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Russo-Netzer P, Atad OI. Activating values intervention: an integrative pathway to well-being. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1375237. [PMID: 38629035 PMCID: PMC11018899 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1375237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study expands the existing knowledge base regarding positive psychology interventions (PPIs), by employing an integrative approach to explore the potential benefits of translating values into action. Methods Participants (n = 476) were randomly assigned to the Activating Values intervention, the affirmation-only, or the control (no treatment) group. The intervention involved participants choosing a life area they valued, affirming its importance, identifying a specific action related to that valued area, and then planning and carrying out that chosen action within the following week. Data was collected at baseline and three follow-up points: one, two, and three weeks after the intervention. Results Results suggest that the intervention contributes to the participants' well-being, including increased self-insight, sense of coherence, and prioritizing meaning, and decreased symptoms of psychopathology. Exploratory content analyses provide a deeper understanding of the content and frequency of activities chosen and the enabling conditions. Discussion The discussion explores the findings within this intersection as well as ramifications for brief, scalable interventions to support and promote well-being.
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Kosasih FR, Yee VTS, Toh SHY, Sündermann O. Efficacy of Intellect's self-guided anxiety and worry mobile health programme: A randomized controlled trial with an active control and a 2-week follow-up. PLOS DIGITAL HEALTH 2023; 2:e0000095. [PMID: 37224139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Digital self-guided mobile health [mHealth] applications are cost-effective, accessible, and well-suited to improve mental health at scale. This randomized controlled trial [RCT] evaluated the efficacy of a recently developed mHealth programme based on cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT] principles in improving worry and anxiety. We also examined psychological mindedness [PM] as a mediator by which app engagement is thought to improve outcomes. The Intervention group completed a 2-week "Anxiety and Worry" programme with daily CBT-informed activities, while the active waitlist-control completed a matched 2-week mHealth programme on procrastination. Participants filled out the Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD-7], Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9], and Psychological Mindedness Scale [PMS] at baseline, post-intervention, and 2-week follow-up. App engagement was measured at post-intervention only. Contrary to prediction, the Intervention group did not perform better than the Active Control group; both groups showed significant improvements on anxiety and depressive symptoms from baseline to follow-up. From post-intervention to follow-up, only the Intervention group showed further improvements for anxiety symptoms. Higher engagement with the mHealth app predicted lower anxiety and depressive symptoms at follow-up, and this relationship was fully mediated by psychological mindedness. This study provides evidence that [a] engaging in a CBT mHealth programme can reduce anxiety and worry, and [b] Psychological mindedness is a potential pathway by which engaging with a mHealth app improves anxiety and depressive symptoms. While overall effect sizes were small, at the population level, these can make significant contributions to public mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oliver Sündermann
- Research Department, Intellect Co Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore
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Mavragani A, Tan JHY, Kosasih FR, Sündermann O. Efficacy of the Mental Health App Intellect to Reduce Stress: Randomized Controlled Trial With a 1-Month Follow-up. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e40723. [PMID: 36515984 PMCID: PMC9798264 DOI: 10.2196/40723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive stress is a major global health concern, particularly in young adults. Short skills-focused self-guided interventions (SGIs) on smartphones are a scalable way to improve stress-coping skills at the population level. OBJECTIVE In this randomized controlled trial, we aimed to examine the possible efficacy of a recently developed stress-coping SGI (Intellect) in improving psychological distress, relative to an active control group and 2 potential moderators of this predicted relationship (ie, psychological mindedness [PM] and coping self-efficacy [CSE]). METHODS University students (N=321) were randomly assigned to either an 8-day SGI on stress-coping or an active control group. Self-reported measures were obtained at baseline, after the intervention, and at the 1-month follow-up. The primary outcome was psychological stress (Psychological Stress Measure-9). Secondary outcomes were anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) and depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9). PM and CSE were assessed as potential moderators at baseline. RESULTS The final sample (n=264) included 188 (71.2%) female, 66 (25%) male, 7 (2.7%) nonbinary, and 3 (1.1%) others participants with a mean age of 22.5 (SD 5.41) years. The intervention group reported significantly lower perceived stress (partial eta-squared [ηp2]=0.018; P=.03) and anxiety (ηp2=0.019; P=.03) levels after intervention relative to the active control group. The effects on perceived stress levels remained statistically significant at the 1-month follow-up (ηp2=0.015; P=.05). Students with the lowest CSE and highest PM experienced the fastest decline in perceived stress levels (β=6.37, 95% Cl 2.98-9.75). Improvements in anxiety levels were not observed at 1-month follow-up. Similarly, no intervention effects were found for depression levels at postintervention and follow-up periods. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the Intellect stress-coping SGI is effective in reducing perceived stress and anxiety levels among university students. Mobile health apps are brief, scalable, and can make important contributions to public mental health. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04978896; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04978896.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessalin Hui Yan Tan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Writing Yourself Well: Dispositional Self-Reflection Moderates the Effect of a Smartphone App-Based Journaling Intervention on Psychological Wellbeing across Time. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2022.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Self-reflection is often viewed positively; paradoxically, however, it is also associated with distress, potentially because of its relationship with rumination. Focusing self-reflection on positive themes may be one way to promote adaptive self-reflection. This study examined whether the disposition to engage in self-reflection motivates use of a journal containing positively focused writing prompts and moderates the benefit gained from it, specifically when rumination is controlled for. For 28 days, participants (N = 152) accessed an app-based mental health intervention containing various features, including the aforementioned journal. Outcomes of self-regulation and psychological wellbeing were assessed, controlling for time spent using other app features. As expected, journaling was associated with improvements in psychological wellbeing but only when baseline self-reflection was average or higher. Journaling was also initially associated with improvements in self-regulation, but this was diminished after controlling for time spent using other app features. Findings suggest self-reflection could be a strength for fostering wellbeing when it is directed in a positive way.
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Wilkinson BD. Understanding experiential awareness in humanistic‐phenomenological counseling. THE JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC COUNSELING 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/johc.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett D. Wilkinson
- School of Education, Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne Indiana USA
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Tyler J, Boldi MO, Cherubini M. Contemporary self-reflective practices: A large-scale survey. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 230:103768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Pourová M, Řiháček T, Chvála L, Vybíral Z, Boehnke JR. Negative effects during multicomponent group-based treatment: A multisite study. Psychother Res 2022; 33:282-297. [PMID: 35776667 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2022.2095237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Negative effects (NEs) in group treatments remain an under-researched area. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of various types of NEs in a multicomponent group-based treatment and to determine their predictors. Method: A total of 330 patients participating in a multicomponent group-based treatment were recruited across seven clinical sites. At the end of treatment, the Negative Effects Questionnaire (NEQ) was used to measure NEs. Item-level descriptive analysis was conducted to explore the prevalence of various types of NEs, and structural equation modeling was used to determine predictors of these NEs. Results: The most frequently reported type of NEs was the worsening of symptoms, and the single most frequently reported item was the resurfacing of unpleasant memories. Predictors of NEs included the overall distress level, alexithymia, attachment avoidance, low working alliance, problem actuation, and worse outcomes; psychological mindedness was a protective factor. Conclusion: Patients who experience higher levels of distress at the beginning of treatment, who perceive the group working alliance as problematic, and who experience high in-session emotional arousal related to their problem seem to be especially prone to reporting NEs. Furthermore, the findings do not support the assumption that NEs are a prerequisite for therapeutic change.Trial registration: ISRCTN.org identifier: ISRCTN13532466.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pourová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řiháček
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Chvála
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Vybíral
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan R Boehnke
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
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Validity and Reliability of Turkish Version of the Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-021-09452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Self-reflection, insight, and mood disorder symptoms: Evaluating the short form of the self-reflection and insight scale with clinical interviews and self-reports. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pang NTP, James S, Giloi N, Rahim SSSA, Omar A, Jeffree MS, Hayati F, Lim MC, Kassim MAM, Ng JR. Relationships between Psychopathology, Psychological Process Variables, and Sociodemographic Variables and Comparison of Quarantined and Non-Quarantined Groups of Malaysian University Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189656. [PMID: 34574581 PMCID: PMC8467044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had considerable psychological health impacts across the globe. This study aimed to establish the psychological process variables underlying psychopathology in Malaysian public university students during the national Movement Control Order (MCO). The aim was to craft structured and sustainable psychological support programs with these students. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving Malaysian university students subjected to the Malaysian MCO. Structured questionnaires measuring sociodemographic factors, measures of depression, anxiety, stress, psychological mindedness, psychological flexibility and state mindfulness were employed. A total of 515 students participated in this study with 12 students (2.3%) being quarantined at the time. Many of them scored 'moderate' or above on the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) with 20.2%, 25.0% and 14.2%, respectively. Quarantined students had higher depressive symptoms, with female students scoring significantly higher for depression, anxiety, and stress. Multiple regressions suggested gender and quarantine status predicted depression scores. However, only gender significantly predicted anxiety and stress. Psychological flexibility and psychological mindedness (Insight subscale) are significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress, with psychological mindedness predicting all three psychopathologies. This study demonstrates that gender, psychological flexibility, and psychological mindedness are key demographic and psychological factors impacting students. Targeting psychological flexibility and psychological mindedness may enable timely prevention and intervention programs for our students to support their mental and physical health as we move through, and out of, the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Sandi James
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nelbon Giloi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Azizan Omar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Firdaus Hayati
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Mei Ching Lim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
| | - Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-16-8814058
| | - Jun Rong Ng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (S.J.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.); (F.H.); (M.C.L.); (J.R.N.)
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Brazdau O, Ahuja S, Opariuc CD, Jones V, Sharma S, Monsanto C, Andrews S, Fiveson K. An Exploratory Analysis of Collective Patterns of Conscious Experience Using a Self-Report Questionnaire. Front Psychol 2021; 12:634677. [PMID: 34484022 PMCID: PMC8414250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is an exploration of collective patterns of conscious experience, as described by various psychological models, using a self-report questionnaire: The Consciousness Quotient Inventory (CQ-i). The CQ-i evaluates patterns of behaviors, attitudes, and attentional styles as well as the usage of conscious skills, awareness, and the capacity to “feel awake and alive,” providing a complex exploration of conscious experience. A set of 237 items covering major aspects of the subjective conscious experience was selected to detect the phenomenal patterns of subjective conscious experience. An exploratory factor analysis on a large sample (N = 2,360), combined with our previous meta-research on conceptual convergence of conscious experiences, revealed that these experiences appear to have 15 patterns common to all of us. A sample with a quasi-normal distribution (n = 2,266) was employed for standardization and classification of scores (M = 100; SD = 15). The study provides a conceptual framework for future in-depth studies on collective patterns of self-awareness, inner growth dynamics, and psychological maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Brazdau
- Consciousness Quotient Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sona Ahuja
- Faculty of Education, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, India
| | - Cristian-Dan Opariuc
- Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania
| | - Valita Jones
- Office of Success Coaching (OSC), California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Keith Fiveson
- Work Mindfulness Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Froelich TC, Oliveira MZD, Machado WDL. Network analysis of the variables involved in Career Development. PSICO-USF 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712021260206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of the study was to identify the relationships between career commitment and the perception of employability, career adaptability, self-reflection and insight of professionals from the southern region of Brazil. Participants were 535 individuals who answered an online questionnaire with sociodemographic questions and scales from career commitment, employability perception, career adaptability, self-reflection and insight, to evaluate the variables of interest in the study. The data were submitted to descriptive and network analysis. The results show a moderate and positive relationship between the variables studied and highlight the centrality and strength of the variables identity, planning and confidence among the analyzed variables. It is concluded that it is essential to encourage professionals to reflect on professional choices and their responsibility with their careers, based on the promotion of self-knowledge. Also, the role of organizations in the development of People Management practices that promote autonomy and relationships of trust stands out.
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Beyond Bounded Rationality: CEO Reflective Capacity and Firm Sustainability Performance. MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/mor.2021.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTOptimal or rational decision making is not possible due to informational constraints and limits in computation capability of humans (March & Simon, 1958; March, 1978). This bounded rationality serves as a filtering process in decision making among business executives (Hambrick & Mason, 1984). In this study, we propose the concept of CEO reflective capacity as a behavior-oriented cognitive capability that may overcome to some extent the pervasive limitation of bounded rationality in executive decision-making. Following Hinkin's (1998) method and two executive samples, we developed and validated a three-dimensional measure of CEO reflective capacity. Based on two-wave surveys of CEOs and their executive-subordinates in 213 Chinese small-medium sized firms, we tested and confirmed three hypotheses on how CEO reflective capacity is related to a firm's sustainability performance (including economic, societal, and environmental dimensions) through the mediating mechanisms of strategic decision comprehensiveness and CEO behavioral complexity. We discuss the contribution of this study to the literature on the upper echelons and information processing perspectives. We also identify the implications for future research on strategic leadership and managerial cognition in complex and dynamic contexts.
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The self-reflection and insight scale: applying item response theory to craft an efficient short form. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Stefan CA, Cheie L. Self-compassion and social anxiety in late adolescence: Contributions of self-reflection and insight. SELF AND IDENTITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2020.1861082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lavinia Cheie
- Research in Individual Differences and Legal Psychology (RIDDLE) Lab, Department of Psychology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Marciniak MA, Shanahan L, Rohde J, Schulz A, Wackerhagen C, Kobylińska D, Tuescher O, Binder H, Walter H, Kalisch R, Kleim B. Standalone Smartphone Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Ecological Momentary Interventions to Increase Mental Health: Narrative Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e19836. [PMID: 33180027 PMCID: PMC7691088 DOI: 10.2196/19836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of psychological interventions are delivered via smartphones with the aim of increasing the efficacy and effectiveness of these treatments and providing scalable access to interventions for improving mental health. Most of the scientifically tested apps are based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) principles, which are considered the gold standard for the treatment of most mental health problems. OBJECTIVE This review investigates standalone smartphone-based ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) built on principles derived from CBT that aim to improve mental health. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and PubMed databases for peer-reviewed studies published between January 1, 2007, and January 15, 2020. We included studies focusing on standalone app-based approaches to improve mental health and their feasibility, efficacy, or effectiveness. Both within- and between-group designs and studies with both healthy and clinical samples were included. Blended interventions, for example, app-based treatments in combination with psychotherapy, were not included. Selected studies were evaluated in terms of their design, that is, choice of the control condition, sample characteristics, EMI content, EMI delivery characteristics, feasibility, efficacy, and effectiveness. The latter was defined in terms of improvement in the primary outcomes used in the studies. RESULTS A total of 26 studies were selected. The results show that EMIs based on CBT principles can be successfully delivered, significantly increase well-being among users, and reduce mental health symptoms. Standalone EMIs were rated as helpful (mean 70.8%, SD 15.3; n=4 studies) and satisfying for users (mean 72.6%, SD 17.2; n=7 studies). CONCLUSIONS Study quality was heterogeneous, and feasibility was often not reported in the reviewed studies, thus limiting the conclusions that can be drawn from the existing data. Together, the studies show that EMIs may help increase mental health and thus support individuals in their daily lives. Such EMIs provide readily available, scalable, and evidence-based mental health support. These characteristics appear crucial in the context of a global crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic but may also help reduce personal and economic costs of mental health impairment beyond this situation or in the context of potential future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Centre of Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Judith Rohde
- University of Zurich, Psychiatric University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ava Schulz
- University of Zurich, Psychiatric University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Harald Binder
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Birgit Kleim
- University of Zurich, Psychiatric University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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[The Measurement of Psychological Mindedness: a validation study of the German version of the Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BIPM)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2020; 66:164-177. [PMID: 32552589 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2020.66.2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Measurement of Psychological Mindedness: a validation study of the German version of the Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BIPM) Objectives: The aim of the study is to examine central measurement properties of the translated Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BIPM) within a sample of German native speakers. Methods: Factor structure, validity and reliability of the BIPM was examined using data from a community sample of 399 participants. Additionally, associations between BIPM and socio-demographic variables were tested. Results: BIPM revealed a two factor structure (Insight and Interest), comparable to the original scale. Psychological mindedness (PM) correlated negatively with alexithymia, but did not correlate with emotional or cognitive irritation. Insight, but not Interest, correlated positively with psychological flexibility. Conclusions: The German translation proved to be a reliable, valid and economical measure for PM.
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Koep LL, Biggs ML, Rhodes JR, Elkins GR. PSYCHOLOGICAL MINDEDNESS, ATTITUDES TOWARD HYPNOSIS, AND EXPECTANCY AS CORRELATES OF HYPNOTIZABILITY. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2020; 68:68-79. [PMID: 31914366 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2020.1682255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to understand how psychological mindedness, attitudes toward hypnosis, and expectancy of hypnotizability are related to hypnotizability. Ninety-one undergraduate students were given measures pertaining to attitudes toward hypnosis, psychological mindedness, and self-ratings of expectancy of hypnotizability. The subjects were then administered the Elkins Hypnotizability Scale (EHS). Results demonstrated a significant correlation between participant scores on the EHS and the Attitudes Toward Hypnosis Scale (r = .401, p < .01) and self-ratings of expectancy of hypnotizability (r = .391, p < .01). The results of this study did not reveal any statistically significant correlations between psychological mindedness and hypnotizability (r = .113, p > .29) or expectancy of hypnotizability (r = .175, p > .10). Additional research is needed to fully understand the relationship between psychological mindedness and hypnotizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Koep
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Mattie L Biggs
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua R Rhodes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Gary R Elkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Psychological Mindedness and Alexithymia Predict Symptom Reduction in Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Cogn Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41811-019-00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Littrell S, Fugelsang J, Risko EF. Overconfidently underthinking: narcissism negatively predicts cognitive reflection. THINKING & REASONING 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2019.1633404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Littrell
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Fugelsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan F. Risko
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Turkish University Students’ Expectations about Counseling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-019-09378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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[Validation of the German Version of the Psychological Mindedness Scale (PMS-D)]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2019; 65:27-41. [PMID: 30774034 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2019.65.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Validation of the German Version of the Psychological Mindedness Scale (PMS-D) Objectives: The Psychological Mindedness Scale (PMS) is one of the few established measures for psychological mindedness (PM). PM refers to a capacity and disposition to properly perceive inner processes - feelings, thoughts and conflicts. The aim of this study was the validation of the German translation of the PMS, which was conducted via TRAPDprocess. METHODS Following a pre-study for adjusting the translation, the scale was presented to a sample generated by students (n = 157). We conducted a factor analysis and calculated the reliability of the scale and its four factors with Cronbach's α. Convergent validity was measured by calculating correlations with the Toronto-Alexithymia-Scale (TAS-20). RESULTS Internal consistency and convergent validity of the scale translation proved to be good. Due to the relatively small sample we tested whether data quality was sufficient for factor analysis which was the case. The best solution was a four factor solution which reflected the main components from theoretical definitions of PM. CONCLUSIONS The proposed translation is in our view convenient to be used in German language area.
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Ballespí S, Vives J, Debbané M, Sharp C, Barrantes-Vidal N. Beyond diagnosis: Mentalization and mental health from a transdiagnostic point of view in adolescents from non-clinical population. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:755-763. [PMID: 30551321 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An increasing volume of evidence suggests that mentalization (MZ) can be an important factor in the transition from mental health to mental illness and vice versa. However, most studies are focused on the role of MZ in specific disorders. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between MZ and mental health as a trans-diagnostic process. A sample of 172 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years old (M = 14.6, SD = 1.7; 56.4% of girls) was assessed on measures of MZ, psychopathology and psychological functioning from a multimethod and multi-informant perspective. Contrary to predictions, MZ was not associated with general psychopathology and comorbidity, even when explored from a broad, trans-diagnostic perspective. However, we observed a robust association linking MZ to functioning and well-being across many dimensions, involving social, role and several psychological indicators of adjustment and mental health. These results suggest that MZ may contribute to mental health beyond symptoms, not so much associated with psychopathology, but rather resilience and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ballespí
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jaume Vives
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martin Debbané
- Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Developmental NeuroImaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Mental Health. Fundació Sanitària Sant Pere Claver, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Op den Kamp EM, Bakker AB, Tims M, Demerouti E. Proactive Vitality Management and Creative Work Performance: The Role of Self‐Insight and Social Support. JOURNAL OF CREATIVE BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jocb.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
The article presents the results of studying the reflexive characteristics of cognitive states. The values of states and their relations with the motivational and value characteristics of the subject are studied. The research used methods of analysis of semantic spaces of states: associative experiment and subjective scaling, methods for studying the values and relationships of the subject, mood, metacognitive awareness and involvement in the learning process. The results show that the semantic spaces of most cognitive states are close to each other, the dominant components of spaces of cognitive states are intellectual-cognitive components. The structure of interrelation between motivational characteristics and cognitive states is revealed. The connections of terminal values (development of oneself, spiritual satisfaction, the value of achievements and preservation of one’s own personality), which are integrated with cognitive states, are established.
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Hill S, McMahon C. Maternal Mind-Mindedness: Stability Across Relationships and Associations with Attachment Style and Psychological Mindedness. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Hill
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology; Macquarie University; North Ryde NSW Australia
| | - Catherine McMahon
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology; Macquarie University; North Ryde NSW Australia
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27
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Brown N, McAvoy P, Joffe M. Defining insight: a challenge that matters. CLINICAL TEACHER 2014; 11:170-3. [DOI: 10.1111/tct.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Brown
- National Clinical Assessment Service (NCAS); London UK
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Abstract
Reflection has become established as a key principle underpinning maintenance of standards within professional education and practice. A requirement to evidence reflection within performance review is intended to develop a transformative approach to practice, identify developmental goals, and ultimately, improve healthcare. However, some applications have taken an excessively instrumental approach to the evidencing of reflection, and while they have provided useful templates or framing devices for recording individualistic reflective practice, they potentially have distorted the original intentions. This article revisits the educational theory underpinning the importance of reflection for enhancing performance and considers how to enhance its value within current paediatric practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Murdoch-Eaton
- Department of Paediatrics/Medical Education, Leeds Institute of Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, , Leeds, UK
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Stein D, Grant AM. Disentangling the Relationships Among Self-Reflection, Insight, and Subjective Well-Being: The Role of Dysfunctional Attitudes and Core Self-Evaluations. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 148:505-22. [DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2013.810128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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30
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Takagishi Y, Uji M, Adachi K. Examining the factor structure of the Psychological Mindedness Scale in the Japanese population through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Which Client Characteristics Contribute to Good and Poor Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment Outcome for Social Anxiety Disorder? A Survey of Clinicians. BEHAVIOUR CHANGE 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/bec.2012.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to survey a group of clinicians who identify themselves as experienced in treating social anxiety disorder using cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT) with regard to the characteristics of clients which they think, based on their experience, are predictive of poor or good CBT outcome. Fifty-four practising clinicians responded to an email inviting participation in a research study of clinicians’ opinions about client characteristics that may be important in CBT outcome for social anxiety. Participants completed open-ended questions about, and made ratings of the importance of, client characteristics that they believed impact upon the outcome of CBT for social anxiety disorder. Motivation for seeking treatment, comorbidity, and intellect or reasoning ability were nominated most frequently by clinicians as having an effect on CBT outcome. Acceptance of the CBT rationale/model, ability to take responsibility for change, motivation/reason for seeking treatment, and ability to develop an alliance were all rated by participants as being important in contributing to CBT outcome. The results provide direction for future empirical research on client characteristics as predictors of CBT outcome.
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Pilot Study of an Investigation of Psychological Factors Associated with First Appointment Nonattendance in a Low-Intensity Service. Behav Cogn Psychother 2012; 41:458-69. [DOI: 10.1017/s1352465812000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Nonattendance rates remain high for first therapy appointments, despite initiatives to increase access to psychological therapy. The reasons for nonattendance are poorly understood and studies of demographic and clinical predictors have produced conflicting findings. Aims: We aimed to pilot a method for investigating psychological factors associated with first appointment attendance in a primary care mental health service. Method: Questionnaires were completed by individuals at the point of referral to CBT with a low-intensity service in one general practice (n = 67), including a measure of beliefs, goals and attitudes towards therapy, as well as anxiety and depression scales. Subsequent attendance at the first appointment was used as an outcome. Results: Preliminary results showed that attendance was not associated with age or gender, severity of distress, or overall ratings for positive or negative attitudes towards therapy; although distress itself was associated with increased endorsement of negative attitudes. However, one specific psychological item, “Talking to a therapist will help me understand better how my mind works” had a significant association with subsequent attendance. Conclusions: The psychological factor that was associated with increased attendance may reflect the concept of psychological mindedness; however, this requires replication in a larger study. A full-scale study was deemed to be warranted based on this prospective design.
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Grant AM, Cavanagh MJ, Kleitman S, Spence G, Lakota M, Yu N. Development and validation of the solution-focused inventory. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2012.697184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Silvia PJ, Phillips AG. Evaluating self-reflection and insight as self-conscious traits. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Assessing therapy-relevant cognitive capacities in young people: development and psychometric evaluation of the self-reflection and insight scale for youth. Behav Cogn Psychother 2010; 38:303-17. [PMID: 20380777 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465810000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of cognitive-behaviour therapy with young people may be influenced by a young person's capacity for self-reflection and insight. Clinicians who assess clients' proficiencies in these cognitive capacities can better tailor cognitive and behavioural techniques to the client, facilitating engagement and enhancing treatment outcome. It is therefore important that sound instruments for assessing self-reflection and insight in young people are available. AIMS The aim of the current study was to translate and adapt the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) for use with a child and adolescent population (Study 1), and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the resulting measure, the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale for Youth (SRIS-Y; Study 2). METHOD In Study 1 (n=145), the comprehensibility of the SRIS-Y was assessed in a community sample of children and adolescents. Study 2 (n=215) then explored the reliability and structural, convergent, and divergent validity of the SRIS-Y. RESULTS The SRIS-Y was found to be comprehensible to young people, and had good reliability and structural validity. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the SRIS-Y is a sound instrument for assessing therapy-relevant cognitive capacities in young people, of potential benefit in both research and clinical contexts. Future research foci include the predictive validity of the instrument.
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Nyklícek I, Poot JC, van Opstal J. Psychological mindedness in relation to personality and coping in a sample of young adult psychiatric patients. J Clin Psychol 2010; 66:34-45. [PMID: 19899141 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Psychological mindedness (PM) is a relevant but rarely studied construct in clinical psychology. The aim was to examine the relationships among PM, personality, and coping in young adults with psychological difficulties. Sixty-three young women and 32 young men who were admitted for intake at a Dutch mental health institute completed relevant questionnaires. PM showed positive associations with the putatively adaptive personality characteristics of extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness and a negative correlation with neuroticism. In addition, PM was associated with problem-focused coping independently of the effect of personality characteristics. PM seems to be related to adaptive person characteristics in young adults with psychological difficulties. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine the issue of causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nyklícek
- Centre of Research on Psychology in Somatic Disease (CoRPS), Department of Medical Psychology, Tilburg University, P.O. Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, the Netherlands.
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Roberts C, Stark P. Readiness for self-directed change in professional behaviours: factorial validation of the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2008; 42:1054-63. [PMID: 19141007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Self-reflection, the practice of inspecting and evaluating one's own thoughts, feelings and behaviour, and insight, the ability to understand one's own thoughts, feelings and behaviour, are central to the self-regulation of behaviours. The Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) measures three factors in the self-regulation cycle: need for reflection; engagement in reflection, and insight. METHODS We used structural equation modelling to undertake a confirmatory factor analysis of the SRIS. We re-specified our model to analyse all of the data to explain relationships between the SRIS, medical student characteristics, and responses to issues of teaching and learning in professionalism. RESULTS The factorial validity of a modified SRIS showed all items loading significantly on their expected factors, with a good fit to the data. Each subscale had good internal reliability (> 0.8). There was a strong relationship between the need for reflection and engagement in reflection (r = 0.77). Insight was related to need for reflection (0.22) and age (0.21), but not to the process of engaging in reflection (0.06). CONCLUSIONS Validation of the SRIS provides researchers with a new instrument with which to measure and investigate the processes of self-reflection and insight in the context of students' self-regulation of their professionalism. Insight is related to the motive or need for reflection, but the process of reflection does not lead to insight. Attending to feelings is an important and integral aspect of self-reflection and insight. Effective strategies are needed to develop students' insight as they reflect on their professionalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Roberts
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Innovation in Professional Health Education and Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Cecero JJ, Beitel M, Prout T. Exploring the relationships among early maladaptive schemas, psychological mindedness and self-reported college adjustment. Psychol Psychother 2008; 81:105-18. [PMID: 17588307 DOI: 10.1348/147608307x216177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this research was to study the statistical effects of psychological mindedness (PM) upon the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and self-reported college adjustment. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was employed to assess correlations among study variables and to assess the role of PM as moderator or mediator in the relationship between EMS and adjustment. METHODS Into this study, 264 undergraduate students were recruited in partial fulfilment of research requirements in introductory psychology class. Participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire, the Psychological Mindedness Scale and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. RESULTS At the level of bivariate correlations, EMS were inversely associated with college adjustment and with PM, and PM was positively associated with adjustment. In a multiple regression equation with PM and EMS entered separately and then as an interaction term as predictors of adjustment, PM was not a significant moderator. However, in a path analysis, the indirect effect of EMS on adjustment through PM was significant, suggesting that PM is a significant mediator. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the assessment of EMS and PM may enhance an understanding of problems with college adjustment and that interventions to reduce the negative effects of EMS may indeed benefit from efforts to improve PM and its correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Cecero
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, NY 10023, USA.
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Grant AM, Franklin J, Langford P. THE SELF-REFLECTION AND INSIGHT SCALE: A NEW MEASURE OF PRIVATE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY 2002. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Private self-consciousness and the subordinate constructs of self-reflection and insight are key factors in the self-regulatory process underpinning the creation of behavior change, both in clinical practice with clinical populations, and in performance enhancing coaching with nonclinical
populations. This paper reports the construction and validation of the Self- Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) which is designed to be an advance on the Private Self-Consciousnes Scale (PrSCS; Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975). Previous work has found the PrSCS to comprise two factors,
self-reflection and internal state awareness. In a series of studies two separate factor analyses found the SRIS comprised two separate factors labeled Self-Reflection (SRIS-SR) and Insight (SRIS-IN). “Need for self-reflection” and “engagement in self-reflection” loaded
on the same factor. Test-retest reliability over a 7-week period was .77 (SRIS-SR) and .78 (SRIS-IN). The PrSCS correlated positively with the SRIS-SR and negatively with the SRIS-IN. The SRIS-SR correlated positively with anxiety and stress, but not with depression and alexithymia. The SRIS-IN
was negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, stress and alexithymia, and positively correlated with cognitive flexibility and self-regulation. Individuals who had kept diaries had higher SRIS-SR scores but lower SRISIN scores than did those who had not kept diaries. Implications of
these findings for models of self-regulation and goal attainment are discussed.
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