. We show that YY1 interacts with an E7 CR3 core motif and transactivates the promoter of lnc-FANCI-2 by binding to two critical YY1-binding motifs. Moreover, HPV18 increases YY1 expression by reducing miR-29a, which targets the 3' untranslated region of YY1 mRNA. These data have provided insights into the mechanisms of how HR-HPV infections contribute to cervical carcinogenesis.
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LncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 inhibits cell proliferation in cervical squamous cell carcinoma by down-regulating miRNA-93. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221953. [PMID: 31985002 PMCID: PMC7007402 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MCM3AP antisense RNA 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) is characterized as an oncogenic lncRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma. We analyzed TCGA dataset and observed the down-regulation of MCM3AP-AS1 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). The present study was therefore performed to investigate the role of MCM3AP-AS1 in CSCC. Methods: A total of 64 female patients with CSCC (38–68 years old; mean age: 53.1 ± 6.5 years old) were enrolled in the present study. RT-qPCR was performed to evaluate gene expression. Methylation specific PCR (MSP) was performed to assess the methylation of miR-93 gene after the overexpression and silencing of MCM3AP-AS1. Cell transfections were performed to investigate the interactions between MCM3AP-AS1 and miR-93. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Results: The results showed that MCM3AP-AS1 was down-regulated in CSCC and predicted poor survival. The expression levels of MCM3AP-AS1 were inversely correlated with the expression levels of miR-93. Overexpression of MCM3AP-AS1 led to down-regulation of miR-93, while silencing of MCM3AP-AS1 played an opposite role in CSCC cells. Methylation-specific PCR revealed that MCM3AP-AS1 could positively regulate the methylation of miR-93 gene. Cell proliferation analysis showed that overexpression of MCM3AP-AS1 led to reduced proliferation rate of CSCC cells. Silencing of MCM3AP-AS1 played an opposite role and overexpression of miR-93 reduced the effects of overexpressing MCM3AP-AS1. Conclusions: Therefore, MCM3AP-AS1 may inhibit cell proliferation in CSCC by down-regulating miRNA-93.
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High Risk α-HPV E6 Impairs Translesion Synthesis by Blocking POLη Induction. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010028. [PMID: 33374731 PMCID: PMC7793514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cervical cancers (CaCx) are caused by the expression of human papillomavirus oncogenes (HPV E6 and E7). Here, in vitro assays, computational approaches and immunohistochemical analysis of cervical biopsies show that HPV oncogenes impair translesion synthesis (TLS). This limits the pathway’s ability to prevent replication stress from causing fork collapse and DNA damage. As a result, HPV oncogenes make cells more sensitive to replication stressing agents, such as Cisplatin. Mechanistically, HPV E6 prevents replication stress from triggering the accumulation of a TLS-specific polymerase (POLη). Supplying exogenous POLη to CaCx cells rescues TLS and lowers Cisplatin toxicity. Abstract High risk genus α human papillomaviruses (α-HPVs) express two versatile oncogenes (α-HPV E6 and E7) that cause cervical cancer (CaCx) by degrading tumor suppressor proteins (p53 and RB). α-HPV E7 also promotes replication stress and alters DNA damage responses (DDR). The translesion synthesis pathway (TLS) mitigates DNA damage by preventing replication stress from causing replication fork collapse. Computational analysis of gene expression in CaCx transcriptomic datasets identified a frequent increased expression of TLS genes. However, the essential TLS polymerases did not follow this pattern. These data were confirmed with in vitro and ex vivo systems. Further interrogation of TLS, using POLη as a representative TLS polymerase, demonstrated that α-HPV16 E6 blocks TLS polymerase induction by degrading p53. This doomed the pathway, leading to increased replication fork collapse and sensitivity to treatments that cause replication stress (e.g., UV and Cisplatin). This sensitivity could be overcome by the addition of exogenous POLη.
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Szymonowicz KA, Chen J. Biological and clinical aspects of HPV-related cancers. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:864-878. [PMID: 33299640 PMCID: PMC7721094 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related diseases represent the second overall cause of death worldwide. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an infectious agent which is mainly sexually transmitted and may lead to HPV-associated cancers in both men and women. Almost all cervical cancers are HPV-associated, however, an increasing number of head and neck cancers (HNCs), especially oropharyngeal cancer, can be linked to HPV infection. Moreover, anogenital cancers, including vaginal, vulvar, penial, and anal cancers, represent a subset of HPV-related cancers. Whereas testing and prevention of cervical cancer have significantly improved over past decades, anogenital cancers remain more difficult to confirm. Current clinical trials including patients with HPV-related cancers focus on finding proper testing for all HPV-associated cancers as well as improve the currently applied treatments. The HPV viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, lead to degradation of, respectively, p53 and pRb resulting in entering the S phase without G1 arrest. These high-risk HPV viral oncogenes alter numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, angiogenesis, and/or apoptosis, which eventually result in carcinogenesis. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of gene expression and alteration among a panel of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) repair genes in HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNC cancers reveals differences pointing to HPV-dependent modifications of DNA repair processes in these cancers. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding HPV-related cancers, current screening, and treatment options as well as DNA damage response-related biological aspects of the HPV infection and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Anna Szymonowicz
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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17
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Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) associated with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is a growing clinical problem. The WEE1 kinase inhibitor AZD1775 (WEE1i) overrides cell cycle checkpoints and is being studied in HNSCC regimens. We show that the HPV16 E6/E7 oncoproteins sensitize HNSCC cells to single-agent WEE1i treatment through activation of a FOXM1-CDK1 circuit that drives mitotic gene expression and DNA damage. An isogenic cell system indicated that E6 largely accounts for these phenotypes in ways that extend beyond p53 inactivation. A targeted genomic analysis implicated FOXM1 signaling downstream of E6/E7 expression and analyses of primary tumors and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data revealed an activated FOXM1-directed promitotic transcriptional signature in HPV+ versus HPV- HNSCCs. Finally, we demonstrate the causality of FOXM1 in driving WEE1i sensitivity. These data suggest that elevated basal FOXM1 activity predisposes HPV+ HNSCC to WEE1i-induced toxicity and provide mechanistic insights into WEE1i and HPV+ HNSCC therapies.
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18
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Albert E, Laimins L. Regulation of the Human Papillomavirus Life Cycle by DNA Damage Repair Pathways and Epigenetic Factors. Viruses 2020; 12:E744. [PMID: 32664381 PMCID: PMC7412114 DOI: 10.3390/v12070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cervical and other anogenital cancers along with approximately 60% of oropharyngeal cancers. These small double-stranded DNA viruses infect stratified epithelia and link their productive life cycles to differentiation. HPV proteins target cellular factors, such as those involved in DNA damage repair, as well as epigenetic control of host and viral transcription to regulate the productive life cycle. HPVs constitutively activate the ATM and ATR DNA repair pathways and preferentially recruit these proteins to viral genomes to facilitate productive viral replication. In addition, the sirtuin deacetylases along with histone acetyltransferases, including Tip60, are targeted in HPV infections to regulate viral transcription and replication. These pathways provide potential targets for drug therapy to treat HPV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laimonis Laimins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
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19
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Yang HJ, Xue JM, Li J, Wan LH, Zhu YX. Identification of key genes and pathways of diagnosis and prognosis in cervical cancer by bioinformatics analysis. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1200. [PMID: 32181600 PMCID: PMC7284022 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer as one of the most common malignant tumors lead to bad prognosis among women. Some researches already focus on the carcinogenesis and pathogenesis of cervical cancer, but it is still necessary to identify more key genes and pathways. Methods Differentially expressed genes were identified by GEO2R from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) website, then gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyzed by DAVID. Meanwhile, protein–protein interaction network was constructed by STRING, and both key genes and modules were found in visualizing network through Cytoscape. Besides, GEPIA did the differential expression of key genes and survival analysis. Finally, the expression of genes related to prognosis was further explored by UNLCAN, oncomine, and the human protein atlas. Results Totally 57 differentially expressed genes were founded, not only enriched in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle, mitotic nuclear division, and cell division but also participated in cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, toll‐like receptor signaling pathway, and amoebiasis. Additionally, 12 hub genes and 3 key modules were screened in the Cytoscape visualization network. Further survival analysis showed that TYMS (OMIM accession number 188350), MCM2 (OMIM accession number 116945), HELLS (OMIM accession number 603946), TOP2A (OMIM accession number 126430), and CXCL8 (OMIM accession number 146930) were associated with the prognosis of cervical cancer. Conclusion This study aim to better understand the characteristics of some genes and signaling pathways about cervical cancer by bioinformatics, and could provide further research ideas to find new mechanism, more prognostic factors, and potential therapeutic targets for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ju Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Min Xue
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling-Hong Wan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Xi Zhu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Oncology, Jinshan Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Clinical Cancer Research Center, Chongqing, China
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20
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Genome-Wide Transcriptome Analysis of Human Papillomavirus 16-Infected Primary Keratinocytes Reveals Subtle Perturbations Mostly due to E7 Protein Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01360-19. [PMID: 31748387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01360-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is established that the host cell transcriptomes of natural lesions, organotypic rafts, and human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes are altered in the presence of HPV genomes. However, the establishment of HPV-harboring cell lines requires selection and immortalization, which makes it impossible to distinguish between alterations directly induced by HPV or indirectly by the need for immortalization or selection. To address direct effects of HPV infection on the host cell transcriptome, we have used our recently established infection model that allows efficient infection of primary keratinocytes with HPV16 virions. We observed only a small set of genes to be deregulated at the transcriptional level at 7 days postinfection (dpi), most of which fall into the category regulated by pocket proteins pRb, p107, and p130. Furthermore, cell cycle genes were not deregulated in cells infected with a virus lacking E7 despite the presence of episomal genome and viral transcripts. These findings imply that the majority of transcriptional changes are due to the E7 protein impairing pocket protein function. Additional pathways, such as the Fanconi anemia-BRCA pathway, became perturbed only after long-term culturing of infected cells. When grown as organotypic raft cultures, keratinocytes infected with wild-type but not E7 mutant virus had perturbed transcriptional regulation of pathways previously identified in natural lesions and in rafts derived from immortalized keratinocytes. We conclude that the HPV infection model provides a valuable tool to distinguish immediate transcriptional alterations from those induced by persistent infection and the need for selection and immortalization.IMPORTANCE To establish infection and complete the viral life cycle, human papillomavirus (HPV) needs to alter the transcriptional program of host cells. Until recently, studies were restricted to keratinocyte-derived cell lines immortalized by HPV due to the lack of experimental systems to efficiently infect primary keratinocytes. Need for selection and immortalization made it impossible to distinguish between alterations induced by HPV and secondary adaptation due to selection and immortalization. With our recent establishment of an extracellular matrix (ECM)-to-cell transfer system allowing efficient infection of primary keratinocytes, we were able to identify transcriptional changes attributable to HPV16 infection. Most perturbed genes fall into the class of S-phase genes, which are regulated by pocket proteins. Indeed, infection with viruses lacking E7 abrogated most transcriptional changes. It is important to note that many transcriptional alterations thought to be important for the HPV life cycle are actually late events that may reflect immortalization and, possibly, disease progression.
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21
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James CD, Fontan CT, Otoa R, Das D, Prabhakar AT, Wang X, Bristol ML, Morgan IM. Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 Synergistically Repress Innate Immune Gene Transcription. mSphere 2020; 5:e00828-19. [PMID: 31915229 PMCID: PMC6952203 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00828-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are causative agents in 5% of all cancers, including the majority of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Downregulation of innate immune genes (IIGs) by HPV to promote the viral life cycle is well documented; E6 and E7 are known repressors of these genes. More recently, we demonstrated that E2 could also repress IIGs. These studies have been carried out in cells overexpressing the viral proteins, and to further investigate the role of individual viral proteins in this repression, we introduced stop codons into E6 and/or E7 in the entire HPV16 genome and generated N/Tert-1 cells stably maintaining the HPV16 genomes. We demonstrate that E6 or E7 individually is not sufficient to repress IIG expression in the context of the entire HPV16 genome; both are required for a synergistic repression. The DNA damage response (DDR) is activated by HPV16 irrespective of E6 and E7 expression, presumably due to viral replication; E1 is a known activator of the DDR. In addition, replication stress was apparent in HPV16-positive cells lacking E6 and E7, manifested by attenuated cellular growth and activation of replication stress genes. These studies led us to the following model. Viral replication per se can activate the DDR following infection, and this activation is a known inducer of IIG expression, which may induce cellular senescence. To combat this, E6 and E7 synergistically combine to manipulate the DDR and actively repress innate immune gene expression promoting cellular growth; neither protein by itself is able to do this.IMPORTANCE The role of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) in human cancers is well established; however, to date there are no antiviral therapeutics that are available for combatting these cancers. To identify such targets, we must enhance the understanding of the viral life cycle. Innate immune genes (IIGs) are repressed by HPV16, and we have reported that this repression persists through to cancer. Reversal of this repression would boost the immune response to HPV16-positive tumors, an area that is becoming more important given the advances in immunotherapy. This report demonstrates that E6 and E7 synergistically repress IIG expression in the context of the entire HPV16 genome. Removal of either protein activates the expression of IIGs by HPV16. Therefore, gaining a precise understanding of how the viral oncogenes repress IIG expression represents an opportunity to reverse this repression and boost the immune response to HPV16 infections for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Christian T Fontan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymonde Otoa
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dipon Das
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Apurva T Prabhakar
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Molly L Bristol
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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22
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Wallace NA. Catching HPV in the Homologous Recombination Cookie Jar. Trends Microbiol 2019; 28:191-201. [PMID: 31744663 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To replicate, the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) that cause anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies must simultaneously activate DNA repair pathways and avoid the cell cycle arrest that normally accompanies DNA repair. For years it seemed that HPV oncogenes activated the homologous recombination pathway to facilitate the HPV lifecycle. However, recent developments show that, although homologous recombination gene expression and markers of pathway activation are increased, homologous recombination itself is attenuated. This review provides an overview of the diverse ways that HPV oncogenes manipulate homologous recombination and ideas on how the resulting dysregulation and inhibition offer opportunities for improved therapies and biomarkers.
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