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Zhao YT, Dai HR, Li Y, Zhang YY, Guo HL, Ding XS, Hu YH, Chen F. Comparison of LC-MS/MS and EMIT methods for the precise determination of blood sirolimus in children with vascular anomalies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:925018. [PMID: 36147342 PMCID: PMC9486013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.925018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirolimus (SRL) is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. The whole blood concentration of SRL is routinely monitored to tailor dosage and prevent toxicity. Currently, the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is often applied to perform therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of SRL, but the cross-reactivity with various metabolites is of great concern. A more specific method is required, such as liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). However, no study on the method comparison of the EMIT and LC-MS/MS for the measurement of whole blood SRL concentration in children with vascular anomalies has been reported. This study developed a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the determination of SRL. Meanwhile, consistency between LC-MS/MS and the EMIT was evaluated by linear regression and Bland–Altman analysis. Whole blood samples were deproteinized with methanol for erythrocyte lysis, and the resulting solution was injected into the LC-MS/MS system using the positive electrospray ionization mode. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions of m/z 931.7 → 864.6 and m/z 934.7 → 864.6 were used for SRL and SRL-d3 as the internal standards, respectively. The analytes were separated on a C18 column with a gradient mobile phase (0.1 mM formic acid and 0.05 mM ammonium acetate in methanol/ultrapure water). Blood samples collected from children with vascular anomalies undergoing SRL therapy were tested by EMIT and by LC-MS/MS. The linear range of LC-MS/MS was 0.500–50.0 ng/ml and that of the EMIT was 3.50–30.0 ng/ml. A significant positive correlation between the two assays was established with a regression equation described as [EMIT] = 1.281 × [LC−MS/MS] + 2.450 (r = 0.8361). Bland–Altman plots showed a mean concentration overestimation of 4.7 ng/ml [95% CI: (−3.1, 12.6)] and a positive bias of 63.1% [95% CI: (−36.1, 162.3)] generated by the EMIT more than that of by LC-MS/MS. In conclusion, the two methods were closely correlated, indicating that switching between the two methods is feasible. Considering the overestimation nature of the EMIT assay, switching from the EMIT to the LC-MS/MS method deserves close attention and necessary re-evaluation for the target therapeutic reference range, may be required when methods are switched within the same clinical laboratory or results are compared between different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Tao Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao-Ran Dai
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Li Guo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan-Sheng Ding
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-Hui Hu, ; Feng Chen,
| | - Feng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmacy, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ya-Hui Hu, ; Feng Chen,
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Jiang F, Liu Q, Li Q, Zhang S, Qu X, Zhu J, Zhong G, Huang M. Signal Drift in Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Internal Standard Calibration Strategy for Quantitative Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7690-7698. [PMID: 32392405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present project studied the signal drift in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and proposed a strategy for compensating such drift. In the study, four 4-component groups were repeatedly run on different LC-MS/MS systems for over 12 h to investigate the dependence of signal drift on time and hardware systems. The 4-component groups each consisted of (1) an analyte, (2) a stable isotope labeled analyte, (3) a compound with similar structure to the analyte, and (4) a compound with dissimilar structure. All of the species showed significant signal drift, generally more than 25% over 12 h. The analyte and its stable isotope labeled analog always have the same drifting pattern including the trends and direction from one LC-MS/MS system to another. Signal drift was also found to be concentration dependent. Our experiments further proved that a conventional stable isotope labeled internal standard in LC-MS/MS quantification would not compensate the variations caused by concentration-dependent signal drift. An ideal internal standard for LC-MS/MS has both identical structure and similar concentration to the analyte. For that, we proposed a new internal standard strategy, pseudo internal standard (Pseudo IS), for LC-MS/MS quantification. Pseudo IS could effectively compensate signal drift in spite of its significant time, system, and concentration dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiaoxi Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Simin Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiangyang Qu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Janshon Zhu
- Guangdong RangerBio Technologies Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523000, China
| | - Guoping Zhong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Min Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Palazzolo A, Feuillastre S, Pfeifer V, Garcia‐Argote S, Bouzouita D, Tricard S, Chollet C, Marcon E, Buisson D, Cholet S, Fenaille F, Lippens G, Chaudret B, Pieters G. Efficient Access to Deuterated and Tritiated Nucleobase Pharmaceuticals and Oligonucleotides using Hydrogen-Isotope Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4891-4895. [PMID: 30768844 PMCID: PMC6593778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A general approach for the efficient hydrogen-isotope exchange of nucleobase derivatives is described. Catalyzed by ruthenium nanoparticles, using mild reaction conditions, and involving either D2 or T2 as isotopic sources, this reaction possesses a wide substrate scope and a high solvent tolerability. This novel method facilitates the access to essential diagnostic tools in drug discovery and development: tritiated pharmaceuticals with high specific activities and deuterated oligonucleotides suitable for use as internal standards during LC-MS quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viktor Pfeifer
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | | | - Donia Bouzouita
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées135, Avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Simon Tricard
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées135, Avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Céline Chollet
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Elodie Marcon
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | | | - Sophie Cholet
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRAUniversité Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRAUniversité Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB91191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Guy Lippens
- LISBPUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, UPS135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées135, Avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
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Palazzolo A, Feuillastre S, Pfeifer V, Garcia‐Argote S, Bouzouita D, Tricard S, Chollet C, Marcon E, Buisson D, Cholet S, Fenaille F, Lippens G, Chaudret B, Pieters G. Efficient Access to Deuterated and Tritiated Nucleobase Pharmaceuticals and Oligonucleotides using Hydrogen‐Isotope Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viktor Pfeifer
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | | | - Donia Bouzouita
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Simon Tricard
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Céline Chollet
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Elodie Marcon
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | | | - Sophie Cholet
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRAUniversité Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - François Fenaille
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRAUniversité Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Guy Lippens
- LISBPUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, UPS 135 avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- LPCNO; Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de Nano-Objets, UMR 5215 INSA-CNRS-UPSInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées 135, Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Grégory Pieters
- SCBM, CEAUniversité Paris Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Isotope–labeled versus analog internal standard in LC–MS/MS method for tacrolimus determination in human whole blood samples – A compensation of matrix effects. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1104:220-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li XQ, Zhang QH, Yang Z, Li HM, Huang DF. The effects of isotope-labeled analogs on the LC-IDMS measurement by comparison of ESI responses and matrix effect of melamine, 13C3-melamine, 13C3+15N3-melamine, and 15N3-melamine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3233-3243. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Luque-Córdoba D, Luque de Castro MD. Metabolomics: A potential way to know the role of vitamin D on multiple sclerosis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 136:22-31. [PMID: 28063332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The literature about the influence of vitamin D on multiple sclerosis (MS) is very controversial, possibly as a result of the way through which the research on the subject has been conducted. The studies developed so far have been focused exclusively on gene expression: the effect of a given vitamin D metabolite on target receptors. The influence of the vitamin D status (either natural or after supplementation) on MS has been studied by measurement of the 25 monohydroxylated metabolite (also known as circulating form), despite the 1,25 dihydroxylated metabolite is considered the active form. In the light of the multiple metabolic pathways in which both forms of vitamin D (D2 and D3) are involved, monitoring of the metabolites is crucial to know the activity of the target enzymes as a function of both the state of the MS patient and the clinical treatment applied. The study of metabolomics aspects is here proposed to clarify the present controversy. In "omics" terms, our proposal is to take profit from up-stream information-thus is, from metabolomics to genomics-with a potential subsequent step to systems biology, if required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luque-Córdoba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14005 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14005 Córdoba, Spain.
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8
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Shipkova M, Valbuena H. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs: Achievements, lessons and open issues. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Mena-Bravo A, Ferreiro-Vera C, Priego-Capote F, Maestro M, Mouriño A, Quesada-Gómez J, Luque de Castro M. Quantitative analytical method to evaluate the metabolism of vitamin D. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 442:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Wu YT, Wu MT, Lin CC, Chien CF, Tsai TH. Pharmacokinetic Studies of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Using an Automated Blood Sampling System and Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 2:33-40. [PMID: 24716112 PMCID: PMC3943008 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of herbal products is one of the major concerns for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine, and pharmacokinetic data of medicinal herbs guide us to design the rational use of the herbal formula. This article reviews the advantages of the automated blood sampling (ABS) systems for pharmacokinetic studies. In addition, three commonly used sample preparative methods, protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction, are introduced. Furthermore, the definition, causes and evaluation of matrix effects in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis are demonstrated. Finally, we present our previous works as practical examples of the application of ABS systems and LC/MS for the pharmacokinetic studies of Chinese medicinal herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tse Wu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Feng Chien
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fernández-Peralbo MA, Ferreiro Vera C, Priego-Capote F, Luque de Castro MD. Stable isotopic internal standard correction for quantitative analysis of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) in serum by on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring mode. Talanta 2014; 126:170-6. [PMID: 24881549 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the inclusion of a stable isotopic labeled internal standard (SIL-IS) on the quantitative analysis of hydroxyeicosatetranoic acids (HETEs) in human serum is evaluated in this research. A solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) platform, one of the preferred approaches for targeted analysis of biofluids through the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) operational mode, was used to determine HETEs. These compounds were chosen as targeted metabolites because of their involvement in cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis. 15HETE-d8 was chosen as internal standard to evaluate matrix effects. Thus, the physico-chemical properties of the SIL-IS were the basis to evaluate the analytical features of the method for each metabolite through four calibration models. Two of the models were built with standard solutions at different concentration levels, but one of the calibration sets was spiked with an internal standard (IS). The other two models were built with the serum pool from osteoporotic patients, which was spiked at different concentrations with the target analytes. In this case, one of the serum calibration sets was also spiked with the IS. The study shows that the IS allowed noticeable correction of matrix effects for some HETE isomers at certain concentration levels, while accuracy was decreased at low concentration (15ng/mL) of them. Therefore, characterization of the method has been properly completed at different concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernández-Peralbo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Ferreiro Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex C-3, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research Maimónides (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Buchwald A, Winkler K, Epting T. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method to determine five immunosuppressants with deuterated internal standards including MPA. BMC CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 12:2. [PMID: 22236286 PMCID: PMC3398287 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6904-12-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressive drugs in organ-transplanted patients is crucial to prevent intoxication or transplant rejection due to inadequate dosage. The commonly used immunoassays have been gradually undergoing replacement by mass spectrometry, since this physical method offers both a higher sensitivity and specificity. However, a switch should be carefully considered because it is a challenging procedure and needs to be thoroughly validated. From an economic perspective it is reasonable to include mycophenolic acid into the assay, because this saves the necessity for an additional measurement. However, to date very few validation protocols for the measurement of immunosuppressants, including mycophenolic acid, are available. In order to adequately compensate for matrix effects, the use of stable isotope labeled internal standards is advisable. Here, the authors describe a single method suitable for the quantification of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus and mycophenolic acid, based on deuterated internal standards. Methods Plasma proteins were precipitated with zinc-sulfate, followed by an online solid phase extraction in the flow-through direction. Chromatographic separation was performed by a c18-phenyl-hexyl column. For subsequent mass spectrometric analysis stable-isotope-labeled internal standards were used. Results were available after 3.5 minutes. Results Low quantification limits (accuracy: 104 - 118%) and linearity resulted in 2 -1250 ng/ml for cyclosporine A; 0.5 - 42.2 ng/ml for tacrolimus; 0.6 - 49.2 ng/ml for sirolimus; 0.5 - 40.8 ng/ml for everolimus and 0.01 - 7.5 μg/ml for mycophenolic acid. Intra-assay precision revealed a coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.9 - 14.7%, with an accuracy of 89 - 138%. The CV of inter-assay precision was 2.5 - 12.5%, with an accuracy of 90 - 113%. Recovery ranged from 76.6 to 84%. Matrix effects were well compensated by deuterated internal standards. Conclusions The authors present a fast, economical and robust method for routine therapeutic drug monitoring comprising five immunosuppressants including mycophenolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Buchwald
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Immunosuppressive Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385467-4.00015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Identification and elimination of ion suppression in the quantitative analysis of sirolimus in human blood by LC/ESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:968-74. [PMID: 21435955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ion suppression can negatively affect the performance characteristics of LC/ESI-MS/MS based methods, and we wished to identify sources of ion suppression in an assay for quantitating sirolimus in human whole blood. We first compared the peak areas of sirolimus and ascomycin added to human blood samples treated with and without extraction using octadecyl silyl (ODS)-silica gel after protein precipitation, and we found that water-soluble compounds cause the ion suppression for both drugs. Post-column infusion studies indicated that compounds retained in the sample after ODS extraction and protein precipitation caused ion suppression. MS analysis of these compounds suggested they were hydroxyl group-possessing phosphocholines, and this was confirmed using purified lysophosphatidylcholine variants. Therefore, we included a HybridSPE treatment step after the ODS extraction into the preanalytical workflow to remove phosphocholines, and this successfully eliminated the observed ion suppression for determining sirolimus concentration in human whole blood by LC/ESI-MS/MS. Sirolimus is a highly lipophilic molecule, and this study demonstrates the impact that preanalytical extraction and purification steps can have on a laboratory's ability to accurately detect and quantitate this and other lipophilic drugs.
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Mano N, Sato M, Nozawa M, Matsumoto Y, Mori M, Yamaguchi H, Goto J, Shimada M. An accurate quantitative LC/ESI-MS/MS method for sirolimus in human whole blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:987-92. [PMID: 21450538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sirolimus is a widely used immunosuppressant that requires therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). We optimized a preanalytical procedure that allows for the accurate quantiation of sirolimus in whole blood by LC/ESI-MS/MS with minimal matrix effects. Sirolimus is highly lipophilic, and solvents containing greater than 50% methanol were required to maintain sirolimus recovery. The final pretreatment procedure developed consists of a zinc sulfate protein precipitation, an extraction using octadecyl silyl-silica gel for eliminating water-soluble and hydrophilic compounds, and HybridSPE cartridge treatment to eliminate phospholipids. Using this procedure prior to LC/ESI-MS/MS led to the accurate and reproducible quantitation of sirolimus in human whole blood. The linear range of detection was 0.5-50 ng/mL, a range appropriate for TDM, and the method demonstrated good repeatability and intermediate precision within this quantitative range. In order to investigate the quantitative performance of this method, we compared it to two commercially available sirolimus immunoassays and our previously reported LC/ESI-MS/MS method. The immunoassays gave consistently greater values for the sirolimus concentration, and this may be related to antibody cross-reactivity with sirolimus metabolites and/or other matrix effects. Although our procedure is too long to support real-time TDM for outpatients, it can serve as reference method to assess the performance of other analytical methods that are currently available or may be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
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Abstract
Due to their narrow therapeutic indices and highly variable pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring is necessary to individualize immunosuppressant dosage following organ transplantation. Until recently, monitoring was performed primarily using immunoassays, however, there is an increasing shift to HPLC coupled with MS/MS, due to its greater sensitivity and specificity. Online sample clean-up with either a single analytical column or with 2D chromatography significantly reduces manual handling and is essential to minimize matrix effects and maximize specificity and, coupled with rapid chromatography, allows the simultaneous analysis of the major immunosuppressants, with rapid sample throughput. Thus, LC-MS/MS is an attractive and versatile technique that facilitates rapid development of analytical methods, including new immunosuppressants as they become approved for clinical use.
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17
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Honour JW. Development and validation of a quantitative assay based on tandem mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem 2011; 48:97-111. [DOI: 10.1258/acb.2010.010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many routine hospital and clinical research assays have relied upon immunoassay procedures to achieve sensitive measurements of a range of important analytes. Some of the methods have been developed in-house but increasingly commercial kits and automated analysers have become commonplace. The accuracies of these methods are under question in health care. Mass spectrometry (MS) is potentially a more accurate technique with the ability to demonstrate specificity. An introduction of the basic analytical aspects of liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS leads on to the validation of the method before general use. LC coupled with MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) is being adopted in a number of hospital laboratories for the quantitative analysis of a number of analytes from physiological matrices, but standards for development and validation of such assays are not easily available. Most assays can be regarded as in-house methods and herein may lay the failure so far for mass spectrometric methods to improve quality of results between laboratories for an analyte using the same technology. Manufacturers are taking on board the experience of clinical laboratories with kits containing all or most of the disposable items and reagents. A number of documents and guidelines have been consulted. These documents are expensive to purchase, are often very long and not easy to read. This review highlights the specific requirements for introduction of a tandem mass spectrometric test for small molecules into a routine hospital laboratory. A number of experiments need to be planned and executed in order to describe a new quantitative method in terms of selectivity, accuracy, imprecision, sensitivity and stability. The introduction of a quantitative method based on tandem MS requires careful validation. This review has distilled out important points from a number of key documents in order to provide a working validation guideline for clinical laboratories. In a supplementary file a working document for assembling the assay validation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Hospitals, 60 Whitfield Street, London W1T 4EU, UK
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18
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Couchman L, Morgan PE. LC-MS in analytical toxicology: some practical considerations. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:100-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Critical topics in ensuring data quality in bioanalytical LC–MS method development. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1051-72. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of LC–MS for bioanalysis of pharmaceuticals is entering its third decade and may be considered to be a mature technology. In many respects this is true, considering the advances made in such areas as instrument performance, electronics, software and automation of use. However, there remain instrumental and noninstrumental areas that require significant attention to ensure data quality. Increasing regulatory focus on analytical method performance and unaddressed method issues require the bioanalyst to understand those areas that most greatly impact data quality. This review will focus on instrumental and noninstrumental areas that can influence data quality, including reference standard and internal standard quality and physicochemical properties, matrix effects, stability in matrix, sample preparation, LC and MS.
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20
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Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Routine Method for Simultaneous Determination of Cyclosporin A, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, and Everolimus in Whole Blood Using Deuterated Internal Standards for Cyclosporin A and Everolimus. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:61-6. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181c49a00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Clavijo C, Strom T, Moll V, Betts R, Zhang YL, Christians U, Bendrick-Peart J. Development and validation of a semi-automated assay for the highly sensitive quantification of Biolimus A9 in human whole blood using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3506-14. [PMID: 19762292 PMCID: PMC2765116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug-eluting stents are sustained-release intra-coronary devices that are usually coated with a few hundred micrograms of drug. Measuring the drugs that are released over weeks in order to assess human pharmacokinetics is a challenge that requires assays with high sensitivity. We developed and validated a semi-automated LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of Biolimus A9, a proliferation signal inhibitor that was specifically developed for coating on drug-eluting stents in human EDTA blood. The only manual step was the addition of a zinc sulfate/methanol protein precipitation solution which included the internal standard. Samples were injected into the HPLC and extracted online. The assay had the following performance characteristics: range of reliable response 0.01-100 ng/mL (r(2)>0.99), inter-day accuracy (0.033 ng/mL): 111.7%, and inter-day precision: 8.6%. There was no ion suppression, matrix interferences or carry-over. Extracted samples were stable in the autosampler at +4 degrees C for at least 24 h and could undergo three freeze-thaw cycles. The assay, with a lower limit of detection of 333 fg/mL and a lower limit of quantitation of 10 pg/mL, was sufficiently sensitive and robust for quantifying Biolimus A9 in clinical trials after i.v. injection and after stent implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Clavijo
- Clinical Research & Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tobin Strom
- Clinical Research & Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vanessa Moll
- Clinical Research & Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Uwe Christians
- Clinical Research & Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Eurofins Medinet Inc., Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jamie Bendrick-Peart
- Clinical Research & Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Eurofins Medinet Inc., Aurora, Colorado
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22
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Napoli KL. More on Methanol-Associated Matrix Effects in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1250-2. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.126508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Napoli
- Division of Immunology and Organ Transplantation, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, retired
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23
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Rauh M. Steroid measurement with LC-MS/MS in pediatric endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:272-81. [PMID: 19007847 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an increasingly common tool in the clinical laboratory. Established applications include routine assays for detecting inborn errors of metabolism and for monitoring therapeutic drugs and steroids. Steroid profiling is a very effective method for distinguishing almost all steroid related disorders. It allows accurate diagnosis and is very useful in many clinical situations. Most methods for the determination of steroid hormones are based on immunoassays, which are rapid and easy to perform. However, the reliability of steroid immunoassays has been shown to be doubtful because of the lack of specificity and of matrix effects. Immunological methods, especially direct assays, often overestimate true steroid values. This is of particular importance in the newborn period and in early infancy. Problems with steroid immunoassays have further been reported for female patients or when analysing different media, e.g. saliva. Patient follow-up over time or between laboratories, as well as longitudinal studies are extremely difficult. In contrast to immunoassays, which allow the measurement of only a single steroid at a time, LC-MS/MS has the advantage that a wide spectrum of steroid hormones can be measured simultaneously. The applicability for clinical samples and problems in pediatric endocrinology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Rauh
- Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Loschgestr, 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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