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Ishii T, Kobayakawa T, Matsuda K, Nigorikawa K, Bolah P, Noborio A, Tsuji K, Ohashi N, Yoshimura K, Nomura W, Mitsuya H, Maeda K, Tamamura H. Discovery of Potent DAG-Lactone Derivatives as HIV Latency Reversing Agents. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2250-2261. [PMID: 38771724 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Toward human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) cure, cells latently infected with HIV-1 must be eliminated from people living with HIV-1. We previously developed a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone derivative 3, with high HIV-1 latency-reversing activity, based on YSE028 (2) as a lead compound and found that the activity was correlated with binding affinity for PKC and stability against esterase-mediated hydrolysis. Here, we synthesized new DAG-lactone derivatives not only containing a tertiary ester group or an isoxazole surrogate but also several symmetric alkylidene moieties to improve HIV-1 latency reversing activity. Compound 9a, with a dimethyl group at the α-position of the ester group, exerted twice higher HIV-1 latency reversing activity than compound 3, and compound 26, with the isoxazole moiety, was significantly active. In addition, DAG-lactone derivatives with moderate hydrophobicity and potent biostability showed high biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Nigorikawa
- Department of Genome and Biomolecular Engineering for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Peter Bolah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Airi Noborio
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Institute of Public Health, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Department of Genome and Biomolecular Engineering for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- Department of Refractory Viral Infections, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kumamoto University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Pardons M, Cole B, Lambrechts L, van Snippenberg W, Rutsaert S, Noppe Y, De Langhe N, Dhondt A, Vega J, Eyassu F, Nijs E, Van Gulck E, Boden D, Vandekerckhove L. Potent latency reversal by Tat RNA-containing nanoparticle enables multi-omic analysis of the HIV-1 reservoir. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8397. [PMID: 38110433 PMCID: PMC10728105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of latency reversing agents that potently reactivate HIV without inducing global T cell activation would benefit the field of HIV reservoir research and could pave the way to a functional cure. Here, we explore the reactivation capacity of a lipid nanoparticle containing Tat mRNA (Tat-LNP) in CD4 T cells from people living with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART). When combined with panobinostat, Tat-LNP induces latency reversal in a significantly higher proportion of latently infected cells compared to PMA/ionomycin (≈ 4-fold higher). We demonstrate that Tat-LNP does not alter the transcriptome of CD4 T cells, enabling the characterization of latently infected cells in their near-native state. Upon latency reversal, we identify transcriptomic differences between infected cells carrying an inducible provirus and non-infected cells (e.g. LINC02964, GZMA, CCL5). We confirm the transcriptomic differences at the protein level and provide evidence that the long non-coding RNA LINC02964 plays a role in active HIV infection. Furthermore, p24+ cells exhibit heightened PI3K/Akt signaling, along with downregulation of protein translation, suggesting that HIV-infected cells display distinct signatures facilitating their long-term persistence. Tat-LNP represents a valuable research tool for in vitro reservoir studies as it greatly facilitates the in-depth characterization of HIV reservoir cells' transcriptome and proteome profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pardons
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Basiel Cole
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Lambrechts
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- BioBix, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Willem van Snippenberg
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Rutsaert
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ytse Noppe
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele De Langhe
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Dhondt
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jerel Vega
- Arcturus Therapeutics, 10628 Science Center Drive, Suite 250, San Diego, 92121, CA, USA
| | - Filmon Eyassu
- Computational biology, Johnson and Johnson, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erik Nijs
- Janssen infectious diseases and diagnostics, Johnson and Johnson, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van Gulck
- Janssen infectious diseases and diagnostics, Johnson and Johnson, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniel Boden
- Janssen Biopharma, Johnson and Johnson, South San Francisco, 94080, CA, USA
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Duggan NN, Dragic T, Chanda SK, Pache L. Breaking the Silence: Regulation of HIV Transcription and Latency on the Road to a Cure. Viruses 2023; 15:2435. [PMID: 38140676 PMCID: PMC10747579 DOI: 10.3390/v15122435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought the HIV/AIDS epidemic under control, but a curative strategy for viral eradication is still needed. The cessation of ART results in rapid viral rebound from latently infected CD4+ T cells, showing that control of viral replication alone does not fully restore immune function, nor does it eradicate viral reservoirs. With a better understanding of factors and mechanisms that promote viral latency, current approaches are primarily focused on the permanent silencing of latently infected cells ("block and lock") or reactivating HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells, in combination with immune restoration strategies to eliminate HIV infected cells from the host ("shock and kill"). In this review, we provide a summary of the current, most promising approaches for HIV-1 cure strategies, including an analysis of both latency-promoting agents (LPA) and latency-reversing agents (LRA) that have shown promise in vitro, ex vivo, and in human clinical trials to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Duggan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatjana Dragic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Zhong X, Yang J, Yang G. Characteristics and mechanisms of latency-reversing agents in the activation of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 reservoir. Arch Virol 2023; 168:301. [PMID: 38019293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The "Shock and Kill" method is being considered as a potential treatment for eradicating HIV-1 and achieving a functional cure for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This approach involves using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to activate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) transcription in latent cells, followed by treatment with antiviral drugs to kill these cells. Although LRAs have shown promise in HIV-1 patient research, their widespread clinical use is hindered by side effects and limitations. In this review, we categorize and explain the mechanisms of these agonists in activating HIV-1 in vivo and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. In the future, combining different HIV-1 LRAs may overcome their respective shortcomings and facilitate a functional cure for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujiao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yashuang Jiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Geng Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310013, China.
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Role of TLRs in HIV-1 Infection and Potential of TLR Agonists in HIV-1 Vaccine Development and Treatment Strategies. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010092. [PMID: 36678440 PMCID: PMC9866513 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a family of pattern recognition receptors, play an important role in the recognition of HIV-1 molecular structures by various cells of the innate immune system, but also provide a functional association with subsequent mechanisms of adaptive immunity. TLR7 and TLR8 play a particularly important role in the innate immune response to RNA viruses due to their ability to recognise GU-rich single-stranded RNA molecules and subsequently activate intracellular signalling pathways resulting in expression of genes coding for various biological response modifiers (interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines). The aim of this review is to summarise the most recent knowledge on the role of TLRs in the innate immune response to HIV-1 and the role of TLR gene polymorphisms in the biology and in the clinical aspects of HIV infections. In addition, the role of TLR agonists as latency reversing agents in research to treat HIV infections and as immunomodulators in HIV vaccine research will be discussed.
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Off-Target Effect of Activation of NF-κB by HIV Latency Reversal Agents on Transposable Elements Expression. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071571. [PMID: 35891551 PMCID: PMC9318874 DOI: 10.3390/v14071571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs have been evaluated to reactivate HIV-1 from cellular reservoirs, but the off-target effects of these latency reversal agents (LRA) remain poorly defined. Transposable elements (TEs) are reactivated during HIV-1 infection, but studies of potential off-target drug effects on TE expression have been limited. We analyzed the differential expression of TEs induced by canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling. We evaluated the effect of PKC agonists (Bryostatin and Ingenol B) on the expression of TEs in memory CD4+ T cells. Ingenol B induced 38 differentially expressed TEs (17 HERV (45%) and 21 L1 (55%)). Interestingly, TE expression in effector memory CD4+ T cells was more affected by Bryostatin compared to other memory T-cell subsets, with 121 (107 upregulated and 14 downregulated) differentially expressed (DE) TEs. Of these, 31% (n = 37) were HERVs, and 69% (n = 84) were LINE-1 (L1). AZD5582 induced 753 DE TEs (406 HERV (54%) and 347 L1 (46%)). Together, our findings show that canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling activation leads to retroelement expressions as an off-target effect. Furthermore, our data highlights the importance of exploring the interaction between LRAs and the expression of retroelements in the context of HIV-1 eradication strategies.
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HIV Latency in Myeloid Cells: Challenges for a Cure. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060611. [PMID: 35745465 PMCID: PMC9230125 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment has been highly successful in controlling plasma viremia to undetectable levels. However, a complete cure for HIV is hindered by the presence of replication-competent HIV, integrated in the host genome, that can persist long term in a resting state called viral latency. Resting memory CD4+ T cells are considered the biggest reservoir of persistent HIV infection and are often studied exclusively as the main target for an HIV cure. However, other cell types, such as circulating monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages, can harbor integrated, replication-competent HIV. To develop a cure for HIV, focus is needed not only on the T cell compartment, but also on these myeloid reservoirs of persistent HIV infection. In this review, we summarize their importance when designing HIV cure strategies and challenges associated to their identification and specific targeting by the “shock and kill” approach.
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Li X, Zuo S, Wang B, Zhang K, Wang Y. Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Clinical Application Prospects of Antimicrobial Peptides. Molecules 2022; 27:2675. [PMID: 35566025 PMCID: PMC9104849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are a type of small-molecule peptide that widely exist in nature and are components of the innate immunity of almost all living things. They play an important role in resisting foreign invading microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides have a wide range of antibacterial activities against bacteria, fungi, viruses and other microorganisms. They are active against traditional antibiotic-resistant strains and do not easily induce the development of drug resistance. Therefore, they have become a hot spot of medical research and are expected to become a new substitute for fighting microbial infection and represent a new method for treating drug-resistant bacteria. This review briefly introduces the source and structural characteristics of antimicrobial peptides and describes those that have been used against common clinical microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and especially coronaviruses), focusing on their antimicrobial mechanism of action and clinical application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Siyao Zuo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (X.L.); (B.W.)
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Falcinelli SD, Peterson JJ, Turner AMW, Irlbeck D, Read J, Raines SL, James KS, Sutton C, Sanchez A, Emery A, Sampey G, Ferris R, Allard B, Ghofrani S, Kirchherr JL, Baker C, Kuruc JD, Gay CL, James LI, Wu G, Zuck P, Rioja I, Furze RC, Prinjha RK, Howell BJ, Swanstrom R, Browne EP, Strahl BD, Dunham RM, Archin NM, Margolis DM. Combined noncanonical NF-κB agonism and targeted BET bromodomain inhibition reverse HIV latency ex vivo. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e157281. [PMID: 35426377 PMCID: PMC9012286 DOI: 10.1172/jci157281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal strategies for HIV cure using inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonists (IAPi) induce unprecedented levels of latent reservoir expression without immunotoxicity during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, full targeting of the reservoir may require combinatorial approaches. A Jurkat latency model screen for IAPi combination partners demonstrated synergistic latency reversal with bromodomain (BD) and extraterminal domain protein inhibitors (BETi). Mechanistic investigations using CRISPR-CAS9 and single-cell RNA-Seq informed comprehensive ex vivo evaluations of IAPi plus pan-BET, bD-selective BET, or selective BET isoform targeting in CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed donors. IAPi+BETi treatment resulted in striking induction of cell-associated HIV gag RNA, but lesser induction of fully elongated and tat-rev RNA compared with T cell activation-positive controls. IAPi+BETi resulted in HIV protein induction in bulk cultures of CD4+ T cells using an ultrasensitive p24 assay, but did not result in enhanced viral outgrowth frequency using a standard quantitative viral outgrowth assay. This study defines HIV transcriptional elongation and splicing as important barriers to latent HIV protein expression following latency reversal, delineates the roles of BET proteins and their BDs in HIV latency, and provides a rationale for exploration of IAPi+BETi in animal models of HIV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D. Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jackson J. Peterson
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anne-Marie W. Turner
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Irlbeck
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- HIV Drug Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenna Read
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel L.M. Raines
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine S. James
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cameron Sutton
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony Sanchez
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ann Emery
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gavin Sampey
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Ferris
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- HIV Drug Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brigitte Allard
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Simon Ghofrani
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Kirchherr
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline Baker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - JoAnn D. Kuruc
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Gay
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lindsey I. James
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul Zuck
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- Immuno-Epigenetics, Immunology Research Unit, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Furze
- Immuno-Epigenetics, Immunology Research Unit, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Rab K. Prinjha
- Immuno-Epigenetics, Immunology Research Unit, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Bonnie J. Howell
- Department of Infectious Disease, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward P. Browne
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian D. Strahl
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard M. Dunham
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- HIV Drug Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Varco-Merth BD, Brantley W, Marenco A, Duell DD, Fachko DN, Richardson B, Busman-Sahay K, Shao D, Flores W, Engelman K, Fukazawa Y, Wong SW, Skalsky RL, Smedley J, Axthelm MK, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Edlefsen PT, Picker L, Cameron CM, Henrich TJ, Okoye AA. Rapamycin limits CD4+ T cell proliferation in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques on antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:156063. [PMID: 35316218 PMCID: PMC9106346 DOI: 10.1172/jci156063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of latently infected CD4+ T cells with replication-competent proviruses is an important mechanism contributing to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). One approach to targeting this latent cell expansion is to inhibit mTOR, a regulatory kinase involved with cell growth, metabolism, and proliferation. Here, we determined the effects of chronic mTOR inhibition with rapamycin with or without T cell activation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) on ART. Rapamycin perturbed the expression of multiple genes and signaling pathways important for cellular proliferation and substantially decreased the frequency of proliferating CD4+ memory T cells (TM cells) in blood and tissues. However, levels of cell-associated SIV DNA and SIV RNA were not markedly different between rapamycin-treated RMs and controls during ART. T cell activation with an anti-CD3LALA antibody induced increases in SIV RNA in plasma of RMs on rapamycin, consistent with SIV production. However, upon ART cessation, both rapamycin and CD3LALA–treated and control-treated RMs rebounded in less than 12 days, with no difference in the time to viral rebound or post-ART viral load set points. These results indicate that, while rapamycin can decrease the proliferation of CD4+ TM cells, chronic mTOR inhibition alone or in combination with T cell activation was not sufficient to disrupt the stability of the SIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Marenco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Derick D Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Devin N Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Walter Flores
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Engelman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, United States of America
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Louis Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Ma Cameron
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, United States of America
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11
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Wong LM, Li D, Tang Y, Méndez-Lagares G, Thompson GR, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Dandekar S, Jiang G. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Latency Reversal via the Induction of Early Growth Response Protein 1 to Bypass Protein Kinase C Agonist-Associated Immune Activation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:836831. [PMID: 35359743 PMCID: PMC8960990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.836831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV) remains a global health challenge due to the latent HIV reservoirs in people living with HIV (PLWH). Dormant yet replication competent HIV harbored in the resting CD4+ T cells cannot be purged by antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone. One approach of HIV cure is the "Kick and Kill" strategy where latency reversal agents (LRAs) have been implemented to disrupt latent HIV, expecting to eradicate HIV reservoirs by viral cytopathic effect or immune-mediated clearance. Protein Kinase C agonists (PKCa), a family of LRAs, have demonstrated the ability to disrupt latent HIV to an extent. However, the toxicity of PKCa remains a concern in vivo. Early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) is a downstream target of PKCa during latency reversal. Here, we show that PKCa induces EGR1 which directly drives Tat-dependent HIV transcription. Resveratrol, a natural phytoalexin found in grapes and various plants, induces Egr1 expression and disrupts latent HIV in several HIV latency models in vitro and in CD4+ T cells isolated from ART-suppressed PLWH ex vivo. In the primary CD4+ T cells, resveratrol does not induce immune activation at the dosage that it reverses latency, indicating that targeting EGR1 may be able to reverse latency and bypass PKCa-induced immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly M Wong
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dajiang Li
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Yuyang Tang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Gema Méndez-Lagares
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - George R Thompson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Guochun Jiang
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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