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Funari R, Chu KY, Shen AQ. Multiplexed Opto-Microfluidic Biosensing: Advanced Platform for Prostate Cancer Detection. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2596-2604. [PMID: 38683677 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stands as a prominent global cause of mortality, necessitating early detection to augment survival rates and alleviate economic burdens on healthcare systems. In particular, prostate cancer (PCa), impacting 1.41 million men globally in 2020, accentuates the demand for sensitive and cost-effective detection methods beyond traditional prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. While clinical techniques exhibit limitations, biosensors emerge as compact, user-friendly alternatives to traditional laboratory approaches. However, existing biosensors predominantly concentrate on PSA detection, prompting the necessity for advancing toward multiplex sensing platforms. This study introduces a compact opto-microfluidic sensor featuring a substrate of gold nanospikes, fabricated via electrodeposition, for enhanced sensitivity. Embedded within a microfluidic chip, this nanomaterial enables the precise and concurrent measurement of PSA, alongside two complementary PCa biomarkers, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and anti-α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (anti-AMACR) in diluted human plasma, offering a comprehensive approach to PSA analysis. Taking advantage of the localized surface plasmon resonance principle, this biosensor offers robustness and sensitivity in real sample analysis without the need for labeling agents. With the limit of detection at 0.22, 0.37, and 0.18 ng/mL for PSA, MMP-2, and anti-AMACR, respectively, this biosensing platform holds promise for point-of-care analysis, underscoring its potential impact on medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Funari
- Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Kang-Yu Chu
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Ziółkowski P, Woźniak M, Mansour A, An Y, Weber GF. Breast cancer risk in papilloma patients: Osteopontin splice variants indicate prognosis. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:64. [PMID: 36175970 PMCID: PMC9520814 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillomas of the breast pose challenges for treatment decisions as their risk for transformation to breast cancer is low but not negligible. To spare low-risk patients the burden of substantial treatment side effects, prognostic indicators are needed for cancerous progression. The secreted metastasis mediator Osteopontin (OPN) is a marker for breast cancer aggressiveness, and its variants are prognosticators for transformation in diverse premalignant breast lesions. Here, we test whether the presence of OPN-c or OPN-exon-4 in papillomatous lesions may reflect progression risk. METHODS By immunohistochemistry, we analyze OPN-c and OPN-exon-4 in papillomas from 114 women as well as correlations between staining and progression. In departure from prior spliced OPN biomarker publications, we utilize novel monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Fewer than 5% of OPN-c pathology score 0-1 (intensity) versus almost 18% of score 2-3 experienced cancer in follow-up. Nine of 12 women, who progressed, had pathology scores of 2-3 for OPN-c intensity at the time of initial diagnosis, and none had a score of 0. When developing a combined risk score from intensity plus percent positivity for OPN-c, the progression risk for patients with low score was 3.2%, for intermediate score was 5.7%, and for high score was 18.8%. Papillomas in patients, who were later diagnosed with cancer in the contralateral breast, displayed stronger staining positivity than non-progressors. CONCLUSION OPN splice variant immunohistochemistry on biopsies of breast papillomas will allow counseling of the patients on their risk to develop breast cancer at a later time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ahmad Mansour
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu An
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Georg F Weber
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0004, USA.
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Wang M, Sun X, Xin H, Wen Z, Cheng Y. SPP1 promotes radiation resistance through JAK2/STAT3 pathway in esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4526-4543. [PMID: 35593388 PMCID: PMC9741975 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic resistance to radiotherapy is one of the major obstacles in clinical practice that significantly affect the therapeutic efficiency and prognosis of human esophageal carcinoma (ESCA). Thus, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms of radiation resistance in ESCA. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) plays an essential role in various human cancers, but its role in radiation resistance remains unclear. METHOD Cell culture and transfection; Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays; EdU incorporation assays; Patient sample collection and medical records review; Transwell assays; Colony formation assays; Wound healing assays; Western blot; Immunofluorescence; Immunohistochemistry; Irradiation; Flow cytometry; Animal studies; Human Apoptosis Array Kit; Bioinformatics. RESULT In the current study, we reported the novel phenomenon that radiation-treated human ESCA cells upregulated SPP1 expression, which in turn contributed to the ESCA resistance to radiotherapy. We also reported the tumor-promoting effect of SPP1 in ESCA systematically and comprehensively. Furthermore, subsequent studies by knocking down or overexpressing SPP1 in human ESCA cells showed that SPP1 could facilitate the repair of DNA damage and the survival of tumor cells post-radiation in ESCA, which might contribute to the development of radiation resistance during the radiotherapy process. More detailed investigations on the downstream molecular pathway suggested that radiation could increase the phosphorylation level of JAK2 and STAT3 by increasing SPP1 expression. Further in vivo validation using a mouse ESCA xenograft model showed that SPP1 overexpression significantly increased tumor volume while either SPP1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway reduced tumor volume in a synergistic manner with radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings suggested that the SPP1/JAK2/STAT3 axis is a critical player in ESCA progression and radiation resistance, which is a potential therapeutic target for combined therapy with the standard radiotherapy regimen to improve curative effect and increase patients' survival with ESCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina,Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Xiaozheng Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina,Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Huixian Xin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina,Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Zhihua Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanChina
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Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of osteopontin expression in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227953. [PMID: 33635319 PMCID: PMC8350436 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Evaluation of the feasibility for osteopontin (OPN) to serve as a biomarker in the prognosis and clinical-pathological features of prostate cancer (PCA) patients. Methods: The original publications related to OPN and PCA were comprehensively searched in the online databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Medline, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Infrastructure up to August 2019. Results were analyzed by Revman 5.3 and Stata 12.0. Results: A total of 21 studies were included in the analysis and the result showed that the positive OPN expression group had a lower overall survival than the negative expression group (univariate: hazards ratio (HR) = 2.32, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) [1.74, 3.10], multivariate: HR = 2.41, 95% CI [1.63, 3.57]) and a lower biochemical relapse-free survival than the negative group (univariate: HR = 1.42, 95% CI [0.92, 2.17], multivariate: HR = 1.61, 95% CI [1.39, 1.87]). In addition, there was a higher expression level of OPN in PCA tissues than in normal prostate tissues (OR = 46.55, 95% CI [12.85, 168.59], P<0.00001) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues (OR = 11.07, 95% CI [3.43, 35.75], P<0.0001). Moreover, OPN positive expression was also related to high Gleason score (OR = 2.64, 95% CI [1.49, 4.70], P=0.0009), high TNM stage (OR = 3.15, 95% CI [1.60, 6.20, P=0.0009), high Whitmore–Jewett stage (OR = 2.53, 95% CI [1.06, 6.03], P=0.04), high lymph node (OR = 3.69, 95% CI [1.88, 7.23], P=0.0001), and distant metastasis (OR = 8.10, 95% CI [2.94, 22.35], P=0.01). There was no difference observed in the differentiation of PCA (OR = 1.79, 95% CI [0.39, 8.33], P=0.46). Conclusion: OPN could be recognized as a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for PCA patients.
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Quantitative determination of osteopontin in bovine, buffalo, yak, sheep and goat milk by Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and stable isotope dimethyl labeling. Food Chem 2020; 343:128489. [PMID: 33153809 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein present in different tissues, body fluids and milk. Different milk has different level of OPN content. To determine the amount of osteopontin in bovine, buffalo, yak, sheep and goat milk, we developed an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method to detect an osteopontin signature peptide. The signature peptides selected by searching Uniprot database for trypsin digested osteopontin. The sample preparation procedure includes trypsin digestion, dimethyl labeling of tryptic peptides, purification and concentration of labeled tryptic peptide with solid phase extraction. The limit of detection and limit of quantification are 0.5 mg L-1 and 2.0 mg L-1, respectively. The method has satisfactory analytical performance with a linearity of R2 ≥ 0.998, recoveries of 103.7-111.0%, and precision of 1.8-6.2%. It is also validated and successfully applied to quantifying osteopontin content in bovine, buffalo, yak, sheep and goat milk.
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Elbaiomy MA, Akl T, Elhelaly R, El-Beshbishi W, El Ghonemy MS, Elzehery R. Osteopontin level and promoter polymorphism in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Curr Oncol 2020; 27:e444-e450. [PMID: 33173383 PMCID: PMC7606043 DOI: 10.3747/co.27.6449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer initiation typically occurs when a proto-oncogene's coding region undergoes mutation, resulting in uncontrollable cell growth and division, or when a tumour suppressor gene's coding region is affected by a mutation that inhibits activity of the resulting gene product. The pathophysiologic result is, respectively, exaggerated cell-cycle growth or deficient programmed cell death. Osteopontin (opn) is an integrin-binding phosphoprotein that is expressed on the surface of normal cells. Osteopontin has a major role in diverse tumour components, especially those implicated in invasion and metastasis. In the present study, we aimed to illustrate the value of opn as a possible contributor in breast cancer (bca). Methods This prospective study included 115 patients newly diagnosed with bca and distant metastasis who were recruited from the Oncology Center, Mansoura University, and the Department of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt. The patients recruited had been diagnosed with disseminated visceral metastasis (visceral crisis), with or without bone metastasis; patients with cranial metastasis were excluded from the study. All patients received first-line chemotherapy with docetaxel 75 mg/m2 plus cisplatin 75 mg/m2 or carboplatin 6 auc (area under the curve) on day 1 every 21 days for a maximum of 6 cycles or till development of toxicity. Trastuzumab (in cases of her2-positive disease) was given whenever possible (if government assistance or personal finances permitted). Serum levels of opn were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) before treatment was started. A group of 30 matched healthy women whose median serum opn level was 15 ng/dL were included, and that level was therefore defined as the cut-off value. In addition, opn gene mutation was determined by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). Correlations of pretreatment serum opn and opn gene mutation with various patient clinicopathologic variables, response to the treatment, progression-free survival (pfs), and overall survival (os) were assessed. Results Mean serum opn was highest in her2-amplified bca (64.4 ± 42.3 ng/dL), and then in triple-negative bca (55.9 ± 34.7 ng/dL), followed by the luminal B and A subtypes (38.4 ± 33.1 ng/dL and 36.3 ± 32.2 ng/dL respectively, p = 0.017). Testing by pcr revealed that opn gene mutation was highest in triple-negative bca (85% opn mutant vs. 15% non-mutant), and then in her2-overexpressed bca (80% opn mutant vs. 20% non-mutant), followed by luminal B bca (61.9% opn mutant vs. 38.1% non-mutant); the least expression was detected in luminal A bca (57.9% opn mutant vs. 42.1% non-mutant). Interestingly, patients with high serum opn and opn gene mutation experienced both poor pfs (median: 12 months vs. 14 months; p = 0.001) and poor os (median: 14 months vs. 18 months; p = 0.001). Moreover, participants with opn gene mutation experienced a poor response: of those with progressive disease, 74% had opn mutation and 26% had unmutated opn (p = 0.04). Additionally, high pretreatment serum opn was correlated with poor treatment response: 49.1 ± 33.8 ng/dL in patients with progressive disease and 35.5 ± 34.3 ng/dL in those who achieved a complete response, a partial response, or stable disease (p = 0.05). Strong concordance was found between high serum opn and opn gene mutation in 69 tumours (79.3%), and strong concordance was detected between normal or low serum opn and non-mutant opn in 28 tumours (60.8%). Conclusions The current prospective work helps to highlight opn as a valid prognostic biomarker for patients with metastatic bca and reveals that high pretreatment serum opn and opn gene mutation are both strongly linked with poor response and survival. Concordance between elisa and pcr results indicates that either method can be used for the evaluation of opn. Increased opn gene mutation in triple-negative bca could assist in tailoring the treatment response in this very aggressive tumour subtype and could be considered a targetable molecule in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Elbaiomy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - T Akl
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - R Elhelaly
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - W El-Beshbishi
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M S El Ghonemy
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - R Elzehery
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Isoform-specific promotion of breast cancer tumorigenicity by TBX3 involves induction of angiogenesis. J Transl Med 2020; 100:400-413. [PMID: 31570773 PMCID: PMC7044113 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TBX3 is a member of the highly conserved family of T-box transcription factors involved in embryogenesis, organogenesis and tumor progression. While the functional role of TBX3 in tumorigenesis has been widely studied, less is known about the specific functions of the different isoforms (TBX3iso1 and TBX3iso2) which differ in their DNA-binding domain. We therefore sought to investigate the functional consequence of this highly conserved splice event as it relates to TBX3-induced tumorigenesis. By utilizing a nude mouse xenograft model, we have identified differential tumorigenic potential between TBX3 isoforms, with TBX3iso1 overexpression more commonly associated with invasive carcinoma and high tumor vascularity. Transcriptional analysis of signaling pathways altered by TBX3iso1 and TBX3iso2 overexpression revealed significant differences in angiogenesis-related genes. Importantly, osteopontin (OPN), a cancer-associated secreted phosphoprotein, was significantly up-regulated with TBX3iso1 (but not TBX3iso2) overexpression. This pattern was observed across three non/weakly-tumorigenic breast cancer cell lines (21PT, 21NT, and MCF7). Up-regulation of OPN in TBX3iso1 overexpressing cells was associated with induction of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) expression and increased retention of hyaluronan in pericellular matrices. These transcriptional changes were accompanied by the ability to induce endothelial cell vascular channel formation by conditioned media in vitro, which could be inhibited through addition of an OPN neutralizing antibody. Within the TCGA breast cancer cohort, we identified an 8.1-fold higher TBX3iso1 to TBX3iso2 transcript ratio in tumors relative to control, and this ratio was positively associated with high-tumor grade and an aggressive molecular subtype. Collectively, the described changes involving TBX3iso1-dependent promotion of angiogenesis may thus serve as an adaptive mechanism within breast cancer cells, potentially explaining differences in tumor formation rates between TBX3 isoforms in vivo. This study is the first of its kind to report significant functional differences between the two TBX3 isoforms, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Zhou Y, Romson J, Emmer Å. An antibody-free sample pretreatment method for osteopontin combined with MALDI-TOF MS/MS analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213405. [PMID: 30845167 PMCID: PMC6405093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin is an osteoblast-secreted protein with an aspartic acid-rich, highly phosphorylated, and glycosylated structure. Osteopontin can easily bind to integrins, tumor cells, extracellular matrix and calcium, and is related to bone diseases, various cancers, inflammation etc. Here, DEAE-Cibacron blue 3GA was used to extract recombinant osteopontin from human plasma, and to deplete abundant plasma proteins with an antibody-free method. Using selected buffer systems, osteopontin and human serum albumin could be bound to DEAE-Cibacron blue 3GA, while immunoglobulin G was excluded. The bound osteopontin could then be separated from albumin by using different sequential elution buffers. By this method, 1 μg/mL recombinant osteopontin could be separated from the major part of the most abundant proteins in human plasma. After trypsin digestion, the extracted osteopontin could be successfully detected and identified by MALDI-TOF MS/MS using the m/z 1854.898 peptide and its fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Zhou
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Romson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Emmer
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden
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Anborgh PH, Lee DJ, Stam PF, Tuck AB, Chambers AF. Role of osteopontin as a predictive biomarker for anti-EGFR therapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:727-734. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1502272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danny J. Lee
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alan B. Tuck
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann F. Chambers
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer of pleural and peritoneal cells that is difficult to diagnose and monitor. Numerous studies have attempted to identify a blood- or pleural fluid-based biomarker that could be used in the diagnostic pathway. More recently, there has been interest in the ability of serum/plasma biomarkers to monitor mesothelioma, given the development of newer treatments and limitations of radiological assessment. The majority of research has focused on soluble mesothelin, a soluble glycoprotein expressed by mesothelial cells. Although soluble mesothelin lacks the sensitivity to be used as a standalone diagnostic marker, serial measurements may be informative, with rising concentrations indicating disease progression and poor survival. High concentrations of other soluble glycoproteins, such as osteopontin, fibulin-3 and vascular endothelial growth factor are independently associated with poor prognosis at baseline, although further research is required to ascertain any role outside of clinical trials. More recent literature has focused on the development of novel biomarkers from discovery cohorts. Although many DNA and mRNA biomarkers show promise in the diagnosis or screening of mesothelioma, none have been prospectively evaluated for use in clinical practice. In this review article, we highlight the potential utility of biomarkers and evaluate the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Arnold
- Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nick A Maskell
- Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Meirinho SG, Dias LG, Peres AM, Rodrigues LR. Electrochemical aptasensor for human osteopontin detection using a DNA aptamer selected by SELEX. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 987:25-37. [PMID: 28916037 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A DNA aptamer with affinity and specificity for human osteopontin (OPN), a potential breast cancer biomarker, was selected using the SELEX process, considering its homology rate and the stability of its secondary structures. This aptamer exhibited a satisfactory affinity towards OPN, showing dissociation constants lower than 2.5 nM. It was further used to develop a simple, label-free electrochemical aptasensor against OPN. The aptasensor showed good sensitivity towards OPN in standard solutions, being the square wave voltammetry (SWV), compared to the cyclic voltammetry, the most sensitive technique with detection and quantification limits of 1.4 ± 0.4 nM and 4.2 ± 1.1 nM, respectively. It showed good reproducibility and acceptable selectivity, exhibiting low signal interferences from other proteins, as thrombin, with 2.6-10 times lower current signals-off than for OPN. The aptasensor also successfully detected OPN in spiked synthetic human plasma. Using SWV, detection and quantification limits (1.3 ± 0.1 and 3.9 ± 0.4 nM) within the OPN plasma levels reported for patients with breast cancer (0.4-4.5 nM) or with metastatic or recurrent breast cancer (0.9-8.4 nM) were found. Moreover, preliminary assays, using a sample of human plasma, showed that the aptasensor and the standard ELISA method quantified similar OPN levels (2.2 ± 0.7 and 1.7 ± 0.1 nM, respectively). Thus, our aptasensor coupled with SWV represents a promising alternative for the detection of relevant breast cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia G Meirinho
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Luís G Dias
- ESA - Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; CQ-VR - Centro de Química - Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António M Peres
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Prognostication and monitoring of mesothelioma using biomarkers: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:731-741. [PMID: 28170372 PMCID: PMC5355927 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Radiological markers of treatment response and prognostication in malignant pleural mesothelioma have limitations due to the morphology of the disease. Serum or pleural fluid biomarkers that could act as an adjunct to radiological assessment would be of significant value. The aim of this review was to collate and summarise the literature relating to this topic. Methods: A systematic review was performed on the databases Pubmed and EMBASE to identify relevant studies. Two independent researchers read the abstracts and used the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool to assess the quality of the evidence. Results: Forty-five studies were identified from the current literature. Twenty studies investigated the role of serum soluble mesothelin with majority suggesting that it has variable utility as a baseline test but when measured serially correlates with treatment response and prognosis. Several studies demonstrated that serum osteopontin correlated with survival at baseline. Other biomarkers have shown prognostic utility in individual studies but are yet to be reproduced in large cohort studies. Conclusions: From the available literature no serum or pleural fluid biomarker was identified that could be recommended currently for routine clinical practice. However, a falling serum soluble mesothelin might correlate with treatment response and improved survival.
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Osteopontin Fragments with Intact Thrombin-Sensitive Site Circulate in Cervical Cancer Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160412. [PMID: 27494141 PMCID: PMC4975440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether circulating osteopontin (OPN) could be used as a biomarker for cervical cancer. We employed a monoclonal antibody (mAb 659) specific for the unique and intact thrombin-sensitive site in OPN using an inhibition ELISA. We found significantly higher levels of OPN in 33 cervical cancer patients in both the plasma (mean +/- SD, 612 +/- 106 ng/mL) and serum (424 +/- 121 ng/mL) compared to healthy subjects [409 +/- 56 ng/mL, from 31 plasma samples (P < 0.0001), and 314 +/- 98 ng/mL, from 32 serum samples (P = 0.0002), respectively]. Similar results were obtained when the plasma from a bigger group (147 individuals) of cervical cancer patients (560 +/- 211 ng/mL) were compared with the same plasma samples of the healthy individuals (P = 0.0014). More significantly, the OPN level was highest in stage III-IV disease (614 +/- 210 ng/mL, from 52 individuals; P = 0.0001) and least and non-discriminatory in stage I (473 +/- 110 ng/mL, from 40 individuals; P = 0.5318). No such discrimination was found when a mAb of a different specificity (mAb 446) was used in a similar inhibition ELISA to compare the two groups in the first study; a commercial capture ELISA also failed. The possibility that the target epitope recognized by the antibody probe in these assays was absent from the circulating OPN due to protein truncation was supported by gel fractionation of the OPN found in patients' plasma: 60-64 kDa fragments were found instead of the presumably full-length OPN (68 kDa) seen in healthy people. How these fragments are generated and what possible role they play in cancer biology remain interesting questions.
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Pass HI, Goparaju C, Espin-Garcia O, Donington J, Carbone M, Patel D, Chen Z, Feld R, Cho J, Gadgeel S, Wozniak A, Chachoua A, Leighl N, Tsao MS, de Perrot M, Xu W, Liu G. Plasma Biomarker Enrichment of Clinical Prognostic Indices in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 11:900-9. [PMID: 26903362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prognostic models for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) are needed to prevent potentially futile outcomes. We combined MPM plasma biomarkers with validated clinical prognostic indices to determine whether stratification of risk for death in 194 patients with MPM improved. METHODS Individuals were recruited from three different centers: a discovery cohort (83 patients with MPM) created by combining patients from two U.S. centers and a separate, independent cohort from Canada (111 patients with MPM). Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed on the initial discovery and independent cohorts separately. In the multivariable analyses, prognostic factors were adjusted for the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) prognostic index (PI) of mesothelioma. The prognostic significance of adding plasma biomarker data to the PI was determined by using the likelihood ratio test, comparing models with and without the addition of biomarker to the clinical PI. The predictive ability of the biomarker was then assessed formally using Harrell's C-index by applying the fitted model variables of the discovery cohort to the second, independent cohort, including and not including the biomarker with the PI. RESULTS Higher levels of osteopontin and mesothelin were individually associated with worse prognosis after adjusting for the PI. In the independent cohort, incorporating either plasma osteopontin or mesothelin into the baseline predictive PI model substantively and statistically significantly improved Harrell's C-statistic. In the final prognostic model, log-osteopontin, EORTC clinical prognostic index, and hemoglobin remained as independently significant predictors and the entire prognostic model improved the optimism-corrected Harrell's C-index significantly, from 0.718 (0.67-0.77) to 0.801 (0.77-0.84). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a possible role for preoperative plasma biomarkers to improve the prognostic capability of the EORTC PI of MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey I Pass
- Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York.
| | | | - Osvaldo Espin-Garcia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Devalben Patel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald Feld
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Cho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shirish Gadgeel
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | - Natasha Leighl
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Faria M, Halquist MS, Yuan M, Mylott W, Jenkins RG, Karnes HT. Comparison of a stable isotope labeled (SIL) peptide and an extended SIL peptide as internal standards to track digestion variability of an unstable signature peptide during quantification of a cancer biomarker, human osteopontin, from plasma using capillary microflow LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:156-68. [PMID: 26279007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human osteopontin (hOPN) is a secreted plasma protein which is elevated in various cancers and is indicative of poor prognosis. Here we describe investigations involving an extended peptide internal standard to track an unstable signature peptide followed by further method development and validation for quantitative measurement of hOPN from plasma using microflow liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (MFLC-MS/MS). A biologically relevant tryptic peptide 'GDSVVYGLR' was used as a signature peptide for this method. The optimized method involved immunocapture of the analyte protein using hOPN specific antibodies followed by trypsin digestion to obtain the signature peptide. Analysis was carried out on a Waters IonKey/MS system using a flow rate of 2.5μL/min. Immunocapture buffer was used as a surrogate matrix for the validation studies. The method was validated over a range of 25-600ng/mL. Intra-assay and inter-assay accuracies were within ±13%. Intra-assay and inter-assay precision were within 17%. A stable isotope labeled (SIL) peptide GDSVVYGLR* and an extended SIL peptide TYDGRGDSVV*YGLRSKSKKF were evaluated as internal standards (IS) to account for signature peptide digestion instability and variability. Inherent digestion variability i.e., under controlled conditions, was within ±20% with both IS peptides. In digestion variability studies, where trypsin activity was varied (20-180%), the use of the extended SIL peptide as an internal standard limited the variability to within ±30% of the normalized response. Alternatively, when the SIL peptide was used as the internal standard, the variability ranged from -67.4% to 50.6% of the normalized response. The applicability of the validated method was demonstrated by quantification of OPN from plasma samples obtained from 10 healthy individuals and 10 breast cancer patients. The plasma OPN concentrations in healthy individuals ranged from 38 to 85ng/mL with a mean concentration of 55.4±15.3ng/mL. A 1.5-12 fold increase in OPN concentrations, ranging from 85 to 637ng/mL, was seen in breast cancer patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morse Faria
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matthew S Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Moucun Yuan
- Chromatographic Sciences, PPD, 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, VA 23230, USA
| | - William Mylott
- Chromatographic Sciences, PPD, 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, VA 23230, USA
| | - Rand G Jenkins
- Chromatographic Sciences, PPD, 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, VA 23230, USA
| | - H Thomas Karnes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Sharma A, Hong S, Singh R, Jang J. Single-walled carbon nanotube based transparent immunosensor for detection of a prostate cancer biomarker osteopontin. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 869:68-73. [PMID: 25818141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is involved in almost all steps of cancer development, and it is being investigated as a potential biomarker for a diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Here, we report a label-free, highly sensitive and transparent immunosensor based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for detection of OPN. A high density of COOH functionalized SWCNTs was deposited between two gold/indium tin oxide electrodes on a glass substrate by dielectrophoresis. Monoclonal antibodies specific to OPN were covalently immobilized on the SWCNTs. Relative resistance change of the immunosensors was measured as the concentration of OPN in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and human serum was varied from 1 pg mL(-1) to 1 μg mL(-1) for different channel lengths of 2, 5, and 10 μm, showing a highly linear and reproducible behavior (R(2)>97%). These immunosensors were also specific to OPN against another test protein, bovine serum albumin, PBS and human serum, showing that a limit of detection for OPN was 0.3 pg mL(-1). This highly sensitive and transparent immunosensor has a great potential as a simple point-of-care test kit for various protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Sharma
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongkyeol Hong
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Renu Singh
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Jang
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Yu Y. Novel methodologies in analysis of small molecule biomarkers and living cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9469-77. [PMID: 25119591 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) is widely used for biomarker detection. A good biomarker can distinguish patients from healthy or benign diseases. However, the ELISA method is not suitable for small molecule or trace substance detection. Along with the development of new technologies, an increasing level of biomaterials, especially small molecules, will be identified as novel biomarkers. Quantitative immuno-PCR, chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nucleic acid aptamer are emerging methodologies for detection of small molecule biomarkers, even in living cells. In this review, we focus on these novel technologies and their potential for small molecule biomarkers and living cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Ruijin er Road, No. 197, 200025, Shanghai, China
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Tumor-α9β1 integrin-mediated signaling induces breast cancer growth and lymphatic metastasis via the recruitment of cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:1271-81. [PMID: 25099519 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor-derived matricellular proteins such as osteopontin (OPN) and tenascin-C (TN-C) have been implicated in tumor growth and metastasis. However, the molecular basis of how these proteins contribute to tumor progression remains to be elucidated. Importantly, these matricellular proteins are known to interact with α9β1 integrin. Therefore, we hypothesized that tumor-derived α9β1 integrin may contribute to tumor progression. To clarify the roles of α9β1 integrin in tumor growth and lymphatic metastasis, we used an inhibitory anti-human α9β1 integrin antibody (anti-hα9β1 antibody) and a α9β1 integrin-positive human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 luc-D3H2LN (D3H2LN), in vitro functional assays, and an in vivo orthotopic xenotransplantation model. In this study, we demonstrated that tumor, but not host α9β1 integrin, contributes to tumor growth, lymphatic metastasis, recruitment of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and host-derived OPN production. We also found that CAFs contributed to tumor growth, lymphatic metastasis, and host-derived OPN levels. Consistent with those findings, tumor volume was well-correlated with numbers of CAFs and levels of host-derived OPN. Furthermore, it was shown that the inoculation of D3H2LN cells into mammary fat pads with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), obtained from wild type, but not OPN knock-out mice, resulted in enhancement of tumor growth, thus indicating that CAF-derived OPN enhanced tumor growth. These results suggested that tumor α9β1-mediated signaling plays a pivotal role in generating unique primary tumor tissue microenvironments, which favor lymphatic metastasis and tumor growth. KEY MESSAGES Tumor α9β1 integrin promotes lymphatic metastasis through enhancing invasion. Tumor α9β1 integrin promotes tumor growth through CAFs. Tumor α9β1 integrin enhances the recruitment of CAFs into the primary tumor. Tumor cells induce the production of OPN by CAFs in the primary tumor. CAF-derived OPN promotes tumor growth.
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Opitz I, Bueno R, Lim E, Pass H, Pastorino U, Boeri M, Rocco G. Biomolecular and clinical practice in malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer: what thoracic surgeons should know. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 46:602-6. [PMID: 24623168 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, molecular-profile-directed therapy is a guiding principle of modern thoracic oncology. The knowledge of new biomolecular technology applied to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma should be part of the 21st century thoracic surgeons' professional competence. The European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) Biology Club aims at providing a comprehensive insight into the basic biology of the diseases we are treating. During the 2013 ESTS Annual Meeting, different experts of the field presented the current knowledge about diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in malignant pleural mesothelioma including new perspectives as well as the role and potential application of microRNA and genomic sequencing for lung cancer, which are summarized in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Opitz
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Bueno
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Lim
- Imperial College and the Academic Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Harvey Pass
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ugo Pastorino
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Boeri
- Tumor Genomics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, Instituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale", IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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Bramwell VHC, Tuck AB, Chapman JAW, Anborgh PH, Postenka CO, Al-Katib W, Shepherd LE, Han L, Wilson CF, Pritchard KI, Pollak MN, Chambers AF. Assessment of osteopontin in early breast cancer: correlative study in a randomised clinical trial. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R8. [PMID: 24451146 PMCID: PMC3978736 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteopontin (OPN) is a malignancy-associated glycoprotein that contributes functionally to tumor aggressiveness. In metastatic breast cancer, we previously demonstrated that elevated OPN in primary tumor and blood was associated with poor prognosis. METHODS We measured OPN in plasma by ELISA, and in tumors by immunohistochemistry, in 624 (94%) and 462 (69%), respectively, of 667 postmenopausal women with hormone responsive early breast cancer treated by surgery followed by adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen +/- octreotide in a randomized trial (NCIC CTG MA.14; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Mammary.14). RESULTS Plasma OPN was measured in 2,540 samples; 688 at baseline and 1,852 collected during follow-up. Mean baseline plasma OPN was 46 ng/ml (range 22.6 to 290) which did not differ from normal levels. Mean percentage OPN tumor cell positivity was 33.9 (95% CI: 30.2 to 37.9). There was no correlation between plasma and tumor OPN values. In multivariate analysis, neither was associated with event-free survival (EFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), overall survival (OS), bone RFS or non-bone RFS. An exploratory analysis in patients with recurrence showed higher mean OPN plasma levels 60.7 ng/ml (23.9 to 543) in the recurrence period compared with baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis that OPN tumor expression would have independent prognostic value in early breast cancer was not supported by multivariate analysis of this study population. Plasma OPN levels in women with hormone responsive early breast cancer in the MA.14 trial were not elevated and there was no evidence for prognostic value of plasma OPN in this defined group of patients. However, our finding of elevated mean OPN plasma level around the time of recurrence warrants further study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00002864, http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00002864.
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Cao Y, Chen D, Chen W, Yu J, Chen Z, Li G. Aptamer-based homogeneous protein detection using cucurbit[7]uril functionalized electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 812:45-9. [PMID: 24491763 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for homogeneous protein detection is developed based on a cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) functionalized electrode. The analytical procedure consists of the binding of target protein to its aptamer in the test solution, followed by an exonuclease-catalyzed digestion of methylene blue (MB) tag labeled DNA oligonucleotides. Since CB[7] molecules immobilized on the electrode may efficiently capture the released MB-labeled nucleotides, the MB tags are concentrated to the electrode surface and subsequently yield highly sensitive electrochemical signal, which is related to the concentration of the target protein. The method combines the host-guest properties of CB[7] with the immobilization-free homogeneous assay, providing a powerful tool for protein detection. Taking the detection of osteopontin as an example, the proposed method can have a linear response to the target protein in a range from 50 to 500 ng mL(-1) with a detection limit of 10.7 ng mL(-1). It can also show high specificity and good reproducibility, and can be used directly for the assay of osteopontin in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- Laboratory of Biosensing Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dehu Chen
- Laboratory of Biosensing Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Laboratory of Biosensing Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiacui Yu
- Laboratory of Biosensing Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Genxi Li
- Laboratory of Biosensing Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Biochemistry and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Thoms JW, Dal Pra A, Anborgh PH, Christensen E, Fleshner N, Menard C, Chadwick K, Milosevic M, Catton C, Pintilie M, Chambers AF, Bristow RG. Plasma osteopontin as a biomarker of prostate cancer aggression: relationship to risk category and treatment response. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:840-6. [PMID: 22871886 PMCID: PMC3425969 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High plasma osteopontin (OPN) has been linked to tumour hypoxia, metastasis, and poor prognosis. This study aims to assess whether plasma osteopontin was a biomarker of increasing progression within prostate cancer (PCa) prognostic groups and whether it reflected treatment response to local and systemic therapies. METHODS Baseline OPN was determined in men with localised (n=199), locally recurrent (n=9) and castrate-resistant, metastatic PCa (CRPC-MET; n=37). Receiver-operating curves (ROC) were generated to describe the accuracy of OPN for distinguishing between localised risk groups or localised vs metastatic disease. We also measured OPN pre- and posttreatment, following radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), androgen deprivation (AD) or taxane-based chemotherapy. RESULTS The CRPC-MET patients had increased baseline values (mean 219; 56-513 ng ml(-1); P<0.0001) compared with the localised, non-metastatic group (mean 72; 12-438 ng ml(-1)). The area under the ROC to differentiate localised vs metastatic disease was improved when OPN was added to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (0.943-0.969). Osteopontin neither distinguished high-risk PCa from other localised PCa nor correlated with serum PSA at baseline. Osteopontin levels reduced in low-risk patients after radical prostatectomy (P=0.005) and in CRPC-MET patients after chemotherapy (P=0.027), but not after EBRT or AD. CONCLUSION Plasma OPN is as good as PSA at predicting treatment response in CRPC-MET patients after chemotherapy. Our data do not support the use of plasma OPN as a biomarker of increasing tumour burden within localised PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Thoms
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Surgery and Biostatistics, University of Toronto and Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lerner MB, D’Souza J, Pazina T, Dailey J, Goldsmith BR, Robinson MK, Johnson AC. Hybrids of a genetically engineered antibody and a carbon nanotube transistor for detection of prostate cancer biomarkers. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5143-9. [PMID: 22575126 PMCID: PMC3383883 DOI: 10.1021/nn300819s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel detection method for osteopontin (OPN), a new biomarker for prostate cancer, by attaching a genetically engineered single-chain variable fragment (scFv) protein with high binding affinity for OPN to a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (NT-FET). Chemical functionalization using diazonium salts is used to covalently attach scFv to NT-FETs, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy, while preserving the activity of the biological binding site for OPN. Electron transport measurements indicate that functionalized NT-FET may be used to detect the binding of OPN to the complementary scFv protein. A concentration-dependent increase in the source-drain current is observed in the regime of clinical significance, with a detection limit of approximately 30 fM. The scFv-NT hybrid devices exhibit selectivity for OPN over other control proteins. These devices respond to the presence of OPN in a background of concentrated bovine serum albumin, without loss of signal. On the basis of these observations, the detection mechanism is attributed to changes in scattering at scFv protein-occupied defect sites on the carbon nanotube sidewall. The functionalization procedure described here is expected to be generalizable to any antibody containing an accessible amine group and to result in biosensors appropriate for detection of corresponding complementary proteins at fM concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell B. Lerner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Jimson D’Souza
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Tatiana Pazina
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Jennifer Dailey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Brett R. Goldsmith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Matthew K. Robinson
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
- ,
| | - A.T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33 St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Schmetzer O, Moldenhauer G, Nicolaou A, Schlag P, Riesenberg R, Pezzutto A. Detection of circulating tumor-associated antigen depends on the domains recognized by the monoclonal antibodies used: N-terminal trimmed EpCAM-levels are much higher than untrimmed forms. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:184-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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OSTEOPONTIN: A KEY LINK BETWEEN IMMUNITY, INFLAMMATION AND THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Transl Neurosci 2012; 3:288-293. [PMID: 23565338 DOI: 10.2478/s13380-012-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can be secreted from many cells including activated macrophages and T-lymphocytes. Elevated levels of osteopontin in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid or brain of individuals with neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease and more recently in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder has been reported. However, except for the case of MS, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms by which OPN may exacerbate disease. Alternatively, OPN through its ability to promote cell survival may in some contexts function in the brain in a protective capacity. OPN has several protein motifs that allow it to engage with several different signaling pathways involved in immunity and inflammation. A better understanding of the cellular pathways that are regulated by OPN in cells of the central nervous system is required to uncover its putative role in neuronal homeostasis.
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Wu J, Pungaliya P, Kraynov E, Bates B. Identification and quantification of osteopontin splice variants in the plasma of lung cancer patients using immunoaffinity capture and targeted mass spectrometry. Biomarkers 2011; 17:125-33. [PMID: 22188260 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.643485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The expression patterns and functional roles of three osteopontin splice variants (OPNa, b, and c) in cancer metastasis and progression are not well understood due to the lack of reliable assays to differentiate the isoforms. We have developed a mass spectrometric method to quantify OPN isoforms in human plasma. The method is based on the immunocapture of all OPN isoforms, followed by MRM-MS analysis of isoform-specific tryptic peptides. We were able to simultaneously identify and quantify all three isoforms in the plasma of 10 healthy individuals and 10 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Our results show that none of the OPN splice variants is cancer specific. However, OPNa, the major isoform in healthy and NSCLC plasma, is substantially elevated in NSCLC patients, whereas OPNb and OPNc are at equivalent levels in two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Groton, CT, USA.
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Abstract
We report an isomagnetophoretic immunoassay capable of detecting an attomolar level of proteins and adjusting the dynamic range of target analytes. Here, the magnetic nanoparticles are used as labels on microbeads in sandwich-type immunoassay, detecting the amount of bound analytes by isomagnetophoretic focusing the solid-support microbeads under the magnetic susceptibility gradient and magnetic field in a microchannel. For the practical purpose, this platform was applied to detect three types of breast cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ki Hahn
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Brown A, Islam T, Adams R, Nerle S, Kamara M, Eger C, Marder K, Cohen B, Schifitto G, McArthur JC, Sacktor N, Pardo CA. Osteopontin enhances HIV replication and is increased in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected individuals. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:382-92. [PMID: 21556958 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite effective and widely available suppressive anti-HIV therapy, the prevalence of mild neurocognitive dysfunction continues to increase. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a multifactorial disease with sustained central nervous system inflammation and immune activation as prominent features. Inflammatory macrophages, HIV-infected and uninfected, play a central role in the development of HIV dementia. There is a critical need to identify biomarkers and to better understand the molecular mechanisms leading to cognitive dysfunction in HAND. In this regard, we identified through a subtractive hybridization strategy osteopontin (OPN, SPP1, gene) an inflammatory marker, as an upregulated gene in HIV-infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Knockdown of OPN in primary macrophages resulted in a threefold decrease in HIV-1 replication. Ectopic expression of OPN in the TZM-bl cell line significantly enhanced HIV infectivity and replication. A significant increase in the degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα and an increase in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of NF-κB were found in HIV-infected cells expressing OPN compared to controls. Moreover, mutation of the NF-κB binding domain in the HIV-LTR abrogated enhanced promoter activity stimulated by OPN. Interestingly, compared to cerebrospinal fluid from normal and multiple sclerosis controls, OPN levels were significantly higher in HIV-infected individuals both with and without neurocognitive disorder. OPN levels were highest in HIV-infected individuals with moderate to severe cognitive impairment. Moreover, OPN was significantly elevated in brain tissue from HIV-infected individuals with cognitive disorder versus those without impairment. Collectively, these data suggest that OPN stimulates HIV-1 replication and that high levels of OPN are present in the CNS compartment of HIV-infected individuals, reflecting ongoing inflammatory processes at this site despite anti-HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Brown
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-7131, USA.
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Pre- and post-translational regulation of osteopontin in cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:111-22. [PMID: 21516514 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein that binds to a number of cell surface receptors including integrins and CD44. It is expressed in many tissues and secreted into body fluids including blood, milk and urine. OPN plays important physiological roles in bone remodeling, immune response and inflammation. It is also a tumour-associated protein, and elevated OPN levels are associated with tumour formation, progression and metastasis. Research has revealed a promising role for OPN as a cancer biomarker. OPN is subject to alternative splicing, as well as post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage. Functional differences have been revealed for different isoforms and post-translational modifications. The pattern of isoform expression and post-translational modification is cell-type specific and may influence the potential role of OPN in malignancy and as a cancer biomarker.
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Jahns F, Wilhelm A, Jablonowski N, Mothes H, Radeva M, Wölfert A, Greulich KO, Glei M. Butyrate suppresses mRNA increase of osteopontin and cyclooxygenase-2 in human colon tumor tissue. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:913-20. [PMID: 21459756 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate, a product of fermentation of dietary fiber in the human colon, is found to exert multiple regulatory processes in colon carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to find out whether butyrate affects the tumor-promoting genes osteopontin (OPN) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, their respective proteins and/or their functional activity in matched normal, adenoma and tumor colon tissues obtained from 20 individuals at colon cancer surgery. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments showed increased levels of OPN and COX-2 messenger RNA in tumor tissues when compared with the adjacent normal samples (P < 0.001). The addition of butyrate reduced OPN and COX-2 mRNA expression in all tissue types compared with the related medium controls (tumor: P < 0.05). In tumor samples, a downregulation of up to median 35% (COX-2) and 50% (OPN) was observed, respectively. Thereby, tumors with lower levels of OPN basal expression were more sensitive to inhibition and vice versa for COX-2 in normal tissue. At the protein and enzyme level, which were determined by using western blot and enzyme immunometric assays, the impact of the SCFA was not clearly visible anymore. The active proteins of OPN and COX-2 (determined by prostaglandin E(2)) were found to correlate with their respective mRNA expression only in 50-63% of analyzed donors. For the first time, our data reveal new insights into the chemoprotective potential of butyrate by showing the suppression of OPN and COX-2 mRNA in primary human colon tissue with the strongest effects observed in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jahns
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Beausoleil MS, Schulze EB, Goodale D, Postenka CO, Allan AL. Deletion of the thrombin cleavage domain of osteopontin mediates breast cancer cell adhesion, proteolytic activity, tumorgenicity, and metastasis. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:25. [PMID: 21247495 PMCID: PMC3034707 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted phosphoprotein often overexpressed at high levels in the blood and primary tumors of breast cancer patients. OPN contains two integrin-binding sites and a thrombin cleavage domain located in close proximity to each other. METHODS To study the role of the thrombin cleavage site of OPN, MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells were stably transfected with either wildtype OPN (468-OPN), mutant OPN lacking the thrombin cleavage domain (468-ΔTC) or an empty vector (468-CON) and assessed for in vitro and in vivo functional differences in malignant/metastatic behavior. RESULTS All three cell lines were found to equivalently express thrombin, tissue factor, CD44, αvβ5 integrin and β1 integrin. Relative to 468-OPN and 468-CON cells, 468-ΔTC cells expressing OPN with a deleted thrombin cleavage domain demonstrated decreased cell adhesion (p < 0.001), decreased mRNA expression of MCAM, maspin and TRAIL (p < 0.01), and increased uPA expression and activity (p < 0.01) in vitro. Furthermore, injection of 468-ΔTC cells into the mammary fat pad of nude mice resulted in decreased primary tumor latency time (p < 0.01) and increased primary tumor growth and lymph node metastatic burden (p < 0.001) compared to 468-OPN and 468-CON cells. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here suggest that expression of thrombin-uncleavable OPN imparts an early tumor formation advantage as well as a metastatic advantage for breast cancer cells, possibly due to increased proteolytic activity and decreased adhesion and apoptosis. Clarification of the mechanisms responsible for these observations and the translation of this knowledge into the clinic could ultimately provide new therapeutic opportunities for combating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel S Beausoleil
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada
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Anborgh PH, Mutrie JC, Tuck AB, Chambers AF. Role of the metastasis-promoting protein osteopontin in the tumour microenvironment. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:2037-44. [PMID: 20597997 PMCID: PMC3822994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted protein present in bodily fluids and tissues. It is subject to multiple post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, glycosylation, proteolytic cleavage and crosslinking by transglutamination. Binding of OPN to integrin and CD44 receptors regulates signalling cascades that affect processes such as adhesion, migration, invasion, chemotaxis and cell survival. A variety of cells and tissues express OPN, including bone, vasculature, kidney, inflammatory cells and numerous secretory epithelia. Normal physiological roles include regulation of immune functions, vascular remodelling, wound repair and developmental processes. OPN also is expressed in many cancers, and elevated levels in patients’ tumour tissue and blood are associated with poor prognosis. Tumour growth is regulated by interactions between tumour cells and their tissue microenvironment. Within a tumour mass, OPN can be expressed by both tumour cells and cellular components of the tumour microenvironment, and both tumour and normal cells may have receptors able to bind to OPN. OPN can also be found as a component of the extracellular matrix. The functional roles of OPN in a tumour are thus complex, with OPN secreted by both tumour cells and cells in the tumour microenvironment, both of which can in turn respond to OPN. Much remains to be learned about the cross-talk between normal and tumour cells within a tumour, and the role of multiple forms of OPN in these interactions. Understanding OPN-mediated interactions within a tumour will be important for the development of therapeutic strategies to target OPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter H Anborgh
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Ontario, Canada Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Klee GG. Assay configuration and analytic specificity may have major effects on prediction of clinical outcomes-- implications for reference standards. Clin Chem 2009; 55:848-9. [PMID: 19299538 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.124172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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