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Minenkova A, Jansen EEW, Cameron J, Barto R, Hurd T, MacNeil L, Salomons GS, Mercimek-Andrews S. Is impaired energy production a novel insight into the pathogenesis of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy due to biallelic variants in ALDH7A1? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257073. [PMID: 34495967 PMCID: PMC8425566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is due to biallelic variants in ALDH7A1 (PDE-ALDH7A1). ALDH7A1 encodes α-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase in lysine catabolism. We investigated the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism and energy production pathways in human PDE-ALDH7A1 and its knock-out aldh7a1 zebrafish model. Methods We measured GABA pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and electron transport chain activities in patients with PDE-ALDH7A1 and in knock-out aldh7a1 zebrafish. Results We report results of three patients with PDE-ALDH7A1: low paired complex I+II and complex II+III and individual complex IV activities in muscle biopsy in patient 1 (likely more severe phenotype); significantly elevated CSF glutamate in the GABA pathway and elevated CSF citrate, succinate, isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate in the TCA cycle in patient 3 (likely more severe phenotype); and normal CSF GABA pathway and TCA cycle metabolites on long-term pyridoxine therapy in patient 2 (likely milder phenotype). All GABA pathway metabolites (γ-hydroxybutyrate, glutamine, glutamate, total GABA, succinic semialdehyde) and TCA cycle metabolites (citrate, malate, fumarate, isocitrate, lactate) were significantly low in the homozygous knock-out aldh7a1 zebrafish compared to the wildtype zebrafish. Homozygous knock-out aldh7a1 zebrafish had decreased electron transport chain enzyme activities compared to wildtype zebrafish. Discussion We report impaired electron transport chain function, accumulation of glutamate in the central nervous system and TCA cycle dysfunction in human PDE-ALDH7A1 and abnormal GABA pathway, TCA cycle and electron transport chain in knock-out aldh7a1 zebrafish. Central nervous system glutamate toxicity and impaired energy production may play important roles in the disease neuropathogenesis and severity in human PDE-ALDH7A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Minenkova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erwin E. W. Jansen
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessie Cameron
- Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob Barto
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hurd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren MacNeil
- Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gajja S. Salomons
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Andrews
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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2
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Yuan BF. Quantitative Analysis of Oncometabolite 2-Hydroxyglutarate. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1280:161-172. [PMID: 33791981 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51652-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) were demonstrated to induce the production and accumulation of oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). 2HG is a potent competitor of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and can inhibit multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases that are critical for regulating the metabolic and epigenetic state of cells. The accumulation of 2HG contributes to elevated risk of malignant tumors. 2HG carries an asymmetric carbon atom in its carbon backbone and therefore occurs in two enantiomers, D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG) and L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG). Each enantiomer is produced and metabolized in independent biochemical pathway and catalyzed by different enzymes. The accurate diagnosis of 2HG-related diseases relies on determining the configuration of the two enantiomers. Quantitative methods for analysis of D-2HG and L-2HG have been well developed. These analytical strategies mainly include the use of chiral chromatography medium to facilitate chromatographic separation of enantiomers prior to spectroscopy or mass spectrometry analysis and the use of chiral derivatization reagents to convert the enantiomers to diastereomers with differential physical and chemical properties that can improve their chromatographic separation. Here, we summarize and discuss these established methods for analysis of total 2HG as well as the determination of the enantiomers of D-2HG and L-2HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Feng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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3
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Xu H, Xia YK, Li CJ, Zhang JY, Liu Y, Yi W, Qin ZY, Chen L, Shi ZF, Quan K, Yang ZX, Guan KL, Xiong Y, Ng HK, Ye D, Hua W, Mao Y. Rapid diagnosis of IDH1-mutated gliomas by 2-HG detection with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Transl Med 2019; 99:588-598. [PMID: 30573870 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1, 2) are frequently mutated in gliomas. Mutation of IDH defines a distinct subtype of glioma and predicts therapeutic response. IDH mutation has a remarkable neomorphic activity of converting α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which is now commonly referred to as an oncometabolite and biomarker for gliomas. PCR-sequencing (n = 220), immunohistochemistry staining (IHC, n = 220), and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS, n = 87) were applied to identify IDH mutation in gliomas, and the sensitivity and specificity of these strategies were compared. PCR-sequencing and IHC staining are reliable for retrospective assessment of IDH1 mutation in gliomas, but both methods usually take 1-2 days, which hinders their application for rapid diagnosis. GC-MS-based methods can detect 2-HG qualitatively and quantitatively, offering information on the IDH1 mutation status in gliomas with the sensitivity and specificity being 100%. Further optimization of the GC-MS based methodology (so called as the mini-column method) enabled us to determine 2-HG within 40 min in glioma samples without complex or time-consuming preparation. Most importantly, the ratio of 2-HG/glutamic acid was shown to be a reliable parameter for determination of mutation status. The mini-column method enables rapid identification of 2-HG, providing a promising strategy for intraoperative diagnosis of IDH1-mutated gliomas in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Kun Xia
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Jie Li
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Ye Zhang
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yi
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Xiao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southern China in Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Ye
- The Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and The Collaborative Innovation Centre for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Jones PM, Boriack R, Struys EA, Rakheja D. Measurement of Oncometabolites D-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid and L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1633:219-234. [PMID: 28735490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7142-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for measurement of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid. These metabolites are increased in specific inborn errors of metabolism and are now recognized as oncometabolites. The measurement of D-2-hydroxyglutarate in peripheral blood may be used as a biomarker for screening and follow-up of patients with IDH-mutated acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Richard Boriack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eduard A Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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5
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Nota B, Struys E, Pop A, Jansen E, Fernandez Ojeda M, Kanhai W, Kranendijk M, van Dooren S, Bevova M, Sistermans E, Nieuwint A, Barth M, Ben-Omran T, Hoffmann G, de Lonlay P, McDonald M, Meberg A, Muntau A, Nuoffer JM, Parini R, Read MH, Renneberg A, Santer R, Strahleck T, van Schaftingen E, van der Knaap M, Jakobs C, Salomons G. Deficiency in SLC25A1, encoding the mitochondrial citrate carrier, causes combined D-2- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:627-31. [PMID: 23561848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Krebs cycle is of fundamental importance for the generation of the energetic and molecular needs of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Both enantiomers of metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate are directly linked to this pivotal biochemical pathway and are found elevated not only in several cancers, but also in different variants of the neurometabolic disease 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Recently we showed that cancer-associated IDH2 germline mutations cause one variant of 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Complementary to these findings, we now report recessive mutations in SLC25A1, the mitochondrial citrate carrier, in 12 out of 12 individuals with combined D-2- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Impaired mitochondrial citrate efflux, demonstrated by stable isotope labeling experiments and the absence of SLC25A1 in fibroblasts harboring certain mutations, suggest that SLC25A1 deficiency is pathogenic. Our results identify defects in SLC25A1 as a cause of combined D-2- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
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6
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Rogers RE, Deberardinis RJ, Klesse LJ, Boriack RL, Margraf LR, Rakheja D. Wilms tumor in a child with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2010; 13:408-11. [PMID: 20064066 DOI: 10.2350/09-12-0768-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a male infant with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and Wilms tumor. L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a rare, autosomal-recessive, inborn error of metabolism characterized by a variable degree of progressive encephalopathy. Of the fewer than 100 cases reported in the literature, at least 9 patients have developed tumors of the central nervous system. To our knowledge, the present case is the 1st example of an extracranial tumor associated with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. This observation potentially widens the tumor spectrum in this metabolic disorder and may lead to further insight into the relationship between L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Rogers
- 1Department of Pathology, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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7
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Van Schaftingen E, Rzem R, Veiga-da-Cunha M. L: -2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a disorder of metabolite repair. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:135-42. [PMID: 19020988 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-1042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neurometabolic disorder L: -2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is caused by mutations in a gene present on chromosome 14q22.1 and encoding L: -2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. This FAD-linked mitochondrial enzyme catalyses the irreversible conversion of L: -2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate. The formation of L: -2-hydroxyglutarate results from a side-activity of mitochondrial L: -malate dehydrogenase, the enzyme that interconverts oxaloacetate and L: -malate, but which also catalyses, very slowly, the NADH-dependent conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to L: -2-hydroxyglutarate. L: -2-Hydroxyglutarate has no known physiological function in eukaryotes and most prokaryotes. Its accumulation is toxic to the mammalian brain, causing a leukoencephalopathy and increasing the susceptibility to develop tumours. L: -2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria appears to be the first disease of 'metabolite repair'.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van Schaftingen
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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8
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Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Salomons GS, Berthelot J, Vianay-Saban C, Chabrier S, Thomas JA, Tsai ACH, Gibson KM, Jakobs C. D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria in three patients with proven SSADH deficiency: genetic coincidence or a related biochemical epiphenomenon? Mol Genet Metab 2006; 88:53-7. [PMID: 16442322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA) are rare inborn errors of metabolism primarily revealed by urinary organic acid screening. Three patients with proven SSADH deficiency excreted, in addition to GHB considerable amounts of D-2-HG. We examined whether these patients suffered from two inborn errors of metabolism by measuring D-2-HG concentrations in the culture medium of cells from these patients. In addition, mutation analysis of the D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase gene was performed. Normal concentrations of D-2-HG were measured in the culture media of fibroblasts or lymphoblasts derived from the three patients. In one patient, we found a heterozygous likely pathogenic mutation in the D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase gene. These combined results argue against the hypothesis that the patients are affected with "primary" D-2-HGA in combination with their SSADH deficiency. Moderately increased levels of D-2-HG were also found in urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid samples derived from 12 other patients with SSADH deficiency, revealing that D-2-HG is a common metabolite in this disease. The increase of D-2-HG in SSADH deficiency can be explained by the action of hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, a reversible enzyme that oxidases GHB in the presence of 2-ketoglutarate yielding SSA and D-2-HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Jansen EEW, Ten Brink HJ, Gupta M, Burlingame TG, Quang LS, Maher T, Rinaldo P, Snead OC, Goodwin AK, Weerts EM, Brown PR, Murphy TC, Picklo MJ, Jakobs C, Gibson KM. Metabolism of gamma-hydroxybutyrate to d-2-hydroxyglutarate in mammals: further evidence for d-2-hydroxyglutarate transhydrogenase. Metabolism 2006; 55:353-8. [PMID: 16483879 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
gamma-Hydroxybutyratic acid (GHB), and its prodrugs 4-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol, represent expanding drugs of abuse, although GHB is also used therapeutically to treat narcolepsy and alcoholism. Thus, the pathway by which GHB is metabolized is of importance. The goal of the current study was to examine GHB metabolism in mice with targeted ablation of the GABA degradative enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH(-/-) mice), in whom GHB persistently accumulates, and in baboons intragastrically administered with GHB immediately and persistently. Three hypotheses concerning GHB metabolism were tested: (1) degradation via mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation; (2) conversion to 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid (a putative condensation product of the GHB derivative succinic semialdehyde); and (3) conversion to d-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (d-2-HG) catalyzed by d-2-hydroxyglutarate transhydrogenase (a reaction previously documented only in rat). Both d-2-HG and 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid were significantly increased in neural and nonneural tissue extracts derived from SSADH(-/-) mice. In vitro studies demonstrated the ability of 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid to displace the GHB receptor ligand NCS-382 (IC(50) = 38 micromol/L), although not affecting GABA(B) receptor binding. Blood and urine derived from baboons administered with GHB also accumulated d-2-HG, but not 4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid. Our results indicate that d-2-HG is a prominent GHB metabolite and provide further evidence for the existence of d-2-hydroxyglutarate transhydrogenase in different mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard A Struys
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Struys EA, Salomons GS, Achouri Y, Van Schaftingen E, Grosso S, Craigen WJ, Verhoeven NM, Jakobs C. Mutations in the D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase gene cause D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:358-60. [PMID: 15609246 PMCID: PMC1196381 DOI: 10.1086/427890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a neurometabolic disorder with both a mild and a severe phenotype and with unknown etiology. Recently, a novel enzyme, d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, which converts d-2-hydroxyglutarate into 2-ketoglutarate, and its gene were identified. In the genes of two unrelated patients affected with d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, we identified disease-causing mutations. One patient was homozygous for a missense mutation (c.1331T-->C; p.Val444Ala). The other patient was compound heterozygous for a missense mutation (c.440T-->G; p.Ile147Ser) and a splice-site mutation (IVS1-23A-->G) that resulted in a null allele. Overexpression studies in HEK-293 cells of proteins containing the missense mutations showed a marked reduction of d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity, proving that mutations in the d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase gene cause d-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard A. Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Brussels; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena; and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Gajja S. Salomons
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Brussels; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena; and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Younes Achouri
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Brussels; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena; and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Emile Van Schaftingen
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Brussels; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena; and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Salvatore Grosso
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Brussels; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena; and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - William J. Craigen
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Brussels; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena; and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Nanda M. Verhoeven
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Brussels; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena; and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Cornelis Jakobs
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam; Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain and Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Brussels; Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena; and Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
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11
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Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Ten Brink HJ, Wickenhagen WV, Gibson KM, Jakobs C. Kinetic characterization of human hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase: relevance to D-2-hydroxyglutaric and gamma-hydroxybutyric acidurias. J Inherit Metab Dis 2005; 28:921-30. [PMID: 16435184 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-005-0114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the presence of hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (HOT), which catalyses the cofactor-independent conversion of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), in human liver extracts employing [2H6]GHB and 2-KG as substrates. We measured incorporation of 2H in D-[2H]2-HG using GC-MS analyses, providing evidence for HOT activity in humans. Kinetic characterization of HOT was undertaken in forward and reverse directions. We employed [2H6]GHB and [2H4]2-KG as cosubstrates in order to develop a HOT activity assay in cultured human fibroblasts derived from patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. HOT activity was quantified in this system by the measurement of D-[2H5]2-HG production. Fibroblasts derived from patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria showed normal HOT activities. Our results provide the first demonstration and preliminary kinetic characterization of HOT activity in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Rzem R, Veiga-da-Cunha M, Noël G, Goffette S, Nassogne MC, Tabarki B, Schöller C, Marquardt T, Vikkula M, Van Schaftingen E. A gene encoding a putative FAD-dependent L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase is mutated in L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16849-54. [PMID: 15548604 PMCID: PMC534725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404840101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the biochemical and genetic defect in L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a neurometabolic disorder characterized by the presence of elevated concentrations of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid. Evidence is provided for the existence in rat tissues of a FAD-dependent enzyme catalyzing specifically the oxidation of L-2-hydroxyglutarate to alpha-ketoglutarate. This enzyme is mainly expressed in liver and kidney but also at lower levels in heart, brain, and other tissues. Subcellular fractionation indicates that the liver enzyme is present in mitochondria, where it is bound to membranes. Based on this information, a database search led to the identification of a gene encoding a human hypothetical protein homologous to bacterial FAD-dependent malate dehydrogenases and targeted to mitochondria. The gene encoding this protein, present on chromosome 14q22.1, was found to be in a region homozygous in patients with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria from two consanguineous families. Three mutations that replaced a highly conserved residue (Lys-71-Glu and Glu-176-Asp) or removed exon 9 were identified in homozygous state in patients from three distinct families and were found to cosegregate with the disease. It is concluded that L-2-hydroxyglutarate is normally metabolized to alpha-ketoglutarate in mammalian tissues and that L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is caused by mutations in the gene that most likely encodes L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. The pathological findings observed in this metabolic disorder must therefore be due to a toxic effect of L-2-hydroxyglutarate on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Rzem
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Topçu M, Jobard F, Halliez S, Coskun T, Yalçinkayal C, Gerceker FO, Wanders RJA, Prud'homme JF, Lathrop M, Ozguc M, Fischer J. L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria: identification of a mutant gene C14orf160, localized on chromosome 14q22.1. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:2803-11. [PMID: 15385440 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
l-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (l-2-HGA) is characterized by progressive deterioration of central nervous system function including epilepsy and macrocephaly in 50% of cases, and elevated levels of l-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging shows distinct abnormalities. We report the identification of a gene for l-2-HGA aciduria (MIM 236792) using homozygosity mapping. Nine homozygous mutations including three missense mutations, two nonsense mutations, two splice site mutations and two deletions were identified in the gene C14orf160, localized on chromosome 14q22.1, in 21 patients from one non-consanguineous and 14 consanguineous Turkish families. We propose to name the gene duranin. Duranin encodes a putative mitochondrial protein with homology to FAD-dependent oxidoreductases. The functional role of this enzyme in intermediary metabolism in humans remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Topçu
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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Struys EA, Verhoeven NM, Brunengraber H, Jakobs C. Investigations by mass isotopomer analysis of the formation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate by cultured lymphoblasts from two patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. FEBS Lett 2004; 557:115-20. [PMID: 14741351 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism first described in 1980. To date, more than 40 patients have been diagnosed with this disease. To identify the metabolic precursor of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), cultured human lymphoblasts from two patients with D-2-HG aciduria were grown in culture medium supplemented with [U-(13)C(6)]glucose or [(2)H(5)]glutamate. Mass isotopomer distribution measurements of D-2-HG, 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) and citrate were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mass isotopomer distributions in D-2-HG, 2-KG and citrate, following [U-(13)C(6)]glucose and [(2)H(5)]glutamate incubations, revealed that 2-KG interconverts rapidly to D-2-HG and that D-2-HG is formed within the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard A Struys
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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