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Akahori M, Miyazaki A, Koinuma H, Tokuda R, Iwabuchi N, Kitazawa Y, Maejima K, Namba S, Yamaji Y. Use of the 23S rRNA gene as a target template in the universal loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of genomic DNA from phytoplasmas. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0010624. [PMID: 38534170 PMCID: PMC11064480 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00106-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic bacteria cause numerous diseases in host plants and can result in serious damage. Timely and accurate diagnostic techniques are, therefore, crucial. While advances in molecular techniques have led to diagnostic systems able to distinguish known plant pathogens at the species or strain level, systems covering larger categories are mostly lacking. In this study, a specific and universal LAMP-based diagnostic system was developed for phytoplasmas, a large group of insect-borne plant-pathogenic bacteria that cause significant agricultural losses worldwide. Targeting the 23S rRNA gene of phytoplasma, the newly designed primer set CaPU23S-4 detected 31 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' tested within 30 min. This primer set also showed high specificity, without false-positive results for other bacteria (including close relatives of phytoplasmas) or healthy plants. The detection sensitivity was ~10,000 times higher than that of PCR methods for phytoplasma detection. A simple, rapid method of DNA extraction, by boiling phytoplasma-infected tissues, was developed as well. When used together with the universal LAMP assay, it enabled the prompt and accurate detection of phytoplasmas from plants and insects. The results demonstrate the potential of the 23S rRNA gene as a versatile target for the LAMP-based universal detection of bacteria at the genus level and provide a novel avenue for exploring this gene as molecular marker for phytoplasma presence detection.IMPORTANCEPhytoplasmas are associated with economically important diseases in crops worldwide, including lethal yellowing of coconut palm, "flavescence dorée" and "bois noir" of grapevine, X-disease in stone fruits, and white leaf and grassy shoot in sugarcane. Numerous LAMP-based diagnostic assays, mostly targeting the 16S rRNA gene, have been reported for phytoplasmas. However, these assays can only detect a limited number of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma' species, whereas the genus includes at least 50 of these species. In this study, a universal, specific, and rapid diagnostic system was developed that can detect all provisionally classified phytoplasmas within 1 h by combining the LAMP technique targeting the 23S rRNA gene with a simple method for DNA extraction. This diagnostic system will facilitate the on-site detection of phytoplasmas and may aid in the discovery of new phytoplasma-associated diseases and putative insect vectors, irrespective of the availability of infrastructure and experimental resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Akahori
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Miyazaki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tokuda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Pierro R, Moussa A, Mori N, Marcone C, Quaglino F, Romanazzi G. Bois noir management in vineyard: a review on effective and promising control strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1364241. [PMID: 38601314 PMCID: PMC11004249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1364241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Among grapevine yellows, Bois noir (BN), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', represents the biggest threat in the main wine-growing areas worldwide, causing significant losses in berry quality and yields. BN epidemiology involves multiple plant hosts and several insect vectors, making considerably complex the development of effective management strategies. Since application of insecticides on the grapevine canopy is not effective to manage vectors, BN management includes an integrated approach based on treatments to the canopy to make the plant more resistant to the pathogen and/or inhibit the vector feeding, and actions on reservoir plants to reduce possibilities that the vector reaches the grapevine and transmit the phytoplasma. Innovative sustainable strategies developed in the last twenty years to improve the BN management are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pierro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Abdelhameed Moussa
- Pests and Plant Protection Department, Agricultural & Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carmine Marcone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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3
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Correa Marrero M, Capdevielle S, Huang W, Al-Subhi AM, Busscher M, Busscher-Lange J, van der Wal F, de Ridder D, van Dijk ADJ, Hogenhout SA, Immink RGH. Protein interaction mapping reveals widespread targeting of development-related host transcription factors by phytoplasma effectors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1281-1297. [PMID: 37965720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are pathogenic bacteria that reprogram plant host development for their own benefit. Previous studies have characterized a few different phytoplasma effector proteins that destabilize specific plant transcription factors. However, these are only a small fraction of the potential effectors used by phytoplasmas; therefore, the molecular mechanisms through which phytoplasmas modulate their hosts require further investigation. To obtain further insights into the phytoplasma infection mechanisms, we generated a protein-protein interaction network between a broad set of phytoplasma effectors and a large, unbiased collection of Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors and transcriptional regulators. We found widespread, but specific, interactions between phytoplasma effectors and host transcription factors, especially those related to host developmental processes. In particular, many unrelated effectors target specific sets of TCP transcription factors, which regulate plant development and immunity. Comparison with other host-pathogen protein interaction networks shows that phytoplasma effectors have unusual targets, indicating that phytoplasmas have evolved a unique and unusual infection strategy. This study contributes a rich and solid data source that guides further investigations of the functions of individual effectors, as demonstrated for some herein. Moreover, the dataset provides insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of phytoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Correa Marrero
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Capdevielle
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ali M Al-Subhi
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, 11 Al Khod 123, al-Seeb, Oman
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Busscher-Lange
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Froukje van der Wal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Davosir D, Šola I, Ludwig-Müller J, Šeruga Musić M. Flavescence Dorée Strain-Specific Impact on Phenolic Metabolism Dynamics in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) throughout the Development of Phytoplasma Infection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:189-199. [PMID: 38113060 PMCID: PMC10786034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) is a phytopathogenic bacterium associated with Grapevine yellowS disease, which causes heavy damage to viticultural production. Epidemiological data revealed that some FDp strains appear to be more widespread and aggressive. However, there is no data on mechanisms underlying the variable pathogenicity among strains. In this research, we employed chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques to assess how two strains of FDp influence the levels of grapevine phenolic compounds, which are frequently utilized as indicative markers of stress conditions. The results pointed to the upregulation of all branches of phenolic metabolism through the development of infection, correlating with the increase in antioxidative capacity. The more aggressive strain M54 induced stronger downregulation of phenolics' accumulation at the beginning and higher upregulation by the end of the season than the less aggressive M38 strain. These findings reveal potential targets of FDp effectors and provide the first functional demonstration of variable pathogenicity between FDp strains, suggesting the need for future comparative genomic analyses of FDp strains as an important factor in exploring the management possibilities of FDp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Davosir
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty
of Biology, Technische Universität
Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivana Šola
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Faculty
of Biology, Technische Universität
Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Šeruga Musić
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Jarausch B, Markheiser A, Jarausch W, Biancu S, Kugler S, Runne M, Maixner M. Risk Assessment for the Spread of Flavescence Dorée-Related Phytoplasmas from Alder to Grapevine by Alternative Insect Vectors in Germany. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2766. [PMID: 38004777 PMCID: PMC10673178 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
"Flavescence dorée" (FD)-related phytoplasmas are widespread in alder in Germany and their transmission to grapevine represents a high risk for FD outbreaks when the primary vector, Scaphoideus titanus, becomes present in the future. Therefore, the potential role of the Deltocephalinae leafhopper species in transmitting FD-related phytoplasmas from alder to grapevine was studied in extensive transmission trials conducted between 2017 and 2020. The transmission capacity of autochthonous Allygus spp. and the invasive Orientus ishidae captured on infected alder trees was tested under controlled conditions using various test designs, including grouped insects and single-insect studies. The latter experiments were analyzed in terms of survival probability, transmission success and phytoplasma load in the insects, measured by quantitative PCR. A minimum inoculation titer (MIT) required for successful transmission to alder was defined for both Allygus spp. and O. ishidae. While Allygus spp. exhibited slightly better survival on Vitis vinifera compared to O. ishidae, the latter displayed higher phytoplasma loads and greater transmission success. Although all species were capable of infecting alder seedlings, O. ishidae was able to transmit 16SrV-phytoplasmas directly to single grapevines. Infective adults of O. ishidae were captured from the beginning of July until the end of August, while Allygus spp. were only considered infective towards the end of the season. Thus, O. ishidae likely poses a higher risk for FD transmission from alder to grapevine, albeit at a very low level, as only five out of 90 transmission trials to V. vinifera were successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jarausch
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (A.M.)
| | - Anna Markheiser
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (A.M.)
| | - Wolfgang Jarausch
- RLP AgroScience, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Sandra Biancu
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (A.M.)
| | - Sanela Kugler
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (A.M.)
| | - Miriam Runne
- RLP AgroScience, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Michael Maixner
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (A.M.)
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6
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Canuto F, Duret S, Dubrana MP, Claverol S, Malembic-Maher S, Foissac X, Arricau-Bouvery N. A knockdown gene approach identifies an insect vector membrane protein with leucin-rich repeats as one of the receptors for the VmpA adhesin of flavescence dorée phytoplasma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289100. [PMID: 38029232 PMCID: PMC10662966 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The adhesion of flavescence dorée phytoplasma to the midgut epithelium cells of their insect vectors is partially mediated by the variable membrane protein A (VmpA), an adhesin which shows lectin properties. In order to identify the insect receptor for VmpA, we identified Euscelidius variegatus cell proteins interacting with recombinant VmpA-His6. Methods The E. variegatus proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis of VmpA-E. variegatus protein complexes formed upon in vitro interaction assays. To assess their impact in VmpA binding, we reduced the expression of the candidate genes on E. variegatus cells in culture by dsRNA-mediated RNAi. The effect of candidate gene knockdown on VmpA binding was measured by the capacity of E. variegatus cells to bind VmpA-coated fluorescent beads. Results and discussion There were 13 candidate proteins possessing potential N-glycosylation sites and predicted transmembrane domains selected. The decrease of expression of an unknown transmembrane protein with leucine-rich repeat domains (uk1_LRR) was correlated with the decreased adhesion of VmpA beads to E. variegatus cells. The uk1_LRR was more expressed in digestive tubes than salivary glands of E. variegatus. The protein uk1_LRR could be implicated in the binding with VmpA in the early stages of insect infection following phytoplasmas ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Canuto
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sybille Duret
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubrana
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Sylvie Malembic-Maher
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Sarkar P, Lin CY, Buritica JR, Killiny N, Levy A. Crossing the Gateless Barriers: Factors Involved in the Movement of Circulative Bacteria Within Their Insect Vectors. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1805-1816. [PMID: 37160668 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-22-0249-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant bacterial pathogens transmitted by hemipteran vectors pose a large threat to the agricultural industry worldwide. Although virus-vector relationships have been widely investigated, a significant gap exists in our understanding of the molecular interactions between circulative bacteria and their insect vectors, mainly leafhoppers and psyllids. In this review, we will describe how these bacterial pathogens adhere, invade, and proliferate inside their insect vectors. We will also highlight the different transmission routes and molecular factors of phloem-limited bacteria that maintain an effective relationship with the insect host. Understanding the pathogen-vector relationship at the molecular level will help in the management of vector-borne bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Sarkar
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jacobo Robledo Buritica
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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8
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Rigamonti IE, Salvetti M, Girgenti P, Bianco PA, Quaglino F. Investigation on Flavescence Dorée in North-Western Italy Identifies Map-M54 (16SrV-D/Map-FD2) as the Only Phytoplasma Genotype in Vitis vinifera L. and Reveals the Presence of New Putative Reservoir Plants. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1216. [PMID: 37759615 PMCID: PMC10525977 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is the most important phytoplasma-associated disease of the grapevine yellows complex in Europe. Recent studies highlighted a great genetic diversity within FD phytoplasma (FDp) strains and demonstrated that their diffusion is not related exclusively to the pathosystem including Vitis vinifera L. and Scaphoideus titanus but involves additional vectors and reservoir plants. This study aimed to investigate FD epidemiology in north-western Italy, with a particular focus on FDp hosts. During field surveys, leaf samples were collected from symptomatic grapevines and other symptomless plant species, and insects were collected within and around vineyards. Phytoplasmas belonging to the ribosomal group 16SrV were detected and typed using nested-PCR-based amplification and nucleotide sequence analyses of the map gene. All symptomatic grapevines were found to be infected by the FDp genotype M54, prevalent in S. titanus and also identified in other known and newly reported hosts. Interestingly, other FDp strains (M38, M50, M51, M121) and FDp-related strains (M39, M43, M48), never detected in grapevines, were largely identified in several known and newly reported host plants and insects including S. titanus. Such evidence confirmed the complexity of FD ecology, expanding the knowledge on the range of FDp host plants putatively involved in the disease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Ercole Rigamonti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.E.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Martino Salvetti
- Fondazione Fojanini Di Studi Superiori, Via Valeriana 32, 23100 Sondrio, Italy;
| | - Paola Girgenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.E.R.); (P.G.)
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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9
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Adrakey HK, Gibson GJ, Eveillard S, Malembic-Maher S, Fabre F. Bayesian inference for spatio-temporal stochastic transmission of plant disease in the presence of roguing: A case study to characterise the dispersal of Flavescence dorée. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011399. [PMID: 37656768 PMCID: PMC10501664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating the distance at which pathogens disperse from one season to the next is crucial for designing efficient control strategies for invasive plant pathogens and a major milestone in the reduction of pesticide use in agriculture. However, we still lack such estimates for many diseases, especially for insect-vectored pathogens, such as Flavescence dorée (FD). FD is a quarantine disease threatening European vineyards. Its management is based on mandatory insecticide treatments and the removal of infected plants identified during annual surveys. This paper introduces a general statistical framework to model the epidemiological dynamics of FD in a mechanistic manner that can take into account missing hosts in surveyed fields (resulting from infected plant removals). We parameterized the model using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) and data augmentation from surveillance data gathered in Bordeaux vineyards. The data mainly consist of two snapshot maps of the infectious status of all the plants in three adjacent fields during two consecutive years. We demonstrate that heavy-tailed dispersal kernels best fit the spread of FD and that on average, 50% (resp. 80%) of new infection occurs within 10.5 m (resp. 22.2 m) of the source plant. These values are in agreement with estimates of the flying capacity of Scaphoideus titanus, the leafhopper vector of FD, reported in the literature using mark-capture techniques. Simulations of simple removal scenarios using the fitted model suggest that cryptic infection hampered FD management. Future efforts should explore whether strategies relying on reactive host removal can improve FD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hola K. Adrakey
- UMR SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Gavin J. Gibson
- Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, School of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Frederic Fabre
- UMR SAVE, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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10
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Kogej Zwitter Z, Seljak G, Jakomin T, Brodarič J, Vučurović A, Pedemay S, Salar P, Malembic-Maher S, Foissac X, Mehle N. Epidemiology of flavescence dorée and hazelnut decline in Slovenia: geographical distribution and genetic diversity of the associated 16SrV phytoplasmas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1217425. [PMID: 37469777 PMCID: PMC10352807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1217425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) phytoplasma from 16SrV-C and -D subgroups cause severe damage to grapevines throughout Europe. This phytoplasma is transmitted from grapevine to grapevine by the sap-sucking leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus. European black alder and clematis serve as perennial plant reservoirs for 16SrV-C phytoplasma strains, and their host range has recently been extended to hazelnuts. In Slovenia, hazelnut orchards are declining due to 16SrV phytoplasma infections, where large populations of the non-autochthonous leafhopper Orientus ishidae have been observed. To better characterise the phytoplasma-induced decline of hazelnut and possible transmission fluxes between these orchards and grapevine, genetic diversity of 16SrV phytoplasmas in grapevine, hazelnut and leafhoppers was monitored from 2017 to 2022. The nucleotide sequence analysis was based on the map gene. The most prevalent map genotype in grapevine in all wine-growing regions of Slovenia was M54, which accounted for 84% of the 176 grapevines tested. Besides M54, other epidemic genotypes with lower frequency were M38 (6%), M51 (3%), M50 (2%) and M122 (1%). M38, M50 and M122 were also detected in infected cultivated hazelnuts and in specimens of O. ishidae leafhopper caught in declining hazelnut orchards. It suggests that this polyphagous vector could be responsible for phytoplasma infection in hazelnut orchards and possibly for some phytoplasma exchanges between hazelnuts and grapevine. We hereby describe new genotypes: M158 in grapevine as well as four never reported genotypes M159 to M162 in hazelnut. Of these four genotypes in hazelnut, one (M160) was also detected in O. ishidae. Analysis of additional genes of the new genotypes allowed us to assign them to the VmpA-III cluster, which corresponds to the 16SrV-C strains previously shown to be compatible with S. titanus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Kogej Zwitter
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Sensor Technologies, Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabrijel Seljak
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Jakomin
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Brodarič
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Vučurović
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Pedemay
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Salar
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Malembic-Maher
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Fruit Biology and Pathology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nataša Mehle
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- School for Viticulture and Enology, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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11
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Rodrigues Jardim B, Tran-Nguyen LTT, Gambley C, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Subhi AM, Foissac X, Salar P, Cai H, Yang JY, Davis R, Jones L, Rodoni B, Constable FE. The observation of taxonomic boundaries for the 16SrII and 16SrXXV phytoplasmas using genome-based delimitation. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37486824 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the 16SrII phytoplasma group, subgroups A-X have been classified based on restriction fragment length polymorphism of their 16S rRNA gene, and two species have been described, namely 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia' and 'Ca. Phytoplasma australasia'. Strains of 16SrII phytoplasmas are detected across a broad geographic range within Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North and South America. Historically, all members of the 16SrII group share ≥97.5 % nucleotide sequence identity of their 16S rRNA gene. In this study, we used whole genome sequences to identify the species boundaries within the 16SrII group. Whole genome analyses were done using 42 phytoplasma strains classified into seven 16SrII subgroups, five 16SrII taxa without official 16Sr subgroup classifications, and one 16SrXXV-A phytoplasma strain used as an outgroup taxon. Based on phylogenomic analyses as well as whole genome average nucleotide and average amino acid identity (ANI and AAI), eight distinct 16SrII taxa equivalent to species were identified, six of which are novel descriptions. Strains within the same species had ANI and AAI values of >97 %, and shared ≥80 % of their genomic segments based on the ANI analysis. Species also had distinct biological and/or ecological features. A 16SrII subgroup often represented a distinct species, e.g., the 16SrII-B subgroup members. Members classified within the 16SrII-A, 16SrII-D, and 16SrII-V subgroups as well as strains classified as sweet potato little leaf phytoplasmas fulfilled criteria to be included as members of a single species, but with subspecies-level relationships with each other. The 16SrXXV-A taxon was also described as a novel phytoplasma species and, based on criteria used for other bacterial families, provided evidence that it could be classified as a distinct genus from the 16SrII phytoplasmas. As more phytoplasma genome sequences become available, the classification system of these bacteria can be further refined at the genus, species, and subspecies taxonomic ranks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Rodrigues Jardim
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Cherie Gambley
- Horticulture and Forestry Science, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Maroochy Research Facility, Nambour, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali M Al-Subhi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Xavier Foissac
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal Salar
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Hong Cai
- The Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Richard Davis
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Lynne Jones
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Brendan Rodoni
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona E Constable
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Rossi M, Galetto L, Bodino N, Beltramo J, Gamalero S, Pegoraro M, Bosco D, Marzachì C. Competition among Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma Strains in the Experimental Insect Vector Euscelidius variegatus. INSECTS 2023; 14:575. [PMID: 37504582 PMCID: PMC10380400 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are plant pathogenic wall-less bacteria transmitted in a persistent propagative manner by hemipteran insects, mainly belonging to the suborder Auchenorrhyncha (Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha). Flavescence dorée (FD) is a quarantine disease of grapevine, causing great damage to European viticulture and associated with phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrV-C (FD-C) and -D (FD-D) subgroups. FD-C and FD-D strains share similar pathogenicity, but mixed infections are rare in nature. To investigate the competition among FDp strains, specimens of the laboratory vector Euscelidius variegatus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were forced to acquire both phytoplasma haplotypes upon feeding on FD-C- and FD-D-infected plants or after the injection of both strains. The pathogen colonization of insect bodies and heads was monitored with multiplex qPCR, and the efficiencies of phytoplasma transmission were estimated. Single infection, irrespective of strain type, was more frequent than expected, indicating that competition among FD strains occurs. Hypotheses of competition for resources and/or host active sites or the direct antibiosis of one strain against the other are discussed, based on the genetic complexity of FDp populations and on the high genome variability of the FD-D strain. As FD management still mainly relies on insecticides against vectors, the characterization of FDp haplotypes and the description of their epidemiology also have practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Rossi
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Luciana Galetto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Nicola Bodino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jessica Beltramo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Gamalero
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mattia Pegoraro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Metrologia dei Materiali Innovativi e Scienze della Vita, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, INRiM, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, IPSP-CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
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13
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Arricau-Bouvery N, Dubrana MP, Canuto F, Duret S, Brocard L, Claverol S, Malembic-Maher S, Foissac X. Flavescence dorée phytoplasma enters insect cells by a clathrin-mediated endocytosis allowing infection of its insect vector. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2211. [PMID: 36750707 PMCID: PMC9905606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To perform its propagative and circulative cycle into its insect vector, the flavescence dorée phytoplasma invades different cell types. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is used by a wide range of bacteria to infect eukaryote cells. Among the insect proteins interacting with the phytoplasma adhesin VmpA, we identified the adaptor protein complex AP-1 and AP-2 suggesting that phytoplasmas could enter the insect cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. By infection assays of insect cells in culture, we showed that phytoplasmas entry into Drosophila S2 cells was more efficient than infection of the Euva cell line developed from the insect vector Euscelidius variegatus. Chlorpromazine, cytochalasin D and knockdown of clathrin heavy chain (chc) gene expression using RNA interference inhibited entry of phytoplasmas into S2 cells. During invasion of S2 cells, phytoplasmas were observed very closed to recombinant GFP-labelled clathrin light chain. To verify the role of clathrin in the insect colonization by phytoplasmas, RNAi was performed via artificial feeding of chc dsRNA by the vector E. variegatus. This decreased the expression of chc gene in the midgut and heads of E. variegatus. The chc lower expression correlated to a decreased of midgut and salivary gland cells colonization after the insects had ingested phytoplasmas from infected plants. In conclusion, results indicate that clathrin is important for the FD phytoplasma to enter insect cells and colonize its insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Arricau-Bouvery
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubrana
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Francesca Canuto
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sybille Duret
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UAR 3420, US 4, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Sylvie Malembic-Maher
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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14
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Prazaru SC, D’Ambrogio L, Dal Cero M, Rasera M, Cenedese G, Guerrieri E, Pavasini M, Mori N, Pavan F, Duso C. Efficacy of Conventional and Organic Insecticides against Scaphoideus titanus: Field and Semi-Field Trials. INSECTS 2023; 14:101. [PMID: 36835670 PMCID: PMC9967193 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scaphoideus titanus is the main vector of phytoplasmas associated with Flavescence dorée (FD), one of the most serious threats to viticulture in many European countries. To minimize the spread of this disease, mandatory control measures against S. titanus were decided in Europe. In the 1990s, the repeated application of insecticides (mainly organophosphates) proved to be an effective measure to control the vector and the related disease in north-eastern Italy. These insecticides and most of the neonicotinoids were recently banned from European viticulture. Serious FD issues detected in the recent years in northern Italy could be related to the use of less effective insecticides. Trials aimed at evaluating the efficacy of the most used conventional and organic insecticides in the control of S. titanus have been performed in semi-field and field conditions to test this hypothesis. In efficacy trials, carried out in four vineyards, etofenprox and deltamethrin proved to be the best conventional insecticides, while pyrethrins were the most impactful among organic insecticides. Insecticide residual activity was evaluated in semi-field and field conditions. Acrinathrin showed the most significant residual effects in both conditions. In semi-field trials, most of the pyrethroids were associated with good results in terms of residual activity. However, these effects declined in field conditions, probably due to high temperatures. Organic insecticides showed poor results in terms of residual efficacy. Implications of these results in the context of Integrated Pest Management in conventional and organic viticulture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Cristian Prazaru
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lisa D’Ambrogio
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Martina Dal Cero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Mirko Rasera
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cenedese
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Enea Guerrieri
- Department of Biotechnology, Verona University, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marika Pavasini
- Department of Biotechnology, Verona University, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Verona University, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Pavan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Duso
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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15
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Adrakey HK, Malembic-Maher S, Rusch A, Ay JS, Riley L, Ramalanjaona L, Fabre F. Field and Landscape Risk Factors Impacting Flavescence Dorée Infection: Insights from Spatial Bayesian Modeling in the Bordeaux Vineyards. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1686-1697. [PMID: 35230150 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-21-0449-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) is a quarantine disease threatening European vineyards. Its management is based on mandatory insecticide treatments and the uprooting of infected plants identified during annual surveys. Field surveys are currently not optimized because the drivers affecting FD spread in vineyard landscapes remain poorly understood. We collated a georeferenced dataset of FD detection, collected from 34,581 vineyard plots over 5 years in the South West France wine region. Spatial models fitted with integrated nested Laplace approximation were used to identify local and landscape factors affecting FD detection and infection. Our analysis highlights the importance of sampling period on FD detection and of local practices and landscape context on FD infection. At field scale, altitude and cultivar choice were the main factors affecting FD infection. In particular, the odds ratio of FD infection in fields planted with the susceptible Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, or Muscadelle varieties were approximately twice those in fields planted with the less susceptible Merlot. Field infection was also affected by the field's immediate surroundings (within a circle with a radius of 150 to 200 m), corresponding to landscapes of 7 to 12 ha. In particular, the probability of FD infection increased with the proportions of forest and urban land and with the proportion of susceptible cultivars, demonstrating that the cultivar composition impacts FD epidemiology at landscape scale. The satisfactory predictive performance of the model for identifying districts with a prevalence of FD detection >10% of the fields suggests that it could be used to target areas in which future surveys would be most valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hola Kwame Adrakey
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Sylvie Malembic-Maher
- INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche BFP, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Adrien Rusch
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Jean-Sauveur Ay
- INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Unité Mixte de Recherche CESAER, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Luke Riley
- INRAE, Unité de Recherche BioSP, Equipe OPE, Plateforme d'Epidémiosurveillance en Santé Végétale, Avignon, France
| | - Lovasoa Ramalanjaona
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
| | - Frederic Fabre
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, Villenave d'Ornon F-33882, France
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16
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The Complete Genome of the “Flavescence Dorée” Phytoplasma Reveals Characteristics of Low Genome Plasticity. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070953. [PMID: 36101334 PMCID: PMC9312162 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ are obligate intracellular bacteria restricted to phloem sieve elements and are able to colonize several tissues and the hemolymph in their insect vectors. The current unfeasibility of axenic culture and the low complexity of genomic sequences are obstacles in assembling complete chromosomes. Here, a method combining pathogen DNA enrichment from infected insects and dual deep-sequencing technologies was used to obtain the complete genome of a phytoplasma causing Grapevine Flavescence dorée. The de novo assembly generated a circular chromosome of 654,223 bp containing 506 protein-coding genes. Quality assessment of the draft showed a high degree of completeness. Comparative analysis with other phytoplasmas revealed the absence of potential mobile units and a reduced amount of putative phage-derived segments, suggesting a low genome plasticity. Phylogenetic analyses identified Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi as the closest fully sequenced relative. The “Flavescence dorée” phytoplasma strain CH genome also encoded for several putative effector proteins potentially playing a role in pathogen virulence. The availability of this genome provides the basis for the study of the pathogenicity mechanisms and evolution of the Flavescence dorée phytoplasma.
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17
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Wang C, Zeng L. The Exploitation of Host 26S Proteasome as a New Stratedy for Bacterial Pathogenicity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:858829. [PMID: 35432430 PMCID: PMC9009252 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.858829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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18
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Huang W, MacLean AM, Sugio A, Maqbool A, Busscher M, Cho ST, Kamoun S, Kuo CH, Immink RGH, Hogenhout SA. Parasitic modulation of host development by ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. Cell 2021; 184:5201-5214.e12. [PMID: 34536345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Certain obligate parasites induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favor their transmission to other trophic levels. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate how SAP05 protein effectors from insect-vectored plant pathogenic phytoplasmas take control of several plant developmental processes. These effectors simultaneously prolong the host lifespan and induce witches' broom-like proliferations of leaf and sterile shoots, organs colonized by phytoplasmas and vectors. SAP05 acts by mediating the concurrent degradation of SPL and GATA developmental regulators via a process that relies on hijacking the plant ubiquitin receptor RPN10 independent of substrate ubiquitination. RPN10 is highly conserved among eukaryotes, but SAP05 does not bind insect vector RPN10. A two-amino-acid substitution within plant RPN10 generates a functional variant that is resistant to SAP05 activities. Therefore, one effector protein enables obligate parasitic phytoplasmas to induce a plethora of developmental phenotypes in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Allyson M MacLean
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Akiko Sugio
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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19
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Huang W, MacLean AM, Sugio A, Maqbool A, Busscher M, Cho ST, Kamoun S, Kuo CH, Immink RGH, Hogenhout SA. Parasitic modulation of host development by ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. Cell 2021; 184:5201-5214.e12. [PMID: 34536345 PMCID: PMC8525514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain obligate parasites induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favor their transmission to other trophic levels. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate how SAP05 protein effectors from insect-vectored plant pathogenic phytoplasmas take control of several plant developmental processes. These effectors simultaneously prolong the host lifespan and induce witches' broom-like proliferations of leaf and sterile shoots, organs colonized by phytoplasmas and vectors. SAP05 acts by mediating the concurrent degradation of SPL and GATA developmental regulators via a process that relies on hijacking the plant ubiquitin receptor RPN10 independent of substrate ubiquitination. RPN10 is highly conserved among eukaryotes, but SAP05 does not bind insect vector RPN10. A two-amino-acid substitution within plant RPN10 generates a functional variant that is resistant to SAP05 activities. Therefore, one effector protein enables obligate parasitic phytoplasmas to induce a plethora of developmental phenotypes in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Allyson M MacLean
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Akiko Sugio
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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20
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Trivellone V, Wei W, Filippin L, Dietrich CH. Screening potential insect vectors in a museum biorepository reveals undiscovered diversity of plant pathogens in natural areas. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6493-6503. [PMID: 34141234 PMCID: PMC8207438 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas (Mollicutes, Acholeplasmataceae), vector-borne obligate bacterial plant parasites, infect nearly 1,000 plant species and unknown numbers of insects, mainly leafhoppers (Hemiptera, Deltocephalinae), which play a key role in transmission and epidemiology. Although the plant-phytoplasma-insect association has been evolving for >300 million years, nearly all known phytoplasmas have been discovered as a result of the damage inflicted by phytoplasma diseases on crops. Few efforts have been made to study phytoplasmas occurring in noneconomically important plants in natural habitats. In this study, a subsample of leafhopper specimens preserved in a large museum biorepository was analyzed to unveil potential new associations. PCR screening for phytoplasmas performed on 227 phloem-feeding leafhoppers collected worldwide from natural habitats revealed the presence of 6 different previously unknown phytoplasma strains. This indicates that museum collections of herbivorous insects represent a rich and largely untapped resource for discovery of new plant pathogens, that natural areas worldwide harbor a diverse but largely undiscovered diversity of phytoplasmas and potential insect vectors, and that independent epidemiological cycles occur in such habitats, posing a potential threat of disease spillover into agricultural systems. Larger-scale future investigations will contribute to a better understanding of phytoplasma genetic diversity, insect host range, and insect-borne phytoplasma transmission and provide an early warning for the emergence of new phytoplasma diseases across global agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Trivellone
- Illinois Natural History SurveyPrairie Research InstituteUniversity of IllinoisChampaignILUSA
| | - Wei Wei
- Molecular Plant Pathology LaboratoryBeltsville Agricultural Research CenterAgricultural Research ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureBeltsvilleMDUSA
| | - Luisa Filippin
- CREA–VECouncil for Agricultural Research and EconomicsResearch Centre for Viticulture and EnologyConegliano, TrevisoItaly
| | - Christopher H. Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History SurveyPrairie Research InstituteUniversity of IllinoisChampaignILUSA
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21
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Interactions between the flavescence dorée phytoplasma and its insect vector indicate lectin-type adhesion mediated by the adhesin VmpA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11222. [PMID: 34045641 PMCID: PMC8160148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavescence dorée phytoplasma undergoes a propagative cycle in its insect vectors by first interacting with the insect cell surfaces, primarily in the midgut lumen and subsequently in the salivary glands. Adhesion of flavescence dorée phytoplasma to insect cells is mediated by the adhesin VmpA. We hypothesize that VmpA may have lectin-like activity, similar to several adhesins of bacteria that invade the insect gut. We first demonstrated that the luminal surface of the midgut and the basal surface of the salivary gland cells of the natural vector Scaphoideus titanus and those of the experimental vector Euscelidius variegatus were differentially glycosylated. Using ELISA, inhibition and competitive adhesion assays, and protein overlay assays in the Euva-6 insect cell line, we showed that the protein VmpA binds insect proteins in a lectin-like manner. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that N-acetylglucosamine and mannose present on the surfaces of the midgut and salivary glands serve as recognition sites for the phytoplasma adhesin VmpA.
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22
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Garcion C, Béven L, Foissac X. Comparison of Current Methods for Signal Peptide Prediction in Phytoplasmas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661524. [PMID: 33841387 PMCID: PMC8026896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although phytoplasma studies are still hampered by the lack of axenic cultivation methods, the availability of genome sequences allowed dramatic advances in the characterization of the virulence mechanisms deployed by phytoplasmas, and highlighted the detection of signal peptides as a crucial step to identify effectors secreted by phytoplasmas. However, various signal peptide prediction methods have been used to mine phytoplasma genomes, and no general evaluation of these methods is available so far for phytoplasma sequences. In this work, we compared the prediction performance of SignalP versions 3.0, 4.0, 4.1, 5.0 and Phobius on several sequence datasets originating from all deposited phytoplasma sequences. SignalP 4.1 with specific parameters showed the most exhaustive and consistent prediction ability. However, the configuration of SignalP 4.1 for increased sensitivity induced a much higher rate of false positives on transmembrane domains located at N-terminus. Moreover, sensitive signal peptide predictions could similarly be achieved by the transmembrane domain prediction ability of TMHMM and Phobius, due to the relatedness between signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Beyond the results presented herein, the datasets assembled in this study form a valuable benchmark to compare and evaluate signal peptide predictors in a field where experimental evidence of secretion is scarce. Additionally, this study illustrates the utility of comparative genomics to strengthen confidence in bioinformatic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Garcion
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laure Béven
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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23
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Jarausch B, Biancu S, Kugler S, Wetzel T, Baumann M, Winterhagen P, Jarausch W, Kortekamp A, Maixner M. First report of Flavescence dorée-related Phytoplasma in Grapevine in Germany. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3285. [PMID: 33823613 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0330-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée (FD) and Bois noir (BN) are the principal grapevine yellows diseases in Europe caused by distinct phytoplasmas: FD by 16SrV phytoplasmas (FDp), BN by Candidatus Phytoplasma solani. FDp is spread epidemically by the introduced Nearctic Deltocephalinae Scaphoideus titanus and is listed as a quarantine pest in the European Union (Regulation (EU) 2019/2072). Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is a common asymptotic host of 16SrV phytoplasmas in Europe and considered the original host of FDp (Malembic-Maher et al. 2020). Palatinate grapevine yellows (PGY) transmitted from alder to grapevine by the Macropsinae Oncopsis alni (Maixner et al. 2000) is not transmissible by S. titanus, unlike isolates transmitted by the autochthonous Deltocephalinae Allygus spp. and the invasive Orientus ishidae (Malembic-Maher et al. 2020). Germany is considered free from FD in grapevine and from its vector. A single case in a nursery in 2014 was eradicated (EPPO 2017). Since S. titanus was detected in 2016 in the neighboring French Region of Alsace, monitoring of FD was carried out in Germany. It was focused on vineyards within a distance of 100 m from stands of alder trees. A geodata-based risk map (Jalke 2020) was used to identify those plots. All symptomatic vines sampled until September 2020 proved to be infected by BN or, occasionally, by PGY. Eight vines with typical symptoms were sampled in vineyards adjacent to alder stands in the winegrowing region of Rheinhessen in September 2020. Symptoms comprised leaf rolling and discoloration, incomplete lignification, black pustules on shoots, dried inflorescences and shriveled berries. Diseased shoots were black and necrotic in December. Leaf midribs were sampled for total DNA extraction. The phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene was amplified by generic primers R16F2/R2-mod followed by a nested PCR using 16Sr(V) group-specific primers R16(V)F1/R1, and primers R16(I)F1/R1 (Lee et al. 1995) to detect 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', associated with BN. While BN was detected in seven vines, one sample tested positive for 16SrV phytoplasma. This result was confirmed by triplex real-time Taq-Man assay based on rpl14 gene sequences (IPADLAB), by multiplex real-time PCR of map locus as well as by Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) according to the EPPO diagnostic standard PM 7/079(2) (EPPO 2016). PCR-products of the map- and the vmpA-Gene (Malembic-Maher et al., 2020) were sequenced and compared to reference sequences to distinguish between FD- and non-FD genotypes. The isolate from the diseased vine exhibited 100% identity with map-M38 (Accession No. LT221933), a genotype of the map-FD2 cluster. The same genotype was detected in A. glutinosa and Allygus spp. sampled at the infested site. A 234 bp sequence of the first repeat of the vmpA-gene showed 100% identity with the S. titanus transmitted isolate FD-92 (Accession No. LN680870) of the vmpA-II cluster. It can be concluded, that the 16SrV-isolate detected in a symptomatic grapevine is infected by FD and not PGY. This is the first report of FD in a vineyard in Germany. The infected vine of cv. Silvaner was 25 years old. While infected planting material is an unlikely source of the infection, a transmission of FDp from alder is highly probable. Finding a single FD-infection after several years of testing implies a low risk originating from the wild compartment, but the approach of the vector S. titanus justifies further monitoring activities. The infected vine was eradicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jarausch
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Research Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Siebeldingen, Germany;
| | - Sandra Biancu
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Reserach Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Siebeldingen, Germany;
| | - Sanela Kugler
- Julius Kühn-Institut Federal Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Siebeldingen, Germany;
| | - Thierry Wetzel
- DLR Rheinpfalz, Institute of Plant Protection, Breitenweg 71, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany, 67435;
| | - Manuel Baumann
- DLR Rheinpfalz, Institute of Plant Protection, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany;
| | - Patrick Winterhagen
- Dienstleistungszentrum ländlicher Raum, 111096, Breitenweg 71, Neustadt, Germany, 67435;
| | | | - Andreas Kortekamp
- DLR Rheinpfalz, Institut für Phytomedizin , Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany;
| | - Michael Maixner
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Siebeldingen, Germany;
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24
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Ong S, Jonson GB, Calassanzio M, Rin S, Chou C, Oi T, Sato I, Takemoto D, Tanaka T, Choi IR, Nign C, Chiba S. Geographic Distribution, Genetic Variability and Biological Properties of Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma in Southeast Asia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020169. [PMID: 33557226 PMCID: PMC7913950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) causes clear orange to yellowish leaf discoloration and severe stunting in rice seedlings. The ecological and biological characteristics of ROLP are largely unknown because the disease has not widely caused serious problems in rice cultivated areas, thereby leading to the low accumulation of research data. However, in the past decade, the disease became a threat to rice production, particularly in South China and India; it has also been recognised in other Asian countries, such as Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines. Here, we observed the occurrence of ROLP in paddies of the Southeast Asian counties (Cambodia, Vietnam and the Philippines) and found that the isolates in the Philippines and Vietnam were monophyletic, while those in India, Thailand and Cambodia were more diverse, suggesting their potential origins. In Cambodia, it was revealed that following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection, the known ROLP-insect vectors, N. virescens Distant and Recilia dorsalis Motchulsky, were ROLP-positive, indicating their roles in pathogen dispersal. Moreover, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy revealed the intensive accumulation of the phytoplasma in phloem tissues and massive accumulation of storage starch in vascular bundle sheath and parenchyma. Altogether, this study illustrated the genetic variability of global ROLP isolates and the pathogen’s biological impact on rice tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socheath Ong
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia;
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (S.R.); (I.-R.C.)
| | - Gilda B. Jonson
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines;
| | - Matteo Calassanzio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
- Renolab Good Laboratory Practice, A Tentamus Company, Via XXV Aprile, San Giorgio di Piano, 40016 Bologna, Italy
| | - Soriya Rin
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (S.R.); (I.-R.C.)
| | - Cheythyrith Chou
- General Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Takao Oi
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Il-Ryong Choi
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (S.R.); (I.-R.C.)
- International Rice Research Institute—Korea Office, National Institute of Crop Science, Wanju-Gun 235, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea
| | - Chhay Nign
- General Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Brooks DR, Hoberg EP, Boeger WA, Trivellone V. Emerging infectious disease: An underappreciated area of strategic concern for food security. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:254-267. [PMID: 33527632 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) increasingly threaten global food security and public health. Despite technological breakthroughs, we are losing the battle with (re)emerging diseases as treatment costs and production losses rise. A horizon scan of diseases of crops, livestock, seafood and food-borne illness suggests these costs are unsustainable. The paradigm of coevolution between pathogens and particular hosts teaches that emerging diseases occur only when pathogens evolve specific capacities that allow them to move to new hosts. EIDs ought to be rare and unpredictable, so crisis response is the best we can do. Alternatively, the Stockholm Paradigm suggests that the world is full of susceptible but unexposed hosts that pathogens could infect, given the opportunity. Global climate change, globalized trade and travel, urbanization and land-use changes (often associated with biodiversity loss) increase those opportunities, making EID frequent. We can, however, anticipate their arrival in new locations and their behaviour once they have arrived. We can 'find them before they find us', mitigating their impacts. The DAMA (Document, Assess, Monitor, Act) protocol alters the current reactive stance and embodies proactive solutions to anticipate and mitigate the impacts of EID, extending human and material resources and buying time for development of new vaccinations, medications and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Brooks
- Institute for Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Harold W. Manter Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Walter A Boeger
- Biological Interactions, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Valeria Trivellone
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
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26
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Tirello P, Marchesini E, Gherardo P, Raniero D, Rossetto F, Pozzebon A, Duso C. The Control of the American Leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata (Fitch) in European Vineyards: Impact of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020085. [PMID: 33498174 PMCID: PMC7908998 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The American leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata, detected in Europe in the early 2000s, has recently become a pest in North-Italian vineyards. Infestations were recorded in organic and conventional vineyards despite the application of insecticides targeting other pests. Erasmoneura vulnerata completes three generations per year, and the second generation is frequently associated with large populations. The selection of appropriate active ingredients and the timing of their application is crucial for effective pest control. Field trials were carried out in Northeastern Italy, using a randomized design, to evaluate the impact of insecticides applied against other grapevine leafhoppers on E. vulnerata populations. The beginning of the second generation was selected as the best time for insecticide application. For natural products, two applications were planned. Among the selected insecticides, the most effective were acetamiprid, flupyradifurone and lambda-cyhalothrin. Regarding natural products, the most effective was kaolin which could represent an alternative to pyrethrins in organic vineyards. The identification of pest threshold levels and the evaluation of side effects of the most effective insecticides on key natural enemies occurring in vineyards are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tirello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (P.T.); (P.G.); (D.R.); (F.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Enrico Marchesini
- AGREA S.r.l. Centro Studi, Via Garibaldi 5/16, San Giovanni Lupatoto (VR), 37057 Verona, Italy;
| | - Pamela Gherardo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (P.T.); (P.G.); (D.R.); (F.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Damiano Raniero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (P.T.); (P.G.); (D.R.); (F.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Filippo Rossetto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (P.T.); (P.G.); (D.R.); (F.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Pozzebon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (P.T.); (P.G.); (D.R.); (F.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Carlo Duso
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, Legnaro, 35020 Padova, Italy; (P.T.); (P.G.); (D.R.); (F.R.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8272805
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27
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Fischnaller S, Parth M, Messner M, Stocker R, Kerschbamer C, Janik K. Surveying Potential Vectors of Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma: Faunistic Analysis and Infection Status of Selected Auchenorrhyncha Species. INSECTS 2020; 12:12. [PMID: 33375284 PMCID: PMC7823550 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apple proliferation (AP) is one of the economically most important diseases in European apple cultivation. The disease is caused by the cell-wall-less bacterium ' Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', which is transmitted by Cacopsylla picta (Foerster) and Cacopsylla melanoneura (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). In South Tyrol (Italy), severe outbreaks were documented since the 1990s. Infestation rates of AP do not always correlate with the population densities of the confirmed vectors, implying the presence of other, so far unknown, hemipterian vectors. By elucidating the species community of Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) at a regional scale, more than 31,000 specimens were captured in South Tyrolean apple orchards. The occurrence of 95 species was confirmed, whereas fourteen species are new records for this territory. Based on the faunistical data, more than 3600 individuals out of 25 species were analyzed using quantitative PCR to assess the presence of AP phytoplasma. The pathogen was sporadically detected in some individuals of different species, for example in Stictocephala bisonia Kopp and Yonk (Hemiptera: Membracidae). However, the concentration of phytoplasma was much lower than in infected C. picta and C. melanoneura captured in the same region, confirming the role of the latter mentioned psyllids as the main insect vectors of AP- phytoplasma in South Tyrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Fischnaller
- Laimburg Research Centre, Laimburg 6, Pfatten (Vadena), IT-39040 Auer (Ora), Italy; (M.P.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (C.K.); (K.J.)
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28
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Jonson GB, Matres JM, Ong S, Tanaka T, Choi IR, Chiba S. Reemerging Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma with Varying Symptoms Expressions and Its Transmission by a New Leafhopper Vector- Nephotettix virescens Distant. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120990. [PMID: 33256154 PMCID: PMC7761223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) belongs to the "Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris" 16SrI-B subgroup, which is solely transmitted by the zigzag-striped leafhopper (Recilia dorsalis Motchulsky) and the green leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Recently, rice plants showing orange leaf discoloration have become ubiquitous in several paddies of two provinces in the Philippines. In total of 98 symptomatic rice plants, 82% (Laguna) and 95% (Mindanao) were ROLP-positive by nested PCR detection. These plants showed more varying symptoms than previously reported. The vector insect R. dorsalis was scarcely present but green paddy leafhopper, N. virescens Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was commonly observed in the paddies, thus the ability of N. virescens to transmit ROLP was thoroughly investigated. Newly emerged adult N. virescens, which fed on ROLD-source rice plants, were used to inoculate a susceptible rice seedling and was serially transferred into a new healthy seedling. Resultant positive transmission rates varied from 5.1% to 17.8%. The transmission ability of the insects was generally decreased over time. These findings suggest that N. virescens is an alternative vector of ROLP in the Philippines. Altogether, this study highlighted the increasing importance of ROLD-reemergence in Southeast and East Asia and proved the need for careful management of this alternative vector insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda B. Jonson
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines; (G.B.J.); (J.M.M.); (I.-R.C.)
| | - Jerlie M. Matres
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines; (G.B.J.); (J.M.M.); (I.-R.C.)
| | - Socheath Ong
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Chamkar Duang, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia;
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 2696, Cambodia
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Plant Pathology Lab., Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
| | - Il-Ryong Choi
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines; (G.B.J.); (J.M.M.); (I.-R.C.)
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 2696, Cambodia
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Plant Pathology Lab., Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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29
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Rossi M, Vallino M, Galetto L, Marzachì C. Competitive Exclusion of Flavescence dorée Phytoplasma Strains in Catharanthus roseus Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111594. [PMID: 33213006 PMCID: PMC7698599 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée phytoplasmas (FDp, 16SrV-C and -D) are plant pathogenic non-cultivable bacteria associated with a severe grapevine disease. The incidence of the two reference strains on cultivated grapevines is unbalanced, and mixed infections are rare. To investigate the interaction between the two strains, Catharanthus roseus plants were graft-infected with both strains, either simultaneously or sequentially. Different combinations of lateral and apical grafting were applied to avoid possible benefits due to graft position. The infection was monitored for four months through a new diagnostic protocol developed for differentiation and relative quantification of the two strains. Regardless of the temporal or spatial advantage at grafting, FD-C generally outcompeted FD-D. The prevalence of FD-C increased over time and, at the end of the experiment, FD-C was the unique strain detected in the aerial part and the roots of 74% and 90% of grafted plants, respectively. These data indicate that the interaction between the two strains results in competitive exclusion. Understanding the bases of the competition between FD-C and FD-D may contribute to explain the biology of the coexistence of different FDp strains under field conditions, aiming at identifying potential suppressor strains, which can provide alternative and environmentally sustainable solutions for FD control.
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Huang W, Reyes-Caldas P, Mann M, Seifbarghi S, Kahn A, Almeida RPP, Béven L, Heck M, Hogenhout SA, Coaker G. Bacterial Vector-Borne Plant Diseases: Unanswered Questions and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1379-1393. [PMID: 32835885 PMCID: PMC7769051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne plant diseases have significant ecological and economic impacts, affecting farm profitability and forest composition throughout the world. Bacterial vector-borne pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to interact with their hemipteran insect vectors and plant hosts. These pathogens reside in plant vascular tissue, and their study represents an excellent opportunity to uncover novel biological mechanisms regulating intracellular pathogenesis and to contribute to the control of some of the world's most invasive emerging diseases. In this perspective, we highlight recent advances and major unanswered questions in the realm of bacterial vector-borne disease, focusing on liberibacters, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and Xylella fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paola Reyes-Caldas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marina Mann
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shirin Seifbarghi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Kahn
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laure Béven
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Michelle Heck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Ripamonti M, Pegoraro M, Rossi M, Bodino N, Beal D, Panero L, Marzachì C, Bosco D. Prevalence of Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasma-Infected Scaphoideus titanus in Different Vineyard Agroecosystems of Northwestern Italy. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050301. [PMID: 32413986 PMCID: PMC7290324 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative estimates of vector populations and their infectivity in the wild and in cultivated compartments of agroecosystems have been carried out to elucidate the role of the wild compartment in the epidemiology of Flavescence dorée (FD). Seven sites were selected for the investigations in the Piedmont Region of Italy. They were characterized by a high variety of agricultural and ecological landscape features, and included a vineyard surrounded by wild vegetation. In order to describe abundance and prevalence of FD-infected vectors in the cultivated and wild compartments of the vineyard agroecosystem, adults of Scaphoideus titanus were collected by yellow sticky traps inside and outside the vineyard over the period July 10th-September 9th, 2015. They were counted and singly analyzed for the presence of FD phytoplasmas by PCR. Multifactorial correlations among vector population level, prevalence of infected insects inside and outside the vineyards, disease prevalence in cultivated and wild Vitis plants, and location of wild Vitis plants with respect to the vineyard were analyzed. Abundance of S. titanus adults significantly decreased from the end of July onwards, particularly inside the vineyard (average range 22.7 ± 2.5 insects/trap). Percentage of FD-positive S. titanus was significantly higher outside the vineyard (up to 48% on average) compared to inside the vineyard (up to 34% on average), and increased during the season in both compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ripamonti
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (M.R.); (D.B.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.P.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Mattia Pegoraro
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.P.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Marika Rossi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.P.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Nicola Bodino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.P.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Dylan Beal
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (M.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Loretta Panero
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Viticulture and Enology (CREA-VE), 14100 Asti, Italy;
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.P.); (M.R.); (N.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (M.R.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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