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Sayeed K, Parameswaran S, Beucler MJ, Edsall LE, VonHandorf A, Crowther A, Donmez O, Hass M, Richards S, Forney C, Wright J, Leong MML, Murray-Nerger LA, Gewurz BE, Kaufman KM, Harley JB, Zhao B, Miller WE, Kottyan LC, Weirauch MT. Human cytomegalovirus infection coopts chromatin organization to diminish TEAD1 transcription factor activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.588762. [PMID: 38645179 PMCID: PMC11030363 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.588762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects up to 80% of the world's population. Here, we show that HCMV infection leads to widespread changes in human chromatin accessibility and chromatin looping, with hundreds of thousands of genomic regions affected 48 hours after infection. Integrative analyses reveal HCMV-induced perturbation of Hippo signaling through drastic reduction of TEAD1 transcription factor activity. We confirm extensive concordant loss of TEAD1 binding, active H3K27ac histone marks, and chromatin looping interactions upon infection. Our data position TEAD1 at the top of a hierarchy involving multiple altered important developmental pathways. HCMV infection reduces TEAD1 activity through four distinct mechanisms: closing of TEAD1-bound chromatin, reduction of YAP1 and phosphorylated YAP1 levels, reduction of TEAD1 transcript and protein levels, and alteration of TEAD1 exon-6 usage. Altered TEAD1-based mechanisms are highly enriched at genetic risk loci associated with eye and ear development, providing mechanistic insight into HCMV's established roles in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khund Sayeed
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Sreeja Parameswaran
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Matthew J. Beucler
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Lee E. Edsall
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Andrew VonHandorf
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Audrey Crowther
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Omer Donmez
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Matthew Hass
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Scott Richards
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Carmy Forney
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jay Wright
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Merrin Man Long Leong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura A. Murray-Nerger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ben E. Gewurz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Research Service, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John B. Harley
- Research Service, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - William E. Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Leah C. Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Matthew T. Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
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Sun Y, Shi D, Sun J, Zhang Y, Liu W, Luo B. Regulation mechanism of EBV-encoded EBER1 and LMP2A on YAP1 and the impact of YAP1 on the EBV infection status in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. Virus Res 2024; 343:199352. [PMID: 38462175 PMCID: PMC10982081 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the role and regulatory mechanism of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in the development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Here we showed that EBV can upregulate the expression and activity of YAP1 protein through its encoded latent products EBV-encoded small RNA 1 (EBER1) and latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), enhancing the malignant characteristics of EBVaGC cells. In addition, we also showed that overexpression of YAP1 induced the expression of EBV encoding latent and lytic phase genes and proteins in the epithelial cell line AGS-EBV infected with EBV, and increased the copy number of the EBV genome, while loss of YAP1 expression reduced the aforementioned indicators. Moreover, we found that YAP1 enhanced EBV lytic reactivation induced by two known activators, 12-O-tetradecanoylhorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and sodium butyrate (NaB). These results indicated a bidirectional regulatory mechanism between EBV and YAP1 proteins, providing new experimental evidence for further understanding the regulation of EBV infection patterns and carcinogenic mechanisms in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Duo Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiting Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, ZiBo 255036, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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3
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Zhang P, Zhang H, Li C, Yang B, Feng X, Cao J, Du W, Shahzad M, Khan A, Sun SC, Zhao X. Effects of Regulating Hippo and Wnt on the Development and Fate Differentiation of Bovine Embryo. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3912. [PMID: 38612721 PMCID: PMC11011455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The improvement of in vitro embryo development is a gateway to enhance the output of assisted reproductive technologies. The Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways are crucial for the early development of bovine embryos. This study investigated the development of bovine embryos under the influence of a Hippo signaling agonist (LPA) and a Wnt signaling inhibitor (DKK1). In this current study, embryos produced in vitro were cultured in media supplemented with LPA and DKK1. We comprehensively analyzed the impact of LPA and DKK1 on various developmental parameters of the bovine embryo, such as blastocyst formation, differential cell counts, YAP fluorescence intensity and apoptosis rate. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was employed to elucidate the in vitro embryonic development. Our results revealed that LPA and DKK1 improved the blastocyst developmental potential, total cells, trophectoderm (TE) cells and YAP fluorescence intensity and decreased the apoptosis rate of bovine embryos. A total of 1203 genes exhibited differential expression between the control and LPA/DKK1-treated (LD) groups, with 577 genes upregulated and 626 genes downregulated. KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with TGF-beta signaling, Wnt signaling, apoptosis, Hippo signaling and other critical developmental pathways. Our study shows the role of LPA and DKK1 in embryonic differentiation and embryo establishment of pregnancy. These findings should be helpful for further unraveling the precise contributions of the Hippo and Wnt pathways in bovine trophoblast formation, thus advancing our comprehension of early bovine embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chongyang Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baigao Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyi Feng
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhua Cao
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weihua Du
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agriculture Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xueming Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Western Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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4
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Gong Z, Bi C, Liu W, Luo B. Comprehensive Analysis Based on the TCGA Database Identified SCIN as a Key DNA Methylation-Driver Gene in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10702-y. [PMID: 38411940 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
An important feature of EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is extensive methylation of viral and host genomes. This study aims to analyze DNA methylation-driven genes (DMDG) in EBVaGC through bioinformatics methods, providing an important bioinformatics basis for the differential diagnosis and treatment of potential methylation biomarkers in EBVaGC. We downloaded the mRNA expression profiles and methylation datasets of EBVaGC and EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC) through the TCGA database to screen methylated-differentially expressed genes (MDEGs). DNA methylation-driver genes were identified based on MethylMix algorithm and key genes were further identified by LASSO regression and Random Forest algorithm. Then, we performed gene enrichment analysis for key genes and validated them by GEO database. Gene expression differences in EBVaGC and EBVnGC cell lines was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting and in GT38 cell and SNU719 cell which all treated by 5-Aza-CdR. Finally, the effect of key gene on the migration and proliferation capacity of EBVaGC cells was determined by Transwells assay and Cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. We obtained a total of 687 hypermethylation-low expression genes (Hyper-LGs) and further obtained 53 DNA methylation-driver genes based on the MethylMix algorithm. A total of six key genes (SCIN, ETNK2, PCDH20, PPP1R3C, MATN2, and HOXA5) were identified by LASSO regression and Random Forest algorithm. Among them, SCIN expression was significantly lower in EBVaGC cell lines than in EBVnGC cell lines, and its expression was significantly recovered in EBVaGC cell lines treated with 5-Aza-CdR. Overexpression of SCIN can promote the proliferation and migration capacity of EBVaGC cells. Our study will provide some bioinformatics basis for the study of EBVaGC-related methylation. SCIN may be used as potential methylation biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chunxia Bi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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5
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Li H, Zou F, Zhang J, Zhu S, Chu K, Zhang X, Zhao T. YAP suppresses human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 transcription. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29065. [PMID: 37661566 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus that causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-1 encodes Tax protein that activates transcription from viral long terminal repeats (LTR). Multiple cofactors are involved in the regulation of HTLV-1 transcription via association with Tax. Yes-associated protein (YAP), which is the key effector of Hippo pathway, is elevated and activated in ATL cells. In this study, we reported that YAP protein suppressed Tax activation of HTLV-1 5' LTR but not 3' LTR. The activation of the 5' LTR by Tax was potentiated when YAP was depleted. Moreover, overexpression of YAP repressed HTLV-1 plus-strand viral gene expression and virion production, whereas compromising YAP by RNA inference augmented the expression of HTLV-1 protein. As mechanisms of YAP-mediated viral transcription inhibition, we found that YAP interacted with Tax, and prevented the association between Tax and p300. It finally led to the inhibition of recruitment of Tax to the Tax-responsive element in the 5' LTR of HTLV-1. Taken together, our results demonstrate the negative regulatory function of YAP in Tax activation of HTLV-1 transcription. It may achieve sufficient transcriptional repression to maintain persistent infection and long-term latency of HTLV-1 in the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengbo Li
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Feng Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengyu Zhu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaifei Chu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Singh DR, Nelson SE, Pawelski AS, Kansra AS, Fogarty SA, Bristol JA, Ohashi M, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 protein promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of epithelial cells via activation of YAP and TAZ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219755120. [PMID: 37155846 PMCID: PMC10193989 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219755120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection promotes undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) in humans, but the mechanism(s) for this effect has been difficult to study because EBV cannot transform normal epithelial cells in vitro and the EBV genome is often lost when NPC cells are grown in culture. Here we show that the latent EBV protein, LMP1 (Latent membrane protein 1), induces cellular proliferation and inhibits spontaneous differentiation of telomerase-immortalized normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs) in growth factor-deficient conditions by increasing the activity of the Hippo pathway effectors, YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif). We demonstrate that LMP1 enhances YAP and TAZ activity in NOKs both by decreasing Hippo pathway-mediated serine phosphorylation of YAP and TAZ and increasing Src kinase-mediated Y357 phosphorylation of YAP. Furthermore, knockdown of YAP and TAZ is sufficient to reduce proliferation and promote differentiation in EBV-infected NOKs. We find that YAP and TAZ are also required for LMP1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Importantly, we demonstrate that ibrutinib (an FDA-approved BTK inhibitor that blocks YAP and TAZ activity through an off-target effect) restores spontaneous differentiation and inhibits proliferation of EBV-infected NOKs at clinically relevant doses. These results suggest that LMP1-induced YAP and TAZ activity contributes to the development of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R. Singh
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
| | - Scott E. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
| | - Abigail S. Pawelski
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
| | - Alisha S. Kansra
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
| | - Stuart A. Fogarty
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
| | - Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, WIMR II, Madison, WI53705
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7
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Lee JH, Kwon M, Lim WY, Yoo CR, Yoon Y, Han D, Ahn JH, Yoon K. YAP inhibits HCMV replication by impairing STING-mediated nuclear transport of the viral genome. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011007. [PMID: 36455047 PMCID: PMC9746980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
YES-associated protein (YAP), a critical actor of the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway involved in diverse biological events, has gained increased recognition as a cellular factor regulated by viral infections, but very few studies have investigated their relationship vice versa. In this study, we show that YAP impairs HCMV replication as assessed by viral gene expression analysis and progeny assays, and that this inhibition occurs at the immediate-early stages of the viral life cycle, at the latest. Using YAP mutants lacking key functional domains and shRNA against TEAD, we show that the inhibitory effects of YAP on HCMV replication are nuclear localization- and TEAD cofactor-dependent. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and subcellular fractionation analyses reveal that YAP does not interfere with the viral entry process but inhibits transport of the HCMV genome into the nucleus. Most importantly, we show that the expression of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), recently identified as an important component for nuclear delivery of the herpesvirus genome, is severely downregulated by YAP at the level of gene transcription. The functional importance of STING is further confirmed by the observation that STING expression restores YAP-attenuated nuclear transport of the HCMV genome, viral gene expression, and progeny virus production. We also show that HCMV-upregulated YAP reduces expression of STING. Taken together, these findings indicate that YAP possesses both direct and indirect regulatory roles in HCMV replication at different infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Lee
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Mookwang Kwon
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Woo Young Lim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chae Rin Yoo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Youngik Yoon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dasol Han
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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8
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Singh DR, Nelson SE, Pawelski AS, Cantres-Velez JA, Kansra AS, Pauly NP, Bristol JA, Hayes M, Ohashi M, Casco A, Lee D, Fogarty SA, Lambert PF, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. Type 1 and Type 2 Epstein-Barr viruses induce proliferation, and inhibit differentiation, in infected telomerase-immortalized normal oral keratinocytes. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010868. [PMID: 36190982 PMCID: PMC9529132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells are an important source of infectious EBV virions in human saliva, and latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is strongly associated with the epithelial cell tumor, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, it has been difficult to model how EBV contributes to NPC, since EBV has not been shown to enhance proliferation of epithelial cells in monolayer culture in vitro and is not stably maintained in epithelial cells without antibiotic selection. In addition, although there are two major types of EBV (type 1 (T1) and type 2 (T2)), it is currently unknown whether T1 and T2 EBV behave differently in epithelial cells. Here we inserted a G418 resistance gene into the T2 EBV strain, AG876, allowing us to compare the phenotypes of T1 Akata virus versus T2 AG876 virus in a telomerase-immortalized normal oral keratinocyte cell line (NOKs) using a variety of different methods, including RNA-seq analysis, proliferation assays, immunoblot analyses, and air-liquid interface culture. We show that both T1 Akata virus infection and T2 AG876 virus infection of NOKs induce cellular proliferation, and inhibit spontaneous differentiation, in comparison to the uninfected cells when cells are grown without supplemental growth factors in monolayer culture. T1 EBV and T2 EBV also have a similar ability to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition and activate canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling in infected NOKs. In contrast to our recent results in EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cells (in which T2 EBV infection is much more lytic than T1 EBV infection), we find that NOKs infected with T1 and T2 EBV respond similarly to lytic inducing agents such as TPA treatment or differentiation. These results suggest that T1 and T2 EBV have similar phenotypes in infected epithelial cells, with both EBV types enhancing cellular proliferation and inhibiting differentiation when growth factors are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deo R. Singh
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Abigail S. Pawelski
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Juan A. Cantres-Velez
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alisha S. Kansra
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Pauly
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Casco
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Denis Lee
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Fogarty
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Damania B, Kenney SC, Raab-Traub N. Epstein-Barr virus: Biology and clinical disease. Cell 2022; 185:3652-3670. [PMID: 36113467 PMCID: PMC9529843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, oncogenic virus that is associated with a number of different human malignancies as well as autoimmune disorders. The expression of EBV viral proteins and non-coding RNAs contribute to EBV-mediated disease pathologies. The virus establishes life-long latency in the human host and is adept at evading host innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss the life cycle of EBV, the various functions of EBV-encoded proteins and RNAs, the ability of the virus to activate and evade immune responses, as well as the neoplastic and autoimmune diseases that are associated with EBV infection in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Shannon C Kenney
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy Raab-Traub
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Epigenetic control of the Epstein-Barr lifecycle. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:78-88. [PMID: 34891084 PMCID: PMC9112224 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects 95% of adults worldwide, causes infectious mononucleosis, is etiologically linked to multiple sclerosis and is associated with 200 000 cases of cancer each year. EBV manipulates host epigenetic pathways to switch between a series of latency programs and to reactivate from latency in order to colonize the memory B-cell compartment for lifelong infection and to ultimately spread to new hosts. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms that control EBV latency and lytic gene expression in EBV-transformed B and epithelial cells. We highlight newly appreciated roles of DNA methylation epigenetic machinery, host histone chaperones, the Hippo pathway, m6A RNA modification and nonsense mediated decay in control of the EBV lifecycle.
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Van Sciver N, Ohashi M, Nawandar DM, Pauly NP, Lee D, Makielski KR, Bristol JA, Tsao SW, Lambert PF, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. ΔNp63α promotes Epstein-Barr virus latency in undifferentiated epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010045. [PMID: 34748616 PMCID: PMC8601603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis and contributes to both B-cell and epithelial-cell malignancies. EBV-infected epithelial cell tumors, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), are largely composed of latently infected cells, but the mechanism(s) maintaining viral latency are poorly understood. Expression of the EBV BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R) encoded immediate-early (IE) proteins induces lytic infection, and these IE proteins activate each other's promoters. ΔNp63α (a p53 family member) is required for proliferation and survival of basal epithelial cells and is over-expressed in NPC tumors. Here we show that ΔNp63α promotes EBV latency by inhibiting activation of the BZLF1 IE promoter (Zp). Furthermore, we find that another p63 gene splice variant, TAp63α, which is expressed in some Burkitt and diffuse large B cell lymphomas, also represses EBV lytic reactivation. We demonstrate that ΔNp63α inhibits the Z promoter indirectly by preventing the ability of other transcription factors, including the viral IE R protein and the cellular KLF4 protein, to activate Zp. Mechanistically, we show that ΔNp63α promotes viral latency in undifferentiated epithelial cells both by enhancing expression of a known Zp repressor protein, c-myc, and by decreasing cellular p38 kinase activity. Furthermore, we find that the ability of cis-platinum chemotherapy to degrade ΔNp63α contributes to the lytic-inducing effect of this agent in EBV-infected epithelial cells. Together these findings demonstrate that the loss of ΔNp63α expression, in conjunction with enhanced expression of differentiation-dependent transcription factors such as BLIMP1 and KLF4, induces lytic EBV reactivation during normal epithelial cell differentiation. Conversely, expression of ΔNp63α in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and TAp63α in Burkitt lymphoma promotes EBV latency in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Van Sciver
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dhananjay M. Nawandar
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Currently at Ring Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Pauly
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Denis Lee
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathleen R. Makielski
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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