1
|
Zhang H, Vandesompele J, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Nucleic acid degradation as barrier to gene delivery: a guide to understand and overcome nuclease activity. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:317-360. [PMID: 38073448 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is on its way to revolutionize the treatment of both inherited and acquired diseases, by transferring nucleic acids to correct a disease-causing gene in the target cells of patients. In the fight against infectious diseases, mRNA-based therapeutics have proven to be a viable strategy in the recent Covid-19 pandemic. Although a growing number of gene therapies have been approved, the success rate is limited when compared to the large number of preclinical and clinical trials that have been/are being performed. In this review, we highlight some of the hurdles which gene therapies encounter after administration into the human body, with a focus on nucleic acid degradation by nucleases that are extremely abundant in mammalian organs, biological fluids as well as in subcellular compartments. We overview the available strategies to reduce the biodegradation of gene therapeutics after administration, including chemical modifications of the nucleic acids, encapsulation into vectors and co-administration with nuclease inhibitors and discuss which strategies are applied for clinically approved nucleic acid therapeutics. In the final part, we discuss the currently available methods and techniques to qualify and quantify the integrity of nucleic acids, with their own strengths and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Zhang
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tůma P. Monitoring of biologically active substances in clinical samples by capillary and microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1225:340161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
3
|
Banni GAHD, Nehmé R. Capillary electrophoresis for enzyme-based studies: Applications to lipases and kinases. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462687. [PMID: 34864234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful technique continuously expanding into new application fields. One of these applications involves the study of enzymes, their catalytic activities and the alteration of this activity by specific ligands. In this review, two model enzymes, lipases and kinases, will be used since they differ substantially in their modes of action, reaction requirements and applications making them perfect subjects to demonstrate the advantages and limitations of CE-based enzymatic assays. Indeed, the ability to run CE in various operation modes and hyphenation to different detectors is essential for lipase-based studies. Additionally, the low sample consumption provided by CE promotes it as a promising technique to assay human and viral nucleoside kinases. Undeniably, these are rarely commercially available enzymes and must be frequently produced in the laboratory, a process which requires special sets of skills. CE-based lipase and kinase reactions can be performed outside the capillary (pre-capillary) where the reactants are mixed in a vial prior to their separation or, inside the capillary (in-capillary) where the reactants are mixed before the electrophoretic analysis. These enzyme-based applications of CE will be compared to those of liquid chromatography-based applications in terms of advantages and limitations. Binding assays based on affinity CE and the compelling microscale thermophoresis (MST) will be briefly presented as they allow a broad understanding of the molecular mechanism behind ligand binding and of the resulting modulation in activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Al Hamoui Dit Banni
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), CNRS FR 2708 - UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Reine Nehmé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), CNRS FR 2708 - UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Orléans 45067, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wuethrich A, Quirino JP. A decade of microchip electrophoresis for clinical diagnostics - A review of 2008-2017. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1045:42-66. [PMID: 30454573 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A core element in clinical diagnostics is the data interpretation obtained through the analysis of patient samples. To obtain relevant and reliable information, a methodological approach of sample preparation, separation, and detection is required. Traditionally, these steps are performed independently and stepwise. Microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) can provide rapid and high-resolution separation with the capability to integrate a streamlined and complete diagnostic workflow suitable for the point-of-care setting. Whilst standard clinical diagnostics methods normally require hours to days to retrieve specific patient data, MCE can reduce the time to minutes, hastening the delivery of treatment options for the patients. This review covers the advances in MCE for disease detection from 2008 to 2017. Miniaturised diagnostic approaches that required an electrophoretic separation step prior to the detection of the biological samples are reviewed. In the two main sections, the discussion is focused on the technical set-up used to suit MCE for disease detection and on the strategies that have been applied to study various diseases. Throughout these discussions MCE is compared to other techniques to create context of the potential and challenges of MCE. A comprehensive table categorised based on the studied disease using MCE is provided. We also comment on future challenges that remain to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University of Queensland, Building 75, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abdoslam O, Bayt-Almal M, Almghrbe A, Algriany O. Serum protein electrophoretic pattern in one-humped camels ( Camelus dromedarius) in Tripoli, Libya. Open Vet J 2018; 8:1-4. [PMID: 29445614 PMCID: PMC5806662 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize serum protein capillary electrophoretic pattern in apparently healthy adult male (age: 3-7 years) dromedary camels and also evaluate total protein and albumin levels using automated analyzer. Blood samples were taken from 20 camels. 5ml of blood was collected from the jugular vein and serum was separated from samples by centrifugation. Capillary electrophoresis of serum proteins identified six protein fractions in adult camels, including albumin, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2 and gamma globulins, serum levels of these parameters were 3.9±0.04 g/dl, 0.16±0.01 g/dl, 0.39±0.03 g/dl, 0.515±0.03 g/dl, 0.205±0.01 g/dl and 0.61±0.04 g/dl, and 65.42±0.62 g/l, respectively. The total protein concentration was 65.42±0.62 g/L, while, the albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio was 2.4±0.14. The present study indicates six peaks with minicapillary electrophoresis and the results obtained were compared and interpreted in the light of finding reported by other investigators in camels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omran Abdoslam
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | | | - Omran Algriany
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adam V, Vaculovicova M. Capillary electrophoresis and nanomaterials - Part I: Capillary electrophoresis of nanomaterials. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2389-2404. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Paracha S, Hestekin C. Field amplified sample stacking of amyloid beta (1-42) oligomers using capillary electrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:033105. [PMID: 27375814 PMCID: PMC4912557 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric forms of the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein have been indicated to be an important factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the oligomeric forms of Aβ can vary in size and conformation, it is vital to understand the early stages of Aβ aggregation in order to improve the care and treatment of patients with AD. This is the first study to determine the effect of field amplified sample stacking (FASS) on the separation of oligomeric forms of Aβ1-42 using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. UV-CE was able to separate two different species of Aβ1-42 oligomers (<7 mers and 7-22 mers). Although FASS required the use of a higher ionic strength buffer, Aβ1-42 oligomers had the same aggregation behavior as under the non-FASS conditions with only small changes in the amounts of oligomers observed. In general, FASS provided smaller peak widths (>75% average reduction) and increased peak heights (>60% average increase) when compared to non-FASS conditions. UV-CE with FASS also provided higher resolution between the Aβ1-42 oligomers for all aggregation time points studied. In addition, Congo red and Orange G inhibition studies were used to help evaluate the conformation of the observed species. This work demonstrates the ability of UV-CE employing FASS to provide higher resolution between oligomeric forms of Aβ1-42 without significantly altering their aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Paracha
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Christa Hestekin
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ban E, Yoo YS, Song EJ. Analysis and applications of nanoparticles in capillary electrophoresis. Talanta 2015; 141:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
10
|
Makrlíková A, Opekar F, Tůma P. Pressure-assisted introduction of urine samples into a short capillary for electrophoretic separation with contactless conductivity and UV spectrometry detection. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1962-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makrlíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - František Opekar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tůma
- Institute of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stalmach A, Albalat A, Mullen W, Mischak H. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry for clinical proteomic applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1452-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stalmach
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - Amaya Albalat
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | - William Mullen
- Department of Proteomics and Systems Medicine; BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences; College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow; UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hanada Y, Sugioka K, Midorikawa K. Highly sensitive optofluidic chips for biochemical liquid assay fabricated by 3D femtosecond laser micromachining followed by polymer coating. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:3688-3693. [PMID: 22814524 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for increased sensitivity in the concentration analysis of biochemical liquids is a crucial issue in the development of lab on a chip and optofluidic devices. We propose a new design for optofluidic devices for performing highly sensitive biochemical liquid assays. This design consists of a microfluidic channel whose internal walls are coated with a polymer and an optical waveguide embedded in photostructurable glass. The microfluidic channel is first formed by three-dimensional femtosecond laser micromachining. The internal walls of the channel are then coated by the dipping method with a polymer that has a lower refractive index than water. Subsequently, the optical waveguide is integrated with the microfluidic channel. The polymer coating on the internal walls permits the probe light, which is introduced by the optical waveguide, to propagate along the inside of the microfluidic channel. This results in a sufficiently long interaction length between the probe light and a liquid sample in the channel and thus significantly improves the sensitivity of absorption measurements. Using the fabricated optofluidic chips, we analyzed protein in bovine serum albumin to concentrations down to 7.5 mM as well as 200 nM glucose-D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Hanada
- RIKEN-Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shang F, Guihen E, Glennon JD. Recent advances in miniaturisation - The role of microchip electrophoresis in clinical analysis. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:105-16. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
14
|
Fragoso A, Latta D, Laboria N, von Germar F, Hansen-Hagge TE, Kemmner W, Gärtner C, Klemm R, Drese KS, O'Sullivan CK. Integrated microfluidic platform for the electrochemical detection of breast cancer markers in patient serum samples. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:625-31. [PMID: 21120243 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00398k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A microsystem integrating electrochemical detection for the simultaneous detection of protein markers of breast cancer is reported. The microfluidic platform was realized by high precision milling of polycarbonate sheets and features two well distinguishable sections: a detection zone incorporating the electrode arrays and the fluid storage part. The detection area is divided into separate microfluidic chambers addressing selected electrodes for the measurement of samples and calibrators. The fluidic storage part of the platform consists of five reservoirs to store the reagents and sample, which are interfaced by septa. These reservoirs have the appropriate volume to run a single assay per cartridge and are manually filled. The liquids from the reservoirs are actuated by applying a positive air pressure (i.e.via a programmable syringe pump) through the septa and are driven to the detection zone via two turning valves. The application of the realised platform in the individual and simultaneous electrochemical detection of proteic cancer markers with very low detection limits are demonstrated. The microsystem has also been validated using real patient serum samples and excellent correlation with ELISA results obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fragoso
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Belder D, Tolba K, Nagl S. Rapid quantitative determination of ephedra alkaloids in tablet formulations and human urine by microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:440-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Ni Y, Dou X, Cheng S, Zhu Y. Design of separation length and electric field strength for high-speed DNA electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:238-45. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
17
|
Ye F, Shi M, Huang Y, Zhao S. Noncompetitive immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen in human serum by microchip electrophoresis for cancer diagnosis. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1058-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
18
|
Fernández-la-Villa A, Pozo-Ayuso DF, Castaño-Álvarez M. New analytical portable instrument for microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2641-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080;
| | - Samuel Kim
- Polymer Research Institute and National Core Research Center for Systems Bio-Dynamics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Castaño‐Álvarez M, Fernández‐la‐Villa A, Fernández‐Abedul MT, Costa‐García A. MCE-electrochemical detection for following interactions of ssDNA and dsDNA with methylene blue. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1943-8. [PMID: 19517445 PMCID: PMC7163665 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the organic dye, methylene blue and DNA has been studied by MCE with electrochemical detection. Interaction produces two different signals, one corresponding to free methylene blue and other, for the complex methylene blue-DNA. The hybridization between a ssDNA and a complementary sequence, specific to the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, has been performed and studied in a thermoplastic olefin polymer of amorphous structure CE-microchip with an end-channel gold wire detector. Moreover, studies with a longer dsDNA, an expression vector involved in the transitory or stable expression in mammals cells, pFLAG-CMV4, has also been performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agustín Costa‐García
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Faure K, Albert M, Dugas V, Crétier G, Ferrigno R, Morin P, Rocca JL. Development of an acrylate monolith in a cyclo-olefin copolymer microfluidic device for chip electrochromatography separation. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4948-55. [PMID: 19130574 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An acrylate monolith has been synthesized into a cyclic olefin copolymer microdevice for reversed-phase electrochromatography purposes. Microchannels, designed by hot embossing, were filled up with an acrylate monolith to serve as a hydrophobic stationary phase. A lauryl acrylate monolith was formulated to suit the hydrophobic material, by implementing 100% organic porogenic solvent. This new composition was tested in capillary prior to its transfer into the microfluidic device. Surface functionalization of the cyclic olefin copolymer surface was applied using UV-grafting technique to improve the covalent attachment of this monolith to the plastic walls of the microfluidic chip. The on-chip performances of this monolith were evaluated in detail for the reversed-phase electrochromatographic separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, with plate heights reaching down to 10 microm when working at optimal velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Faure
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Naikare H, Ramachandran A, Goad D, Clarke J, Clarke C. CE-based detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:472-8. [PMID: 19156761 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is crucial for effective treatment and control of clinical infections caused by this bacterium. The goal of this study is to develop a CE-based detection method for multiplexed identification of a femA sequence specific for S. aureus and a unique mecA sequence encoding methicillin resistance. Blood samples spiked with known concentrations of bacteria were used for testing. Crude cell lysates were prepared by treating the spiked blood samples with DNazol Direct reagent and used as the template for isothermal amplification of mecA and femA genes. The amplified gene products then underwent a cycling probe reaction (CPR)-based assay to generate a short fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotide for detection in a CZE-LIF system. The assay enables a gene-specific fluorophore-labeled DNA-RNA-DNA chimeric probe to hybridize with complementary target in the presence of RNase H enzyme. The RNase H enzyme specifically cleaves probe RNA residues of the duplex, releasing a fluorophore fragment for detection and the target for recycling and hybridization with another chimeric probe. Intact and cleaved probe fragments were separated and detected using a CZE-LIF system. The limit of detection for isothermal amplification and CPR-CZE-LIF was approximately 10(4) colony-forming units of bacteria/mL of blood. This method accurately detects methicillin-resistant S. aureus within 3 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Naikare
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Amarillo, TX 19106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Law WS, Li SFY, Kricka LJ. Detection of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli by microchip capillary electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 509:169-179. [PMID: 19212722 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-372-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is always a need to detect the presence of microorganisms, either as contaminants in food and pharmaceutical industries or bioindicators for disease diagnosis. Hence, it is important to develop efficient, rapid, and simple methods to detect microorganisms. Traditional culturing method is unsatisfactory due to its long incubation time. Molecular methods, although capable of providing a high degree of specificity, are not always useful in providing quick tests of presence or absence of microorganisms. Microchip elec-trophoresis has been recently employed to address problems associated with the detection of microorganisms due to its high versatility, selectivity, sensitivity, and short analysis times. In this work, the potential of PDMS-based microchip electrophoresis in the identification and characterization of microorganism was evaluated. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was selected as the model microorganism. To obtain repeat-able separations, sample pretreatment was found to be essential. Microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection could potentially revolutionize certain aspects of microbiology involving diagnosis, profiling of pathogens, environmental analysis, and many others areas of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai S Law
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE) is gaining popularity due to the developments of simple microfabrication methods under nonstringent laboratory conditions. Moreover, the low material and production costs of polymer-based microchips have further stimulated advances in the applications of MCE in various fields, including clinical analysis, drug screening, biomarker identification, and biosensing. In this chapter, a simple and robust protocol for fabrication of microchips for lab-on-chip testing and microchip electrophoresis is described. The microchips are hybrid poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/glass microchips, which are produced by a combination of photolithography and micromolding processes. This type of microchip has been used in a wide range of analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine T T Tay
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lo RC, Ugaz VM. Microchip DNA electrophoresis with automated whole-gel scanning detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:2135-45. [PMID: 19023477 DOI: 10.1039/b811033f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gel electrophoresis continues to play an important role in miniaturized bioanalytical systems, both as a stand alone technique and as a key component of integrated lab-on-a-chip diagnostics. Most implementations of microchip electrophoresis employ finish-line detection methods whereby fluorescently labeled analytes are observed as they migrate past a fixed detection point near the end of the separation channel. But tradeoffs may exist between the simultaneous goals of maximizing resolution (normally achieved by using longer separation channels) and maximizing the size range of analytes that can be studied (where shorter separation distances reduce the time required for the slowest analytes to reach the detector). Here we show how the miniaturized format can offer new opportunities to employ alternative detection schemes that can help address these issues by introducing an automated whole-gel scanning detection system that enables the progress of microchip-based gel electrophoresis of DNA to be continuously monitored along an entire microchannel. This permits flexibility to selectively observe smaller faster moving fragments during the early stages of the separation before they have experienced significant diffusive broadening, while allowing the larger slower moving fragments to be observed later in the run when they can be better resolved but without the need for them to travel the entire length of the separation channel. Whole-gel scanning also provides a continuous and detailed picture of the electrophoresis process as it unfolds, allowing fundamental physical parameters associated with DNA migration phenomena (e.g., mobility, diffusive broadening) to be rapidly and accurately measured in a single experiment. These capabilities are challenging to implement using finish-line methods, and make it possible to envision a platform capable of enabling separation performance to be rapidly screened in a wide range of gel matrix materials and operating conditions, even allowing separation and matrix characterization steps to be performed simultaneously in a single self-calibrating experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Lo
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kubán P, Hauser PC. Evaluation of microchip capillary electrophoresis with external contactless conductivity detection for the determination of major inorganic ions and lithium in serum and urine samples. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1829-1836. [PMID: 18941681 DOI: 10.1039/b802973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The determination of inorganic ions in clinical samples in less than 90 seconds was demonstrated for microchip capillary electrophoresis using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4)D). Bare electrophoresis chips were used in combination with external electrodes which were part of the chip holder. In order to achieve the required selectivity and sensitivity, an optimization of the electrode layout was carried out. Limits of detection (LOD) of 1 microM for K(+), 1.5 microM for Ca(2+), 3 microM for Na(+), 1.75 microM for Mg(2+) and 7.5 microM for Li(+) were achieved. The determination of inorganic cations (NH(4)(+), K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) and anions (Cl(-), NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), phosphate) in blood serum and urine samples was possible in one common electrolyte solution containing 15 mM L-arginine, 10.75 mM maleic acid and 1.5 mM 18-crown-6 at pH 5.90 by simply switching the separation voltage from positive to negative polarity. Lithium, present at significant levels when used for therapeutic purposes, can also be determined in blood serum using a slightly modified background electrolyte solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubán
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dossi N, Susmel S, Toniolo R, Pizzariello A, Bontempelli G. Simultaneous determination of derivatized light aldehydes by microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1207:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
28
|
Otieno AC, Mwongela SM. Capillary electrophoresis-based methods for the determination of lipids--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:163-74. [PMID: 18706322 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a high-resolution technique for the separation of complex biological and chemical mixtures. CE continues to emerge as a powerful tool in the determination of lipids. Here we review the analytical potential of CE for the determination of a wide range of lipids. The different classes of lipids are introduced, and the different modes of CE and optimization methods for the separation of lipids are described. The advantages and disadvantages of the different modes of CE compared to traditional methods like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) in the determination of lipids are discussed. Finally, the potential of CE in the determination of lipids in the future is illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Okada H, Kaji N, Tokeshi M, Baba Y. Highly sensitive double‐fluorescent dye staining on microchip electrophoresis for analysis of milk proteins. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2533-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
30
|
Wang H, Wang HM, Jin QH, Cong H, Zhuang GS, Zhao JL, Sun CL, Song HW, Wang W. Microchip-based small, dense low-density lipoproteins assay for coronary heart disease risk assessment. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1932-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
31
|
Okada H, Kaji N, Tokeshi M, Baba Y. Rinse and evaporation coating of poly(methyl methacrylate) microchip for separation of sodium dodecyl sulfate–protein complex. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:289-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
32
|
Shi B, Huang W, Cheng J. Analysis of amino acids in human vascular endothelial (ECV-304) cells by microchip electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1144-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
33
|
Castaño-Alvarez M, Fernández-Abedul MT, Costa-García A. Electroactive intercalators for DNA analysis on microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 28:4679-89. [PMID: 18004710 PMCID: PMC7163684 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized analytical systems, especially microchip CE (MCE), are becoming a promising tool for analytical purposes including DNA analysis. These microdevices require a sensitive and miniaturizable detection system such as electrochemical detection (ED). Several electroactive DNA intercalators, including the organic dye methylene blue (MB), anthraquinone derivatives, and the metal complexes Fe(phen)3 2+ and Ru(phen)3 2+, have been tested for using in combination with thermoplastic olefin polymer of amorphous structure (Topas) CE-microchips and ED. Two end-channel approaches for integration of gold wire electrodes in CE-ED microchip were used. A 250 microm diameter gold wire was manually aligned at the outlet of the separation channel. A new approach based on a guide channel for integration of 100 and 50 microm diameter gold wire has been also developed in order to reduce the background current and the baseline noise level. Modification of gold wire electrodes has been also tested to improve the detector performance. Application of MCE-ED for ssDNA detection has been studied and demonstrated for the first time using the electroactive dye MB. Electrostatic interaction between cationic MB and anionic ssDNA was used for monitoring the DNA on microchips. Thus, reproducible calibration curves for ssDNA were obtained. This study advances the feasibility of direct DNA analysis using CE-microchip with ED.
Collapse
|
34
|
Pozo-Ayuso DF, Castaño-Álvarez M, Fernández-la-Villa A, García-Granda M, Fernández-Abedul MT, Costa-García A, Rodríguez-García J. Fabrication and evaluation of single- and dual-channel (Π-design) microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1180:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
35
|
OKADA H, KAJI N, TOKESHI M, BABA Y. Poly(methylmethacrylate) Microchip Electrophoresis of Proteins Using Linear-poly(acrylamide) Solutions as Separation Matrix. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:321-5. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki OKADA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Noritada KAJI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
- MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Manabu TOKESHI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
- MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Yoshinobu BABA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
- MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University
- Plasma Nanotechnology Research Center, Nagoya University
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
CREVILLEN A, HERVAS M, LOPEZ M, GONZALEZ M, ESCARPA A. Real sample analysis on microfluidic devices☆. Talanta 2007; 74:342-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
37
|
Kubáň P, Hauser PC. High-performance liquid chromatography with contactless conductivity detection for the determination of peptides and proteins using a monolithic capillary column. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:185-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
38
|
Virus analysis by electrophoresis on a microfluidic chip. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 860:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
39
|
Zhang Y, Ping G, Kaji N, Tokeshi M, Baba Y. Dynamic modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) chips using poly(vinyl alcohol) for glycosaminoglycan disaccharide isomer separation. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3308-14. [PMID: 17722188 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microchip electrophoresis (MCE) method for the assay of unsaturated disaccharides of chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfates, and hyaluronic acid (HA). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) could be irreversibly adsorbed onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates and this approach was applicable for dynamic coating. The characteristics of the PMMA surface with PVA coating were evaluated in terms of the wettability, EOF, and adsorption of 2-aminoacridone (AMAC)-labeled disaccharide. The water contact angle decreased from 73 degrees on a pristine PMMA surface to 37.5 degrees on a PVA-coated surface, indicating that the PVA coating increased hydrophilicity. EOF was reduced approximately twofold and was relatively stable. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy images showed that adsorption of AMAC-labeled disaccharides was dramatically suppressed. Using the PVA coating, baseline separation of two pairs of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) disaccharide isomers, DeltaDi-diS(B)/DeltaDi-diS(D) and DeltaDi-0S/DeltaDi-HA, was achieved in Tris-borate buffer within 130 s by MCE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Contributions of capillary electrophoresis to neuroscience. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:144-58. [PMID: 18054026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a small-volume separation approach amenable to the analysis of complex samples for their small molecule, peptide and protein content. A number of the features of CE make it a method of choice for addressing questions related to neurochemistry. The figures of merit inherent to CE that make it well suited for studying cell-to-cell and intracellular signaling include small sample volumes, high separation efficiency, the ability for online analyte concentration, and compatibility with sensitive and high-information content detection methods. A variety of instrumental aspects are detailed, including detection methods and sampling techniques that are particularly useful for the analysis of signaling molecules. Studies that have used these techniques to increase our understanding of neurobiology are emphasized throughout. One notable application is single neuron chemical analysis, a research area that has been greatly advanced by CE.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Planar microfluidic devices have emerged as effective tools for the electrophoretic separation of a variety of different DNA inputs. The advancement of this miniaturized platform was inspired initially by demands placed on electrophoretic performance metrics by the human genome project and has provided a viable alternative to slab gel and even capillary formats due to its ability to offer high resolution separations of nucleic acid materials in a fraction of the time associated with its predecessors, consumption of substantially less sample and reagents while maintaining the ability to perform many separations in parallel for realizing ultra-high throughputs. Another compelling advantage of this separation platform is that it offers the potential for integrating front-end sample preprocessing steps onto the separation device eliminating the need for manual sample handling. This review aims to compile a recent survey of various electrophoretic separations using either glass or polymer-based microchips in the areas of genotyping and DNA sequencing as well as those involving the growing field of DNA-based forensics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rondedrick Sinville
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Du Y, Wang E. Capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:875-90. [PMID: 17536733 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances and key strategies in capillary electrophoresis and microchip CE with electrochemical detection (ECD) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection are reviewed. This article consists of four main parts: CE-ECD; microchip CE-ECD; CE-ECL; and microchip CE-ECL. It is expected that ECD and ECL will become powerful tools for CE microchip systems and will lead to the creation of truly disposable devices. The focus is on papers published in the last two years (from 2005 to 2006).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Faure K, Delaunay N, Alloncle G, Cotte S, Rocca JL. Optimization of in-situ monolithic synthesis for immunopreconcentration in capillary. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:145-50. [PMID: 17403523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monoliths have been synthetized in fused-silica capillary. The monomer mixture composition, initiation mode and porogen composition were optimized in order to provide a monolith with an homogeneous morphology and able to generate an electroosmotic flow via the incorporation of a small percentage of monomers possessing sulfonate group. Anti-ochratoxin A antibodies were immobilized through a single step on the epoxy groups leading to a miniaturized immunoextraction column. In order to evaluate the specificity of the analyte-antigen interaction on this immunosorbent, the retention of ochratoxin A was examined on this support but also on two complementary sorbents: one constituted by the non-bonded monolith and another one bonded with non-specific antibodies. Only the monolith bonded with anti-ochratoxin A antibodies lead to retention, showing the specificity of the interactions involved. This affinity phase based on a monolithic polymer support exhibits a high potential for specific preconcentration of small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Faure
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5180 CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Bât CPE, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang QL, Xu JJ, Lian HZ, Li XY, Chen HY. Polycation coating poly(dimethylsiloxane) capillary electrophoresis microchip for rapid separation of ascorbic acid and uric acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2699-704. [PMID: 17318514 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for rapid separation and determination of ascorbic acid and uric acid has been developed with a polycation-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip under a negative-separation electric field. Just by flushing the microchip with aqueous solutions of the polycations, poly(allylamine) hydrochloride, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) or chitosan could be stably coated on the PDMS microchannel surface, which resulted in a reversed electroosmotic flow and thus the rapid and efficient separation of the two substrates. Factors influencing the separation, including polycation category, buffer solution, detection potential and separation voltage, were investigated and optimized. The cheapness, rapid analysis speed and the successful analysis of human urine make this microsystem attractive for application in clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q L Zhang
- The Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chapter 34 Miniaturised devices: electrochemical capillary electrophoresis microchips for clinical application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
46
|
Simultaneous microchip enzymatic measurements of blood lactate and glucose. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 585:11-6. [PMID: 17386641 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A miniaturized capillary electrophoretic (CE) microchip device for the simultaneous measurements of lactate and glucose is described. The new microchip bioassay protocol integrates an electrophoretic separation of lactate and glucose, post-column enzymatic reactions of these metabolites with their respective oxidase enzymes, and an amperometric (anodic) detection of enzymatically-liberated hydrogen peroxide at a gold-coated thick-film carbon detector. Factors influencing the response have been examined and optimized, and the analytical performance has been characterized. Applicability of the microchip assay to clinical samples, such as serum and blood, is demonstrated. The microchip protocol obviates cross enzymatic reactions and interferences from major oxidizable constituents common to dual glucose-lactate enzyme electrodes. Such ability to rapidly separate and quantitate lactate and glucose on a small microchip platform should find important clinical and biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
47
|
Alonso A, Albarran C, Martín P, García P, Capilla J, García O, de la Rua C, Izaguirre N, Pereira F, Pereira L, Amorim A, Sancho M. Usefulness of microchip electrophoresis for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA in forensic and ancient DNA studies. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:5101-9. [PMID: 17120261 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We evaluate the usefulness of a commercially available microchip CE (MCE) device in different genetic identification studies performed with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) targets, including the haplotype analysis of HVR1 and HVR2 and the study of interspecies diversity of cytochrome b (Cyt b) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) mitochondrial genes in forensic and ancient DNA samples. The MCE commercial system tested in this study proved to be a fast and sensitive detection method of length heteroplasmy in cytosine stretches produced by 16 189T>C transitions in HVR1 and by 309.1 and 309.2 C-insertions in HVR2. Moreover, the quantitative analysis of PCR amplicons performed by LIF allowed normalizing the amplicon input in the sequencing reactions, improving the overall quality of sequence data. These quantitative data in combination with the quantification of genomic mtDNA by real-time PCR has been successfully used to evaluate the PCR efficiency and detection limit of full sequencing methods of different mtDNA targets. The quantification of amplicons also provided a method for the rapid evaluation of PCR efficiency of multiplex-PCR versus singleplex-PCR to amplify short HV1 amplicons (around 100 bp) from severely degraded ancient DNA samples. The combination of human-specific (Cyt b) and universal (16S rRNA) mtDNA primer sets in a single PCR reaction followed by MCE detection offers a very rapid and simple screening test to differentiate between human and nonhuman hair forensic samples. This method was also very efficient with degraded DNA templates from forensic hair and bone samples, because of its applicability to detect small amplicon sizes. Future possibilities of MCE in forensic DNA typing, including nuclear STRs and SNP profiling are suggested.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone and Bones/chemistry
- Cattle
- Cytochromes b/genetics
- DNA Fingerprinting/methods
- DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Dogs
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/methods
- Forensic Anthropology/methods
- Forensic Genetics/methods
- Hair/chemistry
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Mice
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alonso
- Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses, Servicio de Biología, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Naruishi N, Tanaka Y, Higashi T, Wakida SI. Highly efficient dynamic modification of plastic microfluidic devices using proteins in microchip capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:169-74. [PMID: 16860810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New dynamic coating agents were investigated for the manipulation of electroosmotic flow (EOF) in poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microchips. Blocking proteins designed for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) applications (e.g. Block Ace and UltraBlock), and egg-white lysozyme were proposed in this study. The EOF could be enhanced, suppressed or its direction could be reversed, depending on the buffer pH and the charge on the proteins. The coating procedure is simple, requiring only filling of the microchannels with a coating solution, followed by a rinse with a running buffer solution prior to analysis. One major advantage of this method is that it is not necessary to add the coating agent to the running buffer solution. Block Ace and UltraBlock coatings were stable for at least five runs in a given microchannel without the need to condition the coating between runs other than replenishing the buffer solution after each run, i.e. the RSD values of EOF (n=5) were less than 4.3%, and there was no significant change in the EOF after 5 runs. The reproducibility of the coating procedures was found from the channel-to-channel RSD values of the EOF, and were less than 5.0% when using HEPES-Na buffer (pH 7.4) as the running buffer. Several examples of electrophoretic separations of amino acids and biogenic amines derivatized with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) are demonstrated in this paper. The dynamic coating method has the potential for a broad range of applications in microchip capillary electrophoresis (microchip CE) separations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Naruishi
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, HSS, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Guzman NA, Stubbs RJ, Phillips TM. Determination of inflammatory biomarkers by immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2006; 3:29-37. [PMID: 24980099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in instrumentation and methodologies are urgently needed to achieve, rapid, simultaneous and sensitive determination of multiple substances found at a wide range of concentrations in biological fluids, tissues and cells. The application of immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis in life sciences is already having an impact on the quantification of many biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring the prognosis of diseases. This review explains how immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis, the combination of highly selective antibody capture agents with the high resolving power of capillary electrophoresis, can provide highly specific assays leading to the selective isolation, concentration, separation and quantification of analytes of interest in complex biological matrices. In addition to a discussion of the technology, some applications of clinical and pharmaceutical relevance will be presented.:
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norberto A Guzman
- Bioanalytical Drug Metabolism, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical, Research & Development, L.L.C., 1000 Route 202, P.O. Box 300, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA.
| | - R John Stubbs
- Global Bioanalytical, GPCD, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical, Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Terry M Phillips
- Ultramicro Analytical Immunochemistry, Division of Bioengineering and Physical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|