1
|
Gastrin and the Moderate Hypergastrinemias. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136977. [PMID: 34209478 PMCID: PMC8269006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antral hormone gastrin potently regulates gastric acid secretion and fundic mucosal growth. Consequently, appropriate gastrin secretion and plasma concentrations are important for the early phases of digestion. This review describes as the first premise the normal biogenesis of gastrin in the antral mucosa, but also mentions the extraantral expression. Subsequently, the molecular nature and concentration levels of gastrin in serum or plasma are overviewed. Third, assays for accurate measurements of plasma or serum concentrations are commented. Finally, the problem of moderate hypergastrinemia due to Helicobacter pylori infections and/or treatment with proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) is discussed. The review concludes that accurate measurement of the true concentrations of bioactive gastrins in plasma is important. Moreover, it suggests that moderate hypergastrinemias are also essential health issues that require serious attention.
Collapse
|
2
|
Goetze JP, Hansen LH, Terzic D, Mark PD, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Plomgaard P, Rehfeld JF. Commentary: measurement of biomarkers in medicine. Biomark Med 2018; 12:941-944. [PMID: 30043642 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse H Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dijana Terzic
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter D Mark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hunter I, Alehagen U, Dahlström U, Rehfeld JF, Crimmins DL, Goetze JP. N-Terminal Pro–Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Measurement in Plasma Suggests Covalent Modification. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1327-30. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.166330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The N-terminal fragment of cardiac-derived pro–B-type natriuretic peptide is a glycosylated polypeptide. It is unknown whether N-terminal pro–atrial natriuretic peptide (proANP) fragments are also covalently modified. We therefore evaluated the clinical performance of 2 distinctly different proANP assays on clinical outcome.
METHODS
We examined 474 elderly patients with symptoms of heart failure presenting in a primary healthcare setting. Samples were analyzed with an automated immunoluminometric midregion proANP (MR-proANP) assay and a new processing-independent assay (PIA) developed in our laboratory. The results were compared with Bland–Altman plots, and clinical performance was assessed by generating ROC curves for different clinical outcomes.
RESULTS
Despite linear regression results indicating a good correlation (r = 0.85; P < 0.0001), the PIA measured considerably more proANP than the MR-proANP assay (mean difference, 663 pmol/L; SD, 478 pmol/L). In contrast, the clinical performances of the 2 assays [as assessed by the area under the ROC curve (AUC)] in detecting left ventricular dysfunction were similar [proANP PIA, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.63–0.79); MR-proANP assay, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66–0.81); P = 0.32]. The prognostic ability to report cardiovascular mortality during a 10-year follow-up revealed AUC values of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.60–0.71) for the proANP PIA and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.63–0.74) for the MR-proANP assay (P = 0.08, for comparing the 2 assays).
CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that N-terminal proANP fragments in patient plasma differ from the calibrator peptides used but that the difference does not affect ROC curves in an elderly cohort of patients with mild to moderate heart failure. We suggest that human N-terminal proANP fragments can be covalently modified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hunter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, KU-LIFE, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Urban Alehagen
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköbing University, Linköbing, Sweden
| | - Ulf Dahlström
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköbing University, Linköbing, Sweden
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan L Crimmins
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Johnsen AH, Assaad FN, Rehfeld JF. Competitive solid-phase immunoassay of gastrin in serum using time-resolved fluorometry. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011; 71:216-20. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2011.554994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
5
|
Goetze JP, Rehfeld JF. Peptide hormones and their prohormones as biomarkers. Biomark Med 2009; 3:335-8. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rehfeld JF. The art of measuring gastrin in plasma: a dwindling diagnostic discipline? Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:353-61. [PMID: 19172694 DOI: 10.1080/00365510701771831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal hormone gastrin is measured in plasma in physiological, pathophysiological and diagnostic investigations. In the diagnosis of hypergastrinaemic diseases such as gastrinomas and gastric achlorhydria, measurement of gastrin concentrations in circulation is crucial. Gastrin circulates, however, not as a single peptide but as a mixture of peptides of different lengths and amino acid derivatizations. Moreover, in hypergastrinaemia the peptide pattern changes. Consequently, diagnostic gastrin measurements require immunoassays that recognize the pathological plasma patterns, which are characterized by a predominance of the large peptides (gastrin-34 and gastrin-71) and less, if any, of the shorter main form of gastrin in normal tissue, gastrin-17. Alternatively, and in specific cases, "processing-independent assays" (PIA) for progastrin may be considered, since hypersecreting gastrin cells also release substantial amounts of biosynthetic precursors and processing intermediates. Recently, gastrin kits that do not take the pathological plasma patterns into account have been marketed and may miss the diagnosis. Therefore, proper diagnosis of gastrinomas and other hypergastrinaemic diseases requires insight into cellular gastrin synthesis and peripheral metabolism, and also into the design of useful immunoassays. This review discusses the art of measuring gastrin in plasma with adequate diagnostic specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oliva A, Hidalgo M, Alvarez C, Llabrés M, Fariña JB. Evaluation of Cholecystokinin (CCK-8) Peptide Thermal Stability for Use as Radiopharmaceutical by Means Isothermal and Nonisothermal Approaches. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:947-53. [PMID: 16954107 DOI: 10.1080/03639040600599855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the thermal stability of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) in aqueous solution at pH 12 and ionic strength 0.01 M, which were kept as constants, by using isothermal and nonisothermal methods. The isothermal decomposition of CCK-8 was investigated as a function of temperature (40 degrees C to 70 degrees C). Nonisothermal stability studies were performed using a linear increasing temperature program. Two different nonisothermal studies were carried out at 0.25 degrees K and 0.5 degrees K per hour, and the temperature interval varied from 40 degrees C to 82 degrees C. The degradation of CCK-8 followed first-order kinetics, obeying the Arrhenius equation in the experimental temperature range. This indicated that the degradation mechanism of CCK-8 could be the equal within the temperature range studied. The nonisothermal approach resulted in activation energy (Ea) and shelf-life (t90%) values that agree well with those obtained by the isothermal method. The level of uncertainty in the estimates of t90% and Ea values is determined mainly by the extent of drug degradation and temperature change during the experiment. Therefore, nonisothermal experiments save time, labor and materials (i.e. the amount of drugs necessary to conduct the experiment) compared to the classic isothermal experiments, if they are performed using a suitable experimental design and a precise analytical method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Oliva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goetze JP, Paloheimo LI, Linnala A, Sipponen P, Hansen CP, Rehfeld JF. Gastrin-17 specific antibodies are too specific for gastrinoma diagnosis but stain G-cells. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40:596-8. [PMID: 16036513 DOI: 10.1080/00365520510015449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Peter Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rehfeld JF, Bundgaard JR, Goetze JP, Friis-Hansen L, Hilsted L, Johnsen AH. Naming progastrin-derived peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 120:177-83. [PMID: 15177936 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The antral hormone gastrin continues to be in focus, because its hormonal and growth promoting effects are essential both for the function of the normal stomach and for the pathogenesis of major dyspeptic and neoplastic diseases. Deduction of the progastrin structure has improved the insight in the cellular synthesis of gastrin, but has also revealed that the biosynthetic machinery is complex, and, accordingly, that progastrin is processed to a multitude of more or less bioactive fragments. The naming of these fragments has, however, become inconsistent and confusing. Therefore, we propose a systematic nomenclature for progastrin-derived peptides of which there are three classes: (I) The gastrins with the evolutionary preserved tetrapeptide amide (Trp-Met-Asp-PheNH2) at the C-terminus, which ensures high-affinity binding to the gastrin (CCK-B) receptor. Among the gastrins, gastrin-34 and gastrin-17 constitute the primary forms. (II) Processing intermediates, which are early products of progastrin that contain the structure of the primary gastrins within their sequence, but still cannot bind the gastrin receptor due to insufficient processing at their C-terminus. (III) Flanking fragments from the N- and C-termini of progastrin that do not contain any primary gastrin in their sequence, but nevertheless may undergo posttranslational processing. Each fragment can be specified with suffixes corresponding to the derived sequence in progastrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB 3014), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|