1
|
Park J, Jung W, Han K, Kim B, Lee SY, Yoon JM, Lim DH, Shin DW. Association between age-related macular degeneration and risk of incident cancer. Br J Ophthalmol 2024:bjo-2023-323874. [PMID: 38418207 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-323874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cancer may share similar risk factors, indicating possible common pathogenic pathways. We aimed to describe the site-specific cancer risk based on the relationship of AMD with visual disability (VD) status. METHODS This was a population-based cohort study using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database (2009-2019) including patients who participated in a national health screening programme in 2009. The subjects were categorised based on the presence of AMD and VD. The occurrence of cancer was identified using principal diagnosis according to the International Classification of Disease, 10th revision codes in claims data. The Cox regression hazard model was used to compare HRs of site-specific cancer. RESULTS Among 4 088 814 participants, 51 596 had AMD of which 3683 subjects had VD. The mean follow-up period was 9.6 years. The overall cancer risk was generally null, but the risk of hypervascular cancer such as thyroid cancer (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.10, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.20) and renal cancer (aHR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.33) was higher and the risk of stomach cancer (aHR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.94) was lower in the AMD group than in the non-AMD group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a possible association between AMD and several cancers. Increased renal and thyroid cancer risk among patients with AMD could indicate that AMD is associated with hypervascular cancer. Further studies in which additional databases are used and the underlying detailed mechanisms evaluated are needed to validate our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Wonyoung Jung
- Family Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Bongseong Kim
- Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seung-Yeon Lee
- Family medicine/ International Health care center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Je Moon Yoon
- Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Dong Hui Lim
- Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
- Clinical Research Design & Evaluation and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Insitute for Health Sicences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
- Clinical Research Design & Evaluation and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Insitute for Health Sicences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sándor N, Schneider AE, Matola AT, Barbai VH, Bencze D, Hammad HH, Papp A, Kövesdi D, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. The human factor H protein family - an update. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1135490. [PMID: 38410512 PMCID: PMC10894998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1135490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Complement is an ancient and complex network of the immune system and, as such, it plays vital physiological roles, but it is also involved in numerous pathological processes. The proper regulation of the complement system is important to allow its sufficient and targeted activity without deleterious side-effects. Factor H is a major complement regulator, and together with its splice variant factor H-like protein 1 and the five human factor H-related (FHR) proteins, they have been linked to various diseases. The role of factor H in inhibiting complement activation is well studied, but the function of the FHRs is less characterized. Current evidence supports the main role of the FHRs as enhancers of complement activation and opsonization, i.e., counter-balancing the inhibitory effect of factor H. FHRs emerge as soluble pattern recognition molecules and positive regulators of the complement system. In addition, factor H and some of the FHR proteins were shown to modulate the activity of immune cells, a non-canonical function outside the complement cascade. Recent efforts have intensified to study factor H and the FHRs and develop new tools for the distinction, quantification and functional characterization of members of this protein family. Here, we provide an update and overview on the versatile roles of factor H family proteins, what we know about their biological functions in healthy conditions and in diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Sándor
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Veronika H. Barbai
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bencze
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hani Hashim Hammad
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Papp
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kövesdi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meri S, Magrini E, Mantovani A, Garlanda C. The Yin Yang of Complement and Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1578-1588. [PMID: 37902610 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-related inflammation is a crucial component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Complement activation occurs in cancer and supports the development of an inflammatory microenvironment. Complement has traditionally been considered a mechanism of immune resistance against cancer, and its activation is known to contribute to the cytolytic effects of antibody-based immunotherapeutic treatments. However, several studies have recently revealed that complement activation may exert protumoral functions by sustaining cancer-related inflammation and immunosuppression through different molecular mechanisms, targeting both the TME and cancer cells. These new discoveries have revealed that complement manipulation can be considered a new strategy for cancer therapies. Here we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms by which the different elements of the complement system exert antitumor or protumor functions, both in preclinical studies and in human tumorigenesis. Complement components can serve as disease biomarkers for cancer stratification and prognosis and be exploited for tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- IRCCS-Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Guo F, Zhu J, He Z, Hao L, Weng L, Wang L, Chao J. Ultrasensitive Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor for Bladder Marker Human Complement Factor H-Related Protein Detection. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37478154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of noninvasive and sensitive detection methods for the early diagnosis and monitoring of bladder cancer is critical but challenging. Herein, an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor that uses Ru(bpy)32+-metal-organic framework (Ru-MOF) nanospheres and a DNA tetrahedral (TDN) probe was established for bladder cancer marker complement factor H-related protein (CFHR1) detection. The synthesized Ru(bpy)32+-metal-organic frameworks (Ru-MOFs) served as a linked substrate for immobilization of AuNPs and antibody (Ab2) to prepare the ECL signal probe (Ru-MOF@AuNPs-Ab2), exhibiting a stable and strengthened ECL emission. At the same time, the inherent advantages of TDN probes on the electrode as the capture probe (TDN-Ab1) improve the accessibility of targets to probes. In the presence of CFHR1, the signal probe Ru-MOF@AuNPs-Ab2 was modified on the electrode through immune binding, thereby obtaining an outstanding ECL signal. As expected, the developed ECL immunosensor exhibited splendid performance for CFHR1 detection in the range of 0.1 fg/mL to 10 pg/mL with a quite low detection limit of 0.069 fg/mL. By using the proposed strategy to detect CFHR1 from urine, it showed acceptable accuracy, which can effectively distinguish between bladder cancer patients and healthy samples. This work contributes to a novel, noninvasive, and accurate method for early clinical diagnosis of bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fenglian Guo
- School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhimei He
- School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lixing Weng
- School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Chao
- School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Evaluating the clinical utility of measuring levels of factor H and the related proteins. Mol Immunol 2022; 151:166-182. [PMID: 36162225 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After years of disappointing clinical results, the tide has finally changed and complement targeted-therapies have become a validated and accepted treatment option for several diseases. These accomplishments have revitalized the field and brought renewed attention to the prospects that complement therapeutics can offer. Streamlining diagnostics and therapeutics is imperative in this new era of clinical use of complement therapeutics. However, the incredible success in therapeutics has not been accompanied by the development of novel standardized tools for complement testing. Complement biomarkers can assist in the risk assessment and diagnosis of diseases as well as the prediction of disease progression and treatment response. Recently, a group of complement proteins has been suggested to be highly relevant in various complement-associated disorders, namely the human factor H (FH) protein family. This family of closely related proteins consists of FH, FH-like protein 1, and five factor H-related proteins, and they have been linked to eye, kidney, infectious, vascular, and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the available data on circulating levels of FH and its related proteins in different pathologies. In addition, we examined the current literature to determine the clinical utility of measuring levels of the FH protein family in health and disease. Finally, we discuss future steps that are needed to make their clinical translation a reality.
Collapse
|
6
|
Naryzhny S, Ronzhina N, Zorina E, Kabachenko F, Klopov N, Zgoda V. Construction of 2DE Patterns of Plasma Proteins: Aspect of Potential Tumor Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911113. [PMID: 36232415 PMCID: PMC9569744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of tumor markers aids in the early detection of cancer recurrence and prognosis. There is a hope that they might also be useful in screening tests for the early detection of cancer. Here, the question of finding ideal tumor markers, which should be sensitive, specific, and reliable, is an acute issue. Human plasma is one of the most popular samples as it is commonly collected in the clinic and provides noninvasive, rapid analysis for any type of disease including cancer. Many efforts have been applied in searching for “ideal” tumor markers, digging very deep into plasma proteomes. The situation in this area can be improved in two ways—by attempting to find an ideal single tumor marker or by generating panels of different markers. In both cases, proteomics certainly plays a major role. There is a line of evidence that the most abundant, so-called “classical plasma proteins”, may be used to generate a tumor biomarker profile. To be comprehensive these profiles should have information not only about protein levels but also proteoform distribution for each protein. Initially, the profile of these proteins in norm should be generated. In our work, we collected bibliographic information about the connection of cancers with levels of “classical plasma proteins”. Additionally, we presented the proteoform profiles (2DE patterns) of these proteins in norm generated by two-dimensional electrophoresis with mass spectrometry and immunodetection. As a next step, similar profiles representing protein perturbations in plasma produced in the case of different cancers will be generated. Additionally, based on this information, different test systems can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Naryzhny
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya, 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics (PNPI) of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-911-176-4453
| | - Natalia Ronzhina
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics (PNPI) of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Elena Zorina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya, 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor Kabachenko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay Klopov
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics (PNPI) of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Victor Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya, 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Detection of Circulating Serum Protein Biomarkers of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer after Protein Corona-Silver Nanoparticles Analysis by SWATH-MS. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092384. [PMID: 34578700 PMCID: PMC8467878 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Because cystoscopy is expensive and invasive, a new method of detecting non-invasive muscular bladder cancer (NMIBC) is needed. This study aims to identify potential serum protein markers for NMIBC to improve diagnosis and to find treatment approaches that avoid disease progression to a life-threatening phenotype (muscle-invasive bladder cancer, MIBC). Here, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs, 9.73 ± 1.70 nm) as a scavenging device together with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) were used to quantitatively analyze the blood serum protein alterations in two NMIBC subtypes, T1 and Ta, and they were compared to normal samples (HC). NMIBC’s analysis of serum samples identified three major groups of proteins, the relative content of which is different from the HC content: proteins implicated in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways and apolipoproteins. In conclusion, many biomarker proteins were identified that merit further examination to validate their useful significance and utility within the clinical management of NMIBC patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Complement System: Promoter or Suppressor of Cancer Progression? Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040057. [PMID: 33113844 PMCID: PMC7709131 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Constituent of innate immunity, complement is present in the tumor microenvironment. The functions of complement include clearance of pathogens and maintenance of homeostasis, and as such could contribute to an anti-tumoral role in the context of certain cancers. However, multiple lines of evidence show that in many cancers, complement has pro-tumoral actions. The large number of complement molecules (over 30), the diversity of their functions (related or not to the complement cascade), and the variety of cancer types make the complement-cancer topic a very complex matter that has just started to be unraveled. With this review we highlight the context-dependent role of complement in cancer. Recent studies revealed that depending of the cancer type, complement can be pro or anti-tumoral and, even for the same type of cancer, different models presented opposite effects. We aim to clarify the current knowledge of the role of complement in human cancers and the insights from mouse models. Using our classification of human cancers based on the prognostic impact of the overexpression of complement genes, we emphasize the strong potential for therapeutic targeting the complement system in selected subgroups of cancer patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen CK, Liao J, Li MS, Khoo BL. Urine biopsy technologies: Cancer and beyond. Theranostics 2020; 10:7872-7888. [PMID: 32685026 PMCID: PMC7359094 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of circulating tumor cells in 1869, technological advances in the study of biomarkers from liquid biopsy have made it possible to diagnose disease in a less invasive way. Although blood-based liquid biopsy has been used extensively for the detection of solid tumors and immune diseases, the potential of urine-based liquid biopsy has not been fully explored. Advancements in technologies for the harvesting and analysis of biomarkers are providing new opportunities for the characterization of other disease types. Liquid biopsy markers such as exfoliated bladder cancer cells, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), and exosomes have the potential to change the nature of disease management and care, as they allow a cost-effective and convenient mode of patient monitoring throughout treatment. In this review, we addressed the advancement of research in the field of disease detection for the key liquid biopsy markers such as cancer cells, cfDNA, and exosomes, with an emphasis on urine-based liquid biopsy. First, we highlighted key technologies that were widely available and used extensively for clinical urine sample analysis. Next, we presented recent technological developments in cell and genetic research, with implications for the detection of other types of diseases, besides cancer. We then concluded with some discussions on these areas, emphasizing the role of microfluidics and artificial intelligence in advancing point-of-care applications. We believe that the benefits of urine biopsy provide diagnostic development potential, which will pave opportunities for new ways to guide treatment selections and facilitate precision disease therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Oliveira MC, Caires HR, Oliveira MJ, Fraga A, Vasconcelos MH, Ribeiro R. Urinary Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer: Where Do We Stand and Potential Role of Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061400. [PMID: 32485907 PMCID: PMC7352974 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released by all cells and involved in intercellular communication. Importantly, EVs cargo includes nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins constantly transferred between different cell types, contributing to autocrine and paracrine signaling. In recent years, they have been shown to play vital roles, not only in normal biological functions, but also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In the multistep process of cancer progression, EVs act at different levels, from stimulation of neoplastic transformation, proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and formation of metastatic niches in distant organs, to immune escape and therapy resistance. Moreover, as products of their parental cells, reflecting their genetic signatures and phenotypes, EVs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Importantly, their potential to overcome the current limitations or the present diagnostic procedures has created interest in bladder cancer (BCa). Indeed, cystoscopy is an invasive and costly technique, whereas cytology has poor sensitivity for early staged and low-grade disease. Several urine-based biomarkers for BCa were found to overcome these limitations. Here, we review their potential advantages and downfalls. In addition, recent literature on the potential of EVs to improve BCa management was reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Castanheira de Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.C.d.O.); (R.R.); Tel.: +351-222-077-502 (M.C.d.O.); +351-912-157-736 (R.R.)
| | - Hugo R. Caires
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Avelino Fraga
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP—Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (H.R.C.); (M.J.O.); (A.F.); (M.H.V.)
- Tumor & Microenvironment Interactions Group, INEB - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Genetics and Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.C.d.O.); (R.R.); Tel.: +351-222-077-502 (M.C.d.O.); +351-912-157-736 (R.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Haapasalo K, Meri S. Regulation of the Complement System by Pentraxins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1750. [PMID: 31428091 PMCID: PMC6688104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The functions of pentraxins, like C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid protein P (SAP) and pentraxin-3 (PTX3), are to coordinate spatially and temporally targeted clearance of injured tissue components, to protect against infections and to regulate related inflammation together with the complement system. For this, pentraxins have a dual relationship with the complement system. Initially, after a focused binding to their targets, e.g., exposed phospholipids or cholesterol in the injured tissue area, or microbial components, the pentraxins activate complement by binding its first component C1q. However, the emerging inflammation needs to be limited to the target area. Therefore, pentraxins inhibit complement at the C3b stage to prevent excessive damage. The complement inhibitory functions of pentraxins are based on their ability to interact with complement inhibitors C4bp or factor H (FH). C4bp binds to SAP, while FH binds to both CRP and PTX3. FH promotes opsonophagocytosis through inactivation of C3b to iC3b, and inhibits AP activity thus preventing formation of the C5a anaphylatoxin and the complement membrane attack complex (MAC). Monitoring CRP levels gives important clinical information about the extent of tissue damage and severity of infections. CRP is a valuable marker for distinguishing bacterial infections from viral infections. Disturbances in the functions and interactions of pentraxins and complement are also involved in a number of human diseases. This review will summarize what is currently known about the FH family proteins and pentraxins that interact with FH. Furthermore, we will discuss diseases, where interactions between these molecules may play a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karita Haapasalo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ajona D, Ortiz-Espinosa S, Pio R, Lecanda F. Complement in Metastasis: A Comp in the Camp. Front Immunol 2019; 10:669. [PMID: 31001273 PMCID: PMC6457318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system represents a pillar of the innate immune response. This system, critical for host defense against pathogens, encompasses more than 50 soluble, and membrane-bound proteins. Emerging evidence underscores its clinical relevance in tumor progression and its role in metastasis, one of the hallmarks of cancer. The multistep process of metastasis entails the acquisition of advantageous functions required for the formation of secondary tumors. Thus, targeting components of the complement system could impact not only on tumor initiation but also on several crucial steps along tumor dissemination. This novel vulnerability could be concomitantly exploited with current strategies overcoming tumor-mediated immunosuppression to provide a substantial clinical benefit in the treatment of metastatic disease. In this review, we offer a tour d'horizon on recent advances in this area and their prospective potential for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ajona
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Ortiz-Espinosa
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruben Pio
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Z, Qin K, Zhang W, Yang B, Zhao C, Zhang X, Zhang F, Zhao L, Shan B. Postoperative recurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer patients and chemoresistance related protein analyses. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:29. [PMID: 30917846 PMCID: PMC6436226 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the plasma protein biomarkers related to the chemoresistance of postoperative recurrence of epithelial ovarian cancers. METHODS Forty plasma samples from patients in chemotherapy-sensitive and chemotherapy-resistant groups (20 for each group) were collected at Gynecology Department in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University from September 2013 to September 2014. The differentially expressed proteins between two groups were screened with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and further analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). RESULTS Thirty-four differentially expressed spots were identified between the two groups. Compared with the chemo-sensitive group, 21 protein spots were up-regulated and 13 were down-regulated in the chemoresistant group, in which 14 differentially expressed proteins were identified by the Mass spectrometry and Mascot search. Among the 14 proteins, complement C4-A, IgJ chain, clusterin, α-1-antitrypsin and carbonic anhydrase 1 were up-regulated, and transthyretin, haptoglobin, β-2-glycoprotein, Ig γ-2 chain C region, Ig γ-1 chain C region, complement factor I light chain, Igκ chain C region, complement C3 and apolipoprotein E were down-regulated in the chemoresistant group when compared with the chemosensitive group. CONCLUSION The up-regulated proteins including transthyretin, apolipoprotein E and haptoglobin proteins and the down-regulated proteins such as clusterin, carbonic anhydrase 1, alpha-1-antitrypsin were differentially expressed in the plasma between the chemo-sensitive group and the chemoresistant group, which may be potential biomarkers for predicting the chemotresistance of epithelial ovarian cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Kaiyun Qin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Wenzhe Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and General Medical Ward, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Botao Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.12, Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Diagnostic biomarkers in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol 2018; 37:2009-2016. [PMID: 30467596 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-018-2567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) relies heavily on our ability to accurately detect disease typically in the presence of hematuria as well as to detect the early recurrent tumors in patients with a history of NMIBC. Unfortunately, the current biomarker landscape for NMIBC is a work in progress. Cystoscopy continues to be the gold standard, but can still miss 10% of tumors. Therefore, physicians frequently use additional tools to aid in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, such as urinary cytology. The urinary cytology is a good option for high-grade disease; however, it is limited by low sensitivity in detecting low-grade disease, as well as variable interpretation among cytopathologists. Thus, the limitations of cystoscopy and urinary cytology have brought to light the need for more robust diagnostic assays. In this non-systematic review, we discuss the performance, potential advantages or disadvantages of these tests, and the future direction of biomarkers in NMIBC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Duquesne I, Weisbach L, Aziz A, Kluth LA, Xylinas E. The contemporary role and impact of urine-based biomarkers in bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:1031-1042. [PMID: 29354490 PMCID: PMC5760376 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.11.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the surgical and medical treatment of bladder cancer, there have only been minor improvements in mortality and morbidity rates over the past decades. Urine-based markers help to improve diagnosing bladder cancer with the aim of complementing or probably in future replacing cystoscopy. Biomarkers may allow individualized risk stratification and support decision-making regarding therapy and follow-up. This review summarizes the existing urine-based biomarkers in bladder cancer. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature. We conducted a PubMed/Medline based research on English language articles and selected original articles and review articles that provided both description and assessment of urinary markers at time of screening, initial diagnosis, monitoring and prognostic evaluation of urothelial bladder cancer. Our research covered studies published between 2000 and 2017. The aim of this study was to give clinicians keys to understand the existing or promising urinary markers that may become alternatives to cytology/cystoscopy pair in the near future. Many urinary markers are now available, often with superior sensitivity to cytology. Their uses have been evaluated in numerous clinical situations in addition to the time of initial diagnosis and surveillance such as cases of isolated macroscopic hematuria or atypical cytology discordant with the rest of the explorations. However, their superiority over the cytology/cystoscopy association is not demonstrated. These new markers are lacking for the most part of standardization and simplicity making their use in common practice difficult. the types and forms of these new markers are very heterogeneous among themselves and between the studies that evaluate them. Well-designed protocols and prospective, controlled trials are needed to provide the basis to determine whether integration of urine- and blood-based biomarkers into clinical decision-making will be of value for bladder cancer detection and screening in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Duquesne
- Department of Urology, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Lars Weisbach
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Atiqullah Aziz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Luis A Kluth
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evanguelos Xylinas
- Department of Urology, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Berraondo P, Minute L, Ajona D, Corrales L, Melero I, Pio R. Innate immune mediators in cancer: between defense and resistance. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:290-306. [PMID: 27782320 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and evasion of the antitumor effector immune response are two of the emerging hallmarks required for oncogenesis and cancer progression. The innate immune system not only plays a critical role in perpetuating these tumor-promoting hallmarks but also in developing antitumor adaptive immune responses. Thus, understanding the dual role of the innate system in cancer immunology is required for the design of combined immunotherapy strategies able to tackle established tumors. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the role of cell populations and soluble components of the innate immune system in cancer, with a focus on complement, the adapter molecule Stimulator of Interferon Genes, natural killer cells, myeloid cells, and B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Berraondo
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luna Minute
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Ajona
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain.,Deparment of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruben Pio
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain. .,Deparment of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hussain SA, Palmer DH, Syn WK, Sacco JJ, Greensmith RMD, Elmetwali T, Aachi V, Lloyd BH, Jithesh PV, Arrand J, Barton D, Ansari J, Sibson DR, James ND. Gene expression profiling in bladder cancer identifies potential therapeutic targets. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1147-1159. [PMID: 28259975 PMCID: PMC5363876 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in management, bladder cancer remains a major cause of cancer related complications. Characterisation of gene expression patterns in bladder cancer allows the identification of pathways involved in its pathogenesis, and may stimulate the development of novel therapies targeting these pathways. Between 2004 and 2005, cystoscopic bladder biopsies were obtained from 19 patients and 11 controls. These were subjected to whole transcript-based microarray analysis. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was used to identify samples with similar expression profiles. Hypergeometric analysis was used to identify canonical pathways and curated networks having statistically significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes. Osteopontin (OPN) expression was validated by immunohistochemistry. Hierarchical clustering defined signatures, which differentiated between cancer and healthy tissue, muscle-invasive or non-muscle invasive cancer and healthy tissue, grade 1 and grade 3. Pathways associated with cell cycle and proliferation were markedly upregulated in muscle-invasive and grade 3 cancers. Genes associated with the classical complement pathway were downregulated in non-muscle invasive cancer. Osteopontin was markedly overexpressed in invasive cancer compared to healthy tissue. The present study contributes to a growing body of work on gene expression signatures in bladder cancer. The data support an important role for osteopontin in bladder cancer, and identify several pathways worthy of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Hussain
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Daniel H Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Regeneration and Repair Group, The Institute of Hepatology, Foundation of Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
| | - Joseph J Sacco
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Richard M D Greensmith
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Taha Elmetwali
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Vijay Aachi
- The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Bryony H Lloyd
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Puthen V Jithesh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - John Arrand
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Darren Barton
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jawaher Ansari
- Beatson West Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - D Ross Sibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Nicholas D James
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
In addition to being a component of innate immunity and an ancient defense mechanism against invading pathogens, complement activation also participates in the adaptive immune response, inflammation, hemostasis, embryogenesis, and organ repair and development. Activation of the complement system via classical, lectin, or alternative pathways generates anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) and membrane attack complex (C5b-9) and opsonizes targeted cells. Complement activation end products and their receptors mediate cell-cell interactions that regulate several biological functions in the extravascular tissue. Signaling of anaphylatoxin receptors or assembly of membrane attack complex promotes cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, and migration in addition to reducing apoptosis. As a result, complement activation in the tumor microenvironment enhances tumor growth and increases metastasis. In this Review, I discuss immune and nonimmune functions of complement proteins and the tumor-promoting effect of complement activation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Conti A, Fredolini C, Tamburro D, Magagnoli G, Zhou W, Liotta LA, Picci P, Luchini A, Benassi MS. Identification of novel candidate circulating biomarkers for malignant soft tissue sarcomas: Correlation with metastatic progression. Proteomics 2016; 16:689-97. [PMID: 26699407 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors for which identification and validation of biological markers may improve clinical management. The fraction of low-molecular-weight (LMW) circulating proteins and fragments of proteins is a rich source of new potential biomarkers. To identify circulating biomarkers useful for STS early diagnosis and prognosis, we analyzed 53 high-grade STS sera using hydrogel core-shell nanoparticles that selectively entrap LMW proteins by size exclusion and affinity chromatography, protect them from degradation and amplify their concentration for mass spectrometry detection. Twenty-two analytes mostly involved in inflammatory and immunological response, showed a progressive increase from benign to malignant STS with a relative difference in abundance, more than 50% when compared to healthy control. 16 of these were higher in metastatic compared to non-metastatic tumors. Cox's regression analysis revealed a statistical significant association between the abundance of lactotransferrin (LTF) and complement factor H-related 5 (CFHR5) and risk of metastasis. In particular, CFHR5 was associated with the risk of metastasis. The role of circulating proteins involved in metastatic progression will be crucial for a better understanding of STS biology and patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Conti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Davide Tamburro
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Giovanna Magagnoli
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang Z, Ma L, Huang C, Li Q, Nice EC. Proteomic profiling of human plasma for cancer biomarker discovery. Proteomics 2016; 17. [PMID: 27550791 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Department of Neurology; The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College; Haikou P. R. China
- Criminal police detachment of Guang'an City Public Security Bureau; P. R. China
| | - Linguang Ma
- Criminal police detachment of Guang'an City Public Security Bureau; P. R. China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Biotherapy and Cancer Center; West China Hospital; Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Qifu Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education & Department of Neurology; The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College; Haikou P. R. China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meri S. Self-nonself discrimination by the complement system. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2418-34. [PMID: 27393384 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The alternative pathway (AP) of complement can recognize nonself structures by only two molecules, C3b and factor H. The AP deposits C3b covalently on nonself structures via an amplification system. The actual discrimination is performed by factor H, which has binding sites for polyanions (sialic acids, glycosaminoglycans, phospholipids). This robust recognition of 'self' protects our own intact viable cells and tissues, while activating structures are recognized by default. Foreign targets are opsonized for phagocytosis or killed. Mutations in factor H predispose to severe diseases. In hemolytic uremic syndrome, they promote complement attack against blood cells and vascular endothelial cells and lead, for example, to kidney and brain damage. Even pathogens can exploit factor H. In fact, the ability to bind factor H discriminates most pathogenic microbes from nonpathogenic ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Meri
- Immunobiology, Research Programs Unit, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.,Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Insight into the molecular basis of Schistosoma haematobium-induced bladder cancer through urine proteomics. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11279-87. [PMID: 26951512 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection due to Schistosoma haematobium is carcinogenic. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS)-induced carcinogenesis have not been well defined. Conceptually, early molecular detection of this phenomenon, through non-invasive procedures, seems feasible and is desirable. Previous analysis of urine collected during UGS suggests that estrogen metabolites, including depurinating adducts, may be useful for this purpose. Here, a new direction was pursued: the identification of molecular pathways and potential biomarkers in S. haematobium-induced bladder cancer by analyzing the proteome profiling of urine samples from UGS patients. GeLC-MS/MS followed by protein-protein interaction analysis indicated oxidative stress and immune defense systems responsible for microbicide activity are the most representative clusters in UGS patients. Proteins involved in immunity, negative regulation of endopeptidase activity, and inflammation were more prevalent in UGS patients with bladder cancer, whereas proteins with roles in renal system process, sensory perception, and gas and oxygen transport were more abundant in subjects with urothelial carcinoma not associated with UGS. These findings highlighted a Th2-type immune response induced by S. haematobium, which seems to be further modulated by tumorigenesis, resulting in high-grade bladder cancer characterized by an inflammatory response and complement activation alternative pathway. These findings established a starting point for the development of multimarker strategies for the early detection of UGS-induced bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Talukdar S, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Noninvasive approaches for detecting and monitoring bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 15:283-94. [PMID: 25494295 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.989838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urinary tract. Despite existing multiapproach treatment strategies, including radical cystectomy, bladder-sparing therapy with transurethral resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, patients with deeply invasive bladder cancers display poor prognosis, with a survival rate of only 30-50%. This can be avoided through proper surveillance and monitoring. Several genetic factors contribute to the progression of bladder cancer, and these molecules serve as cancer biomarkers. Blood, plasma, serum and urine are commonly analyzed for the presence of biomarkers, which can be both nuclear as well as mitochondrial in nature. This review discusses the efficacy of such biomarkers as well as highlights some potential prognostic markers in the field of noninvasive bladder cancer detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pio R, Corrales L, Lambris JD. The role of complement in tumor growth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 772:229-62. [PMID: 24272362 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5915-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complement is a central part of the immune system that has developed as a first defense against non-self cells. Neoplastic transformation is accompanied by an increased capacity of the malignant cells to activate complement. In fact, clinical data demonstrate complement activation in cancer patients. On the basis of the use of protective mechanisms by malignant cells, complement activation has traditionally been considered part of the body's immunosurveillance against cancer. Inhibitory mechanisms of complement activation allow cancer cells to escape from complement-mediated elimination and hamper the clinical efficacy of monoclonal antibody-based cancer immunotherapies. To overcome this limitation, many strategies have been developed with the goal of improving complement-mediated effector mechanisms. However, significant work in recent years has identified new and surprising roles for complement activation within the tumor microenvironment. Recent reports suggest that complement elements can promote tumor growth in the context of chronic inflammation. This chapter reviews the data describing the role of complement activation in cancer immunity, which offers insights that may aid the development of more effective therapeutic approaches to control cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Pio
- Oncology Division (CIMA), and Department of Biochemistry and Genetics (School of Science), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Identification of N-glycosylation in hepatocellular carcinoma patients' serum with a comparative proteomic approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77161. [PMID: 24143209 PMCID: PMC3797089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study is to explore the different expressions of serum N-glycoproteins and glycosylation sites between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and healthy controls. Method We combined high abundant proteins depletion and hydrophilic affinity method to enrich the glycoproteins. Through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we extensively surveyed different expressions of glycosylation sites and glycoproteins between the two groups. Result This approach identified 152 glycosylation sites and 54 glycoproteins expressed differently between HCC patients and healthy controls. With the absolute values of Pearson coefficients of at least 0.8, eight proteins were identified significantly up or down regulated in HCC serum. Those proteins are supposed to be involved in several biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions of hepatocarcinogenesis. Several of them had been reported abnormally regulated in several kinds of malignant tumors, and may be promising biomarkers of HCC. Conclusion Our work provides a systematic and quantitative method of glycoproteomics and demonstrates some key changes in clinical HCC serum. These proteomic signatures may help to unveil the underlying mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis and may be useful for the exploration of candidate biomarkers.
Collapse
|
26
|
Complement factor H: a biomarker for progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:498-506. [PMID: 23938460 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is increasing globally. We have studied the expression of complement system components in cSCC. Expression profiling of cSCC cell lines (n=8) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (n=5) with Affymetrix and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed upregulation of complement factor H (CFH) and factor H-like protein-1 (FHL-1) in cSCC cell lines. The expression of CFH and FHL-1 mRNAs was also significantly higher in cSCC tumors (n=6) than in normal skin (n=11). Analysis of CFH and FHL-1 expression in vivo in invasive cSCCs (n=65), in situ cSCCs (n=38), and premalignant lesions (actinic keratoses, n=37) by immunohistochemistry showed that they were specifically expressed by tumor cells in cSCCs and the staining intensity was stronger in cSCCs than in in situ cSCCs and actinic keratoses. The expression of CFH by cSCC cells was upregulated by IFN-γ and the basal CFH and FHL-1 expression was dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38 signaling. Knockdown of CFH and FHL-1 expression inhibited proliferation and migration of cSCC cells and inhibited basal ERK1/2 activation. These results provide evidence for a role of CFH and FHL-1 in cSCC progression and identify them as progression markers and potential therapeutic targets in SCCs of skin.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lokamani I, Looi ML, Md Ali SA, Mohd Dali AZH, Ahmad Annuar MA, Jamal R. Gelsolin and ceruloplasmin as potential predictive biomarkers for cervical cancer by 2D-DIGE proteomics analysis. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:119-29. [PMID: 23925487 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify candidate proteins which may serve as potential biological markers for cervical cancer using 2D-DIGE. Serum samples of controls, patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3), squamous cell carcinoma of early (SCC I and II) and late (SCC III and IV) stage were subjected to 2D-DIGE. Differentially expressed spots were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Validation of candidate proteins in serum and tissue samples were then performed by ELISA and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis respectively. A total of 20 differentially expressed proteins were identified. These proteins were found to play key roles in the apoptosis pathway, complement system, various types of transportation such as hormones, fatty acids, lipid, vitamin E and drug transportation, coagulation cascade, regulation of iron and immunologic response. Based on their functional relevancy to the progression of various cancers, 4 proteins namely the complement factor H, CD5-like antigen, gelsolin and ceruloplasmin were chosen for further validation using ELISA. Biological network analysis showed that ceruloplasmin and gelsolin are closely interacted with the oncogene NF-κb. These two proteins were further validated using the IHC. Gelsolin and ceruloplasmin may serve as potential predictive biomarkers for the progression of high grade lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilambarthi Lokamani
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Level 7, Clinical Block, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wadhwa N, Jatawa SK, Tiwari A. Republished: non-invasive urine based tests for the detection of bladder cancer. Postgrad Med J 2013; 89:352-7. [PMID: 23686844 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-200812rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm and cause of cancer-related deaths in men and eighth in women. Patients with bladder cancer undergo repeated cystoscopic examinations of the bladder to monitor for tumour recurrence which is invasive, costly and lacks accuracy. Therefore, the development of non-invasive urine based tests for the early detection of bladder cancer would be of tremendous benefit to both patients and healthcare systems. A number of urine based markers are available for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer. The diagnosis of bladder cancer relies on identifying malignant cells in the urine. All urinary markers have a higher sensitivity as compared with cytology but they score lower in specificity. Many soluble and cell based markers have been developed. Only two of the soluble and cell based markers have obtained the Food and Drug Administration approval. In the current review, the most recent literature of urinary markers is summarised. This article reports some of the more prominent urine markers and new technologies used nowadays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Wadhwa
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, State Technological University of Madhya Pradesh, Airport Bypass Road, Bhopal 462033, Madhya Pradesh.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kouser L, Abdul-Aziz M, Nayak A, Stover CM, Sim RB, Kishore U. Properdin and factor h: opposing players on the alternative complement pathway "see-saw". Front Immunol 2013; 4:93. [PMID: 23630525 PMCID: PMC3632793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Properdin and factor H are two key regulatory proteins having opposite functions in the alternative complement pathway. Properdin up-regulates the alternative pathway by stabilizing the C3bBb complex, whereas factor H downregulates the pathway by promoting proteolytic degradation of C3b. While factor H is mainly produced in the liver, there are several extrahepatic sources. In addition to the liver, factor H is also synthesized in fetal tubuli, keratinocytes, skin fibroblasts, ocular tissue, adipose tissue, brain, lungs, heart, spleen, pancreas, kidney, muscle, and placenta. Neutrophils are the major source of properdin, and it is also produced by monocytes, T cells and bone marrow progenitor cell line. Properdin is released by neutrophils from intracellular stores following stimulation by N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The HEP G2 cells derived from human liver has been found to produce functional properdin. Endothelial cells also produce properdin when induced by shear stress, thus is a physiological source for plasma properdin. The diverse range of extrahepatic sites for synthesis of these two complement regulators suggests the importance and need for local availability of the proteins. Here, we discuss the significance of the local synthesis of properdin and factor H. This assumes greater importance in view of recently identified unexpected and novel roles of properdin and factor H that are potentially independent of their involvement in complement regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Kouser
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Urine telomerase for diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:693631. [PMID: 22888342 PMCID: PMC3410307 DOI: 10.1155/2012/693631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer has increased incidence during last decades. For those patients with nonmuscle involved tumors, noninvasive diagnosis test and surveillance methods must be designed to avoid current cystoscopies that nowadays are done regularly in a lot of patients. Novel urine biomarkers have been developed during last years. Telomerase is important in cancer biology, improving the division capacity of cancer cells. Even urinary telomerase could be a potentially useful urinary tumor marker; its use for diagnosis of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients or its impact during surveillance is still unknown. Moreover, there will need to be uniformity and standardization in the assays before it can become useful in clinical practice. It does not seem to exist a real difference between the most classical assays for the detection of urine telomerase (TRAP and hTERT). However, the new detection methods with modified TeloTAGGG telomerase or with gold nanoparticles must also be taken into consideration for the correct development of this diagnosis method. Maybe the target population would be the high-risk groups within screening programs. To date there is no enough evidence to use it alone and to eliminate cystoscopies from the diagnosis and surveillance of these patients. The combination with cytology or FISH is still preferred.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wadhwa N, Jatawa SK, Tiwari A. Non-invasive urine based tests for the detection of bladder cancer. J Clin Pathol 2012; 65:970-5. [PMID: 22685259 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2012-200812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm and cause of cancer-related deaths in men and eighth in women. Patients with bladder cancer undergo repeated cystoscopic examinations of the bladder to monitor for tumour recurrence which is invasive, costly and lacks accuracy. Therefore, the development of non-invasive urine based tests for the early detection of bladder cancer would be of tremendous benefit to both patients and healthcare systems. A number of urine based markers are available for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer. The diagnosis of bladder cancer relies on identifying malignant cells in the urine. All urinary markers have a higher sensitivity as compared with cytology but they score lower in specificity. Many soluble and cell based markers have been developed. Only two of the soluble and cell based markers have obtained the Food and Drug Administration approval. In the current review, the most recent literature of urinary markers is summarised. This article reports some of the more prominent urine markers and new technologies used nowadays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Wadhwa
- School of Biotechnology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, State Technological University of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kopp A, Hebecker M, Svobodová E, Józsi M. Factor h: a complement regulator in health and disease, and a mediator of cellular interactions. Biomolecules 2012; 2:46-75. [PMID: 24970127 PMCID: PMC4030870 DOI: 10.3390/biom2010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is an essential part of innate immunity as it participates in host defense against infections, disposal of cellular debris and apoptotic cells, inflammatory processes and modulation of adaptive immune responses. Several soluble and membrane-bound regulators protect the host from the potentially deleterious effects of uncontrolled and misdirected complement activation. Factor H is a major soluble regulator of the alternative complement pathway, but it can also bind to host cells and tissues, protecting them from complement attack. Interactions of factor H with various endogenous ligands, such as pentraxins, extracellular matrix proteins and DNA are important in limiting local complement-mediated inflammation. Impaired regulatory as well as ligand and cell recognition functions of factor H, caused by mutations or autoantibodies, are associated with the kidney diseases: atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and dense deposit disease and the eye disorder: age-related macular degeneration. In addition, factor H binds to receptors on host cells and is involved in adhesion, phagocytosis and modulation of cell activation. In this review we discuss current concepts on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of factor H in light of new data and recent developments in our understanding of the versatile roles of factor H as an inhibitor of complement activation and inflammation, as well as a mediator of cellular interactions. A detailed knowledge of the functions of factor H in health and disease is expected to unravel novel therapeutic intervention possibilities and to facilitate the development or improvement of therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kopp
- Junior Research Group Cellular Immunobiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Mario Hebecker
- Junior Research Group Cellular Immunobiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Eliška Svobodová
- Junior Research Group Cellular Immunobiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Junior Research Group Cellular Immunobiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Onda K, Ohsawa I, Ohi H, Tamano M, Mano S, Wakabayashi M, Toki A, Horikoshi S, Fujita T, Tomino Y. Excretion of complement proteins and its activation marker C5b-9 in IgA nephropathy in relation to renal function. BMC Nephrol 2011; 12:64. [PMID: 22111871 PMCID: PMC3283454 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glomerular damage in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is mediated by complement activation via the alternative and lectin pathways. Therefore, we focused on molecules stabilizing and regulating the alternative pathway C3 convertase in urine which might be associated with IgAN pathogenesis. Methods Membrane attack complex (MAC), properdin (P), factor H (fH) and Complement receptor type 1 (CR1) were quantified in urine samples from 71 patients with IgAN and 72 healthy controls. Glomerular deposition of C5, fH and P was assessed using an immunofluorescence technique and correlated with histological severity of IgAN and clinical parameters. Fibrotic changes and glomerular sclerosis were evaluated in renal biopsy specimens. Results Immunofluorescence studies revealed glomerular depositions of C5, fH and P in patients with IgAN. Urinary MAC, fH and P levels in IgAN patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (p < 0.001), but CR1 was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (p < 0.001). Urinary MAC and fH levels were positively correlated with serum creatinine (sCr), urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (u-NAG), urinary β2 microglobulin (u-Bm), urinary protein (p < 0.001), interstitial fibrosis (MAC: p < 0.01, fH: p < 0.05) and the percentage of global glomerular sclerosis (p < 0.01). Urinary P was positively correlated with u-NAG, u-Bm, and urinary protein (p < 0.01). Conclusions Complement activation occurs in the urinary space in IgAN and the measurement of levels of MAC and fH in the urine could be a useful indicator of renal injury in patients with IgAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kisara Onda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guergova-Kuras M, Kurucz I, Hempel W, Tardieu N, Kádas J, Malderez-Bloes C, Jullien A, Kieffer Y, Hincapie M, Guttman A, Csánky E, Dezso B, Karger BL, Takács L. Discovery of lung cancer biomarkers by profiling the plasma proteome with monoclonal antibody libraries. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.010298. [PMID: 21947365 PMCID: PMC3237079 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in the treatment of lung cancer is the lack of early diagnostics. Here, we describe the application of monoclonal antibody proteomics for discovery of a panel of biomarkers for early detection (stage I) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We produced large monoclonal antibody libraries directed against the natural form of protein antigens present in the plasma of NSCLC patients. Plasma biomarkers associated with the presence of lung cancer were detected via high throughput ELISA. Differential profiling of plasma proteomes of four clinical cohorts, totaling 301 patients with lung cancer and 235 healthy controls, identified 13 lung cancer-associated (p < 0.05) monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies recognize five different cognate proteins identified using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry. Four of the five antigens were present in non-small cell lung cancer cells in situ. The approach is capable of generating independent antibodies against different epitopes of the same proteins, allowing fast translation to multiplexed sandwich assays. Based on these results, we have verified in two independent clinical collections a panel of five biomarkers for classifying patient disease status with a diagnostics performance of 77% sensitivity and 87% specificity. Combining CYFRA, an established cancer marker, with the panel resulted in a performance of 83% sensitivity at 95% specificity for stage I NSCLC.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abogunrin F, O'Kane HF, Ruddock MW, Stevenson M, Reid CN, O'Sullivan JM, Anderson NH, O'Rourke D, Duggan B, Lamont JV, Boyd RE, Hamilton P, Nambirajan T, Williamson KE. The impact of biomarkers in multivariate algorithms for bladder cancer diagnosis in patients with hematuria. Cancer 2011; 118:2641-50. [PMID: 21918968 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We appraised 23 biomarkers previously associated with urothelial cancer in a case-control study. Our aim was to determine whether single biomarkers and/or multivariate algorithms significantly improved on the predictive power of an algorithm based on demographics for prediction of urothelial cancer in patients presenting with hematuria. METHODS Twenty-two biomarkers in urine and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and biochip array technology in 2 patient cohorts: 80 patients with urothelial cancer, and 77 controls with confounding pathologies. We used Forward Wald binary logistic regression analyses to create algorithms based on demographic variables designated prior predicted probability (PPP) and multivariate algorithms, which included PPP as a single variable. Areas under the curve (AUC) were determined after receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis for single biomarkers and algorithms. RESULTS After univariate analysis, 9 biomarkers were differentially expressed (t test; P < .05). CEA AUC 0.74; bladder tumor antigen (BTA) AUC 0.74; and nuclear matrix protein (NMP22) 0.79. PPP included age and smoking years; AUC 0.76. An algorithm including PPP, NMP22, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) significantly improved AUC to 0.90 when compared with PPP. The algorithm including PPP, BTA, CEA, and thrombomodulin (TM) increased AUC to 0.86. Sensitivities = 91%, 91%; and specificities = 80%, 71%, respectively, for the algorithms. CONCLUSIONS Addition of biomarkers representing diverse carcinogenic pathways can significantly impact on the ROC statistic based on demographics. Benign prostate hyperplasia was a significant confounding pathology and identification of nonmuscle invasive urothelial cancer remains a challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Funso Abogunrin
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dual interaction of factor H with C3d and glycosaminoglycans in host-nonhost discrimination by complement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2897-902. [PMID: 21285368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017087108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The alternative pathway of complement is important in innate immunity, attacking not only microbes but all unprotected biological surfaces through powerful amplification. It is unresolved how host and nonhost surfaces are distinguished at the molecular level, but key components are domains 19-20 of the complement regulator factor H (FH), which interact with host (i.e., nonactivator surface glycosaminoglycans or sialic acids) and the C3d part of C3b. Our structure of the FH19-20:C3d complex at 2.3-Å resolution shows that FH19-20 has two distinct binding sites, FH19 and FH20, for C3b. We show simultaneous binding of FH19 to C3b and FH20 to nonactivator surface glycosaminoglycans, and we show that both of these interactions are necessary for full binding of FH to C3b on nonactivator surfaces (i.e., for target discrimination). We also show that C3d could replace glycosaminoglycan binding to FH20, thus providing a feedback control for preventing excess C3b deposition and complement amplification. This explains the molecular basis of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, where mutations on the binding interfaces between FH19-20 and C3d or between FH20 and glycosaminoglycans lead to complement attack against host surfaces.
Collapse
|
38
|
Buhé V, Loisel S, Pers JO, Le Ster K, Berthou C, Youinou P. Updating the physiology, exploration and disease relevance of complement factor H. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:397-404. [PMID: 20646335 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The factor H (FH) protein (also known as beta1H globulin) is the main regulator of the complement alternative pathway. It exhibits multivalent binding sites to the complement component C3b, and polyanions and one binding site to sialic acid and cell surfaces. These multiple binding sites confer to FH a decay-accelerating factor activity in the fluid phase as well as at the cell surface. A defect in FH activity or a FH protein deficiency triggers chronic inflammation and tissue injury, leading to various disorders impacting the kidney or the eye. In contrast, some pathogens, as well as cancer cells, develop various strategies to bind FH and thereby subvert a complement attack. We focus on the functions of FH, and review the main pathological conditions in which FH is involved. Since the pathogenesis is elusive, appropriate FH dosage in biological fluids and FH gene analysis may help in improving understanding of such diseases.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tiberti N, Hainard A, Lejon V, Robin X, Ngoyi DM, Turck N, Matovu E, Enyaru J, Ndung'u JM, Scherl A, Dayon L, Sanchez JC. Discovery and verification of osteopontin and Beta-2-microglobulin as promising markers for staging human African trypanosomiasis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2783-95. [PMID: 20724469 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, transmitted to humans through the bite of a tsetse fly. The first or hemolymphatic stage of the disease is associated with presence of parasites in the bloodstream, lymphatic system, and body tissues. If patients are left untreated, parasites cross the blood-brain barrier and invade the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain parenchyma, giving rise to the second or meningoencephalitic stage. Stage determination is a crucial step in guiding the choice of treatment, as drugs used for S2 are potentially dangerous. Current staging methods, based on counting white blood cells and demonstrating trypanosomes in cerebrospinal fluid, lack specificity and/or sensitivity. In the present study, we used several proteomic strategies to discover new markers with potential for staging human African trypanosomiasis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The stage was determined following the guidelines of the national control program. The proteome of the samples was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (n = 9), and by sixplex tandem mass tag (TMT) isobaric labeling (n = 6) quantitative mass spectrometry. Overall, 73 proteins were overexpressed in patients presenting the second stage of the disease. Two of these, osteopontin and β-2-microglobulin, were confirmed to be potential markers for staging human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) by Western blot and ELISA. The two proteins significantly discriminated between S1 and S2 patients with high sensitivity (68% and 78%, respectively) for 100% specificity, and a combination of both improved the sensitivity to 91%. The levels of osteopontin and β-2-microglobulin in CSF of S2 patients (μg/ml range), as well as the fold increased concentration in S2 compared with S1 (3.8 and 5.5 respectively) make the two markers good candidates for the development of a test for staging HAT patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiberti
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Medical University Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
In all three complement pathways, the central molecule is C3, which, upon activation cleavage, forms the major opsonin C3b - the key component of complement. C3b is also essential for propagation of the complement cascade to the stage of the lytic terminal complement complexes. In order to prevent damage to self cells and tissues and restrict overconsumption of the complement components, C3b molecules need to be controlled by factor H. Defect in C3 functions leads to compromised microbial defence and increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases. Deficiency of factor H, or a functional defect in its N terminus, often leads to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and complement depletion, owing to continuous overconsumption of C3. Defect in the factor H C terminus leads to a dramatically increased risk of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. In addition, recently, a polymorphism in the middle part of factor H (Y402H) has been shown to be the major risk factor for the most common cause of blindness in the industrialized world: age-related macular degeneration. In future, analysis of patient samples for defects in these key complement components may prove useful in diagnosis of these diseases and new therapeutic targets will certainly be the aim for use in the recently recognized factor H-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sakari Jokiranta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mitra AP, Cote RJ. Molecular screening for bladder cancer: progress and potential. Nat Rev Urol 2010; 7:11-20. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2009.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
42
|
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most expensive cancers from diagnosis to death of the patient due to life-long surveillance involving upper tract imaging, urinary cytology, and cystoscopy. Cytology has been historically used in conjunction with cystoscopy to help detect disease that may be missed by routine cystoscopy (e.g., carcinoma in situ and upper tract disease). Urine cytology is highly cytopathologist dependent and has reasonable sensitivity for detecting high grade disease. However, its sensitivity drops precipitously with regard to well-differentiated low grade cancers. Intensive investigations have been undertaken using proteomics to find an alternative to cystoscopy and cytology. Urine proteomic markers currently evaluated critically in the literature include bladder tumor antigen, nuclear matrix protein 22, BLCA-4, hyaluronic acid, hyaluronidase, cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18, cytokeratin 19, tissue polypeptide antigen, and tissue polypeptide-specific antigen. Markers used as alternatives to cystoscopy must be accurate with high sensitivity and specificity, cost effective for life-long surveillance, and minimally invasive to minimize the burden to the patient. To date, no proteomic marker has been developed that can replace cystoscopy for the detection of bladder cancer. However, several urinary markers appear to have higher sensitivity albeit lower specificity than cytology and can be used to supplement cystoscopy. Some of those markers are herein described in this chapter. By defining and characterizing the current state of the art in protein based markers, we are poised to evaluate and benchmark newly discovered protein biomarkers that will be isolated through new proteomics based investigations of urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris E Gaston
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit1373, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Markiewski MM, Lambris JD. Is complement good or bad for cancer patients? A new perspective on an old dilemma. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:286-92. [PMID: 19428302 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies of human cancers have established that chronic and insidious inflammation promotes the process of carcinogenesis and exacerbates the growth of existing tumors. Conversely, acute inflammation seems to have the opposite effect. Recent discoveries indicate that this dualism in the role of inflammation in cancer is mirrored by the effects of the complement system on this disease process. Previous studies have suggested that complement proteins can contribute to the immune surveillance of malignant tumors. However, a very recent study has indicated that complement proteins can also promote tumor growth. Here, we describe our current understanding of the role of complement in tumor development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kool J, Reubsaet L, Wesseldijk F, Maravilha RT, Pinkse MW, D'Santos CS, van Hilten JJ, Zijlstra FJ, Heck AJR. Suction blister fluid as potential body fluid for biomarker proteins. Proteomics 2007; 7:3638-50. [PMID: 17890648 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis is important for effective disease management. Measurement of biomarkers present at the local level of the skin could be advantageous in facilitating the diagnostic process. The analysis of the proteome of suction blister fluid, representative for the interstitial fluid of the skin, is therefore a desirable first step in the search for potential biomarkers involved in biological pathways of particular diseases. Here, we describe a global analysis of the suction blister fluid proteome as potential body fluid for biomarker proteins. The suction blister fluid proteome was compared with a serum proteome analyzed using identical protocols. By using stringent criteria allowing less than 1% false positive identifications, we were able to detect, using identical experimental conditions and amount of starting material, 401 proteins in suction blister fluid and 240 proteins in serum. As a major result of our analysis we construct a prejudiced list of 34 proteins, relatively highly and uniquely detected in suction blister fluid as compared to serum, with established and putative characteristics as biomarkers. We conclude that suction blister fluid might potentially serve as a good alternative biomarker body fluid for diseases that involve the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kool
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Bladder cancer is amenable to biomarker development because many tumor-associated molecules are secreted in urine. Tumor cells are shed in urine, and, therefore, tests that detect tumor cell-surface markers have also been developed to diagnose bladder cancer and monitor its recurrence. Several bladder tumor markers show higher sensitivity than cytology, but most have lower specificity. In addition to markers that use conventional technologies such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, point-of-care devices, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry, proteomic and gene profiling approaches are being used to find new biomarkers to assist in the molecular profiling of bladder cancer. This review describes both new and well-studied bladder tumor markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ferreira VP, Herbert AP, Hocking HG, Barlow PN, Pangburn MK. Critical role of the C-terminal domains of factor H in regulating complement activation at cell surfaces. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6308-16. [PMID: 17056561 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The plasma protein factor H primarily controls the activation of the alternative pathway of complement. The C-terminal of factor H is known to be involved in protection of host cells from complement attack. In the present study, we show that domains 19-20 alone are capable of discriminating between host-like and complement-activating cells. Furthermore, although factor H possesses three binding sites for C3b, binding to cell-bound C3b can be almost completely inhibited by the single site located in domains 19-20. All of the regulatory activities of factor H are expressed by the N-terminal four domains, but these activities toward cell-bound C3b are inhibited by isolated recombinant domains 19-20 (rH 19-20). Direct competition with the N-terminal site is unlikely to explain this because regulation of fluid phase C3b is unaffected by domains 19-20. Finally, we show that addition of isolated rH 19-20 to normal human serum leads to aggressive complement-mediated lysis of normally nonactivating sheep erythrocytes and moderate lysis of human erythrocytes, which possess membrane-bound regulators of complement. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of the cell surface protective functions exhibited by factor H compared with other complement regulatory proteins. The results may also explain why atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome patients with mutations affecting domains 19-20 can maintain complement homeostasis in plasma while their complement system attacks erythrocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, and kidney tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Liu W, Liu B, Xin L, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhu Z, Lin Y. Down-regulated expression of complement factor I: a potential suppressive protein for gastric cancer identified by serum proteome analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 377:119-26. [PMID: 17067565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening tests are needed for gastric cancer. In order to find serologic biomarkers for gastric cancer screening, we used proteomics to search for protein biomarkers that may be detected in serum of gastric cancer patients. METHODS Four groups of serum samples (from 20 gastric cancer patients) included pTNM stages I to IV were compared with two control groups of serum samples. The serum samples were first chromatographed using an immunoaffinity column to selectively remove albumin and IgG. Then serum proteins separated by 2-DE and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. RESULTS There were 3 proteins including complement C4-B precursor, complement factor I (CFI) precursor and haptoglobin precursor were found significantly different between the healthy and gastric cancer patients. Further validation study by Western blot showed that the detection of CFI precursor was under-expressed in gastric cancer sera compared to normal sera (p<0.05), in addition to a declining expression with the advanced pTNM stage from stage I to IV of gastric cancer patients. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.78 for the expression of CFI precursor (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS 2-DE-based serum proteome analysis may be useful in the screening of serum biomarkers for gastric cancer. CFI precursor could aid in the diagnosis and indicate the advancement of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 197 Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Staack A, Badendieck S, Schnorr D, Loening SA, Jung K. Combined determination of plasma MMP2, MMP9, and TIMP1 improves the non-invasive detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. BMC Urol 2006; 6:19. [PMID: 16901349 PMCID: PMC1560390 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) play a major role in the maintenance of extracellular matrix homeostasis and are involved in the process of tumour invasion and metastasis in several malignant tumour entities. The goal of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic value of various circulating MMPs and TIMPs in blood plasma for a non-invasive detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC). Methods In this study the concentrations of MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, their inhibitors TIMP1, TIMP2, and the MMP1/TIMP1-complex (MTC1) were quantified in blood plasma with the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood plasma samples were investigated from 68 patients (non-metastasized, n = 57 and metastasized, n = 11) with TCC of the bladder and from 79 healthy controls. The mROC program was used to calculate the best two- and three- marker combinations. The diagnostic values for all single markers and the marker combinations were estimated both by the overall diagnostic performance index area under the ROC curve (AUC) and the sensitivity and specificity at cutoff limits with the highest diagnostic accuracy and at the 90% and 95% limits of sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Results The median MMP2 concentration was elevated in blood plasma in all patient groups with TCC in comparison to the controls (p < 0.001). The concentrations of TIMP1, TIMP2, and MTC1 in plasma probes were significantly lower from patients with non-metastasized TCC compared to the controls. MMP2 tested alone reached the highest sensitivity and specificity at 75%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity increased when tested in combination with MMP9 and TIMP1 (97%, 94%, respectively). The combination of MMP9 and TIMP1 also showed an improved sensitivity (80%) and specificity (99%) than tested alone. Conclusion MMP2 is a statistically significant marker in blood plasma for bladder cancer detection with an increased diagnostic value in combination with MMP9 and TIMP1. This study showed that the highest sensitivities and specificities are not obtained by testing each marker alone. As shown by the best two-marker combination, which includes MMP9 and TIMP1, the optimized combination does not always include the best single markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Staack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Badendieck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schnorr
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan A Loening
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, CCM, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|