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Seitler S, Dimopoulos K, Ernst S, Price LC. Medical Emergencies in Pulmonary Hypertension. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:777-796. [PMID: 37595615 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The management of acute medical emergencies in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) can be challenging. Patients with preexisting PH can rapidly deteriorate due to right ventricular decompensation when faced with acute physiological challenges that would usually be considered low-risk scenarios. This review considers the assessment and management of acute medical emergencies in patients with PH, encompassing both pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), acknowledging these comprise the more severe groups of PH. Management protocols are described in a systems-based approach. Respiratory emergencies include pulmonary embolism, airways disease, and pneumonia; cardiac emergencies including arrhythmia and chest pain with acute myocardial infarction are discussed, alongside PH-specific emergencies such as pulmonary artery dissection and extrinsic coronary artery compression by a dilated proximal pulmonary artery. Other emergencies including sepsis, severe gastroenteritis with dehydration, syncope, and liver failure are also considered. We propose management recommendations for medical emergencies based on available evidence, international guidelines, and expert consensus. We aim to provide advice to the specialist alongside the generalist, and emergency doctors, nurses, and acute physicians in nonspecialist centers. A multidisciplinary team approach is essential in the management of patients with PH, and communication with local and specialist PH centers is paramount. Close hemodynamic monitoring during medical emergencies in patients with preexisting PH is vital, with early referral to critical care recommended given the frequent deterioration and high mortality in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Seitler
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Dimopoulos
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Service, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Ernst
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Service, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C Price
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Predictive value of chest HRCT for survival in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Respir Res 2021; 22:293. [PMID: 34789251 PMCID: PMC8597242 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little attention has been paid to chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients so far, while a couple of small studies suggested that presence of centrilobular ground-glass opacifications (GGO) on lung scans could have a significant negative prognostic value. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: to assess frequency and clinical significance of GGO in IPAH, and to verify if it carries an add-on prognostic value in reference to multidimensional risk assessment tool recommended by the 2015 European pulmonary hypertension guidelines. Methods Chest HRCT scans of 110 IPAH patients were retrospectively analysed. Patients were divided into three groups: with panlobular (p)GGO, centrilobular (c)GGO, and normal lung pattern. Association of different GGO patterns with demographic, functional, haemodynamic, and biochemical parameters was tested. Survival analysis was also performed. Results GGO were found in 46% of the IPAH patients: pGGO in 24% and cGGO in 22%. Independent predictors of pGGO were: positive history of haemoptysis, higher number of low-risk factors, and lower cardiac output. Independent predictors of cGGO were: positive history of haemoptysis, younger age, higher right atrial pressure, and higher mixed venous blood oxygen saturation. CGGO had a negative prognostic value for outcome in a 2-year perspective. This effect was not seen in the longer term, probably due to short survival of cGGO patients. Conclusions Lung HRCT carries a significant independent prognostic information in IPAH, and in patients with cGGO present on the scans an early referral to lung transplantation centres should be considered.
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Yang X, Ma W, Shi X, Sun X, Wei Y, Yan Z, Li S. Novel approach of rigid bronchoscopy concurrent with cesarean section and bronchial arterial embolism for patients with massive hemoptysis during pregnancy: case reports and literature review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:582. [PMID: 33987280 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Massive hemoptysis can be life-threatening and is frequently encountered in clinical practice, but rare during pregnancy. There have been limited case reports of massive hemoptysis in pregnancy in patients with conditions such as Takayasu's arteritis, bronchiectasis, bronchial carcinoid tumor, and tuberculosis. The most important management is early control of the hemorrhage and airway protection. We report on 2 patients at 33 and 27 gestational weeks who were admitted to the emergency department because of massive hemoptysis. Therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy with the application of high-frequency jet ventilation was performed under general anesthesia during cesarean section to control potential bleeding and stabilize the airway; this was then followed by bronchial artery embolization (BAE) postsurgically. The lives of both mothers and infants were saved. At the 16- and 11-month follow-ups, the patients showed no symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the application of therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy concurrent with cesarean section in order to protect the airway and reduce the side effects of the subsequent treatment for both mother and fetus in hemoptysis cases. By reporting these cases and conducting a literature review, we present a novel treatment method for massive hemoptysis in pregnant patients that may improve patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yumei Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziguang Yan
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangling Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Efficacy and Safety of Bronchial Artery Embolization on Hemoptysis in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Pilot Prospective Cohort Study. Crit Care Med 2020; 47:e182-e189. [PMID: 30531186 PMCID: PMC6407824 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objectives: Managing hemoptysis in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension can be challenging due to the difficulties in maintaining coagulation homeostasis in affected patients. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of bronchial artery embolization in treating hemoptysis in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients. Design: Pilot, prospective cohort study. Setting: A large respiratory medical institute. Patients: From January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017, hospitalized chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients were eligible for inclusion. Patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by other conditions, or who failed to participate in the follow-up were excluded. Interventions: Hemoptysis in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients was treated with or without bronchial artery embolization based on whether the bleeding could be stopped with medication alone and patient willingness for bronchial artery embolization treatment. Measurements and Main Results: A total of 328 patients diagnosed with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension were consecutively collected, 317 patients were completed the follow-up. There were 15 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients with hemoptysis in total, and the occurrence rate of hemoptysis in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients was 4.7%. Among the hemoptysis chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients, 10 (67%) underwent bronchial artery embolization, and five (33%) were treated with medication only. The median follow-up period for hemoptysis patients was 7.6 months. In patients underwent bronchial artery embolization treatment, oxygenation index and right heart function showed no significant difference between pre bronchial artery embolization and post bronchial artery embolization. Hemoptysis relapse (20% vs 80%; p = 0.025) and hemoptysis-related mortality (0% vs 40%; p = 0.032) were significantly lower, whereas the overall survival (90% vs 40%; p = 0.040) was higher in patients treated with bronchial artery embolization than in patients treated without bronchial artery embolization. Conclusions: Bronchial artery embolization procedure demonstrated effectiveness and safety to treat hemoptysis in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients at our center, but further controlled studies are needed before it can be considered as an effective therapy for these patients.
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is divided into varied pathophysiological and etiologic groupings, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which falls under WHO group 1 PH, is a progressive and potentially fatal disease characterized by a vasoconstrictive, proliferative, and thrombotic phenotype, which leads to increased pulmonary artery pressure, right heart failure, and death. Pathologically, in situ thromboses are found in the small distal pulmonary arteries. Dysregulation of coagulation, platelet function, and endothelial cells may contribute to a prothrombotic state. There is mixed evidence for the use of anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy in PAH patients.
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Price LC, Dimopoulos K, Marino P, Alonso-Gonzalez R, McCabe C, Kemnpy A, Swan L, Boutsikou M, Al Zahrani A, Coghlan GJ, Schreiber BE, Howard LS, Davies R, Toshner M, Pepke-Zaba J, Church AC, Peacock A, Corris PA, Lordan JL, Gaine S, Condliffe R, Kiely DG, Wort SJ. The CRASH report: emergency management dilemmas facing acute physicians in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thorax 2017; 72:1035-1045. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Riociguat for pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: Results from a phase II long-term extension study. Respir Med 2017; 128:50-56. [PMID: 28610669 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riociguat was well tolerated and improved exercise and functional capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in a 12-week Phase II trial. We present final data from the long-term extension phase of this study. METHODS During this multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled long-term extension study, riociguat dose could be changed at the physician's discretion (range 0.5-2.5 mg three times daily). The primary outcome was long-term safety and tolerability of riociguat; secondary outcomes included 6-minute walking distance, World Health Organization functional class, survival, and clinical worsening-free survival. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients (inoperable CTEPH, n = 41; PAH, n = 27) entered the long-term extension. Median treatment duration at the final data cut-off was 77 months. The most common adverse events were nasopharyngitis (57%) and peripheral edema (37%). Three patients (4%) experienced serious adverse events of hemoptysis: two moderate, one severe, none fatal or considered drug-related. At Month 48, 6-minute walking distance increased from baseline by 69 ± 105 m, and World Health Organization functional class improved/stabilized/worsened versus baseline in 50/45/5% of patients. Three-year survival and clinical worsening-free survival were 91% and 49%, respectively (with patients censored if they withdrew without experiencing an event). Starting a new PAH treatment was the most frequent clinical worsening event. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in exercise and functional capacity were maintained at 4 years in patients remaining on treatment, with no new safety signals identified. These data support riociguat as a long-term treatment option for PAH and inoperable CTEPH. TRIAL REGISTERED AT ClinicalTrials.gov. REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00454558.
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Rasciti E, Sverzellati N, Silva M, Casadei A, Attinà D, Palazzini M, Galiè N, Zompatori M. Bronchial artery embolization for the treatment of haemoptysis in pulmonary hypertension. Radiol Med 2016; 122:257-264. [PMID: 28025781 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-016-0714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the efficacy of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) to treat haemoptysis in pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS 33 patients were treated by BAE for haemoptysis associated with PH (PH group = 21) or non-associated with PH (control group = 12). The details of procedure, outcome, and rate of relapse were compared between the two groups. Within the PH group, the comparison was operated between subjects with congenital heart disease-associated pulmonary artery hypertension (CHD-APAH subgroup = 12) and non-CHD (non-CHD-APAH subgroup = 9). RESULTS The rate of relapse at 30 and 90-days was similar between the PH group and control group. BAE in the PH group was more challenging (median 2 arteries embolized per procedure) compared to the control group (median 1 artery embolized per procedure; p = 0.001). Bleeding arteries were more heterogeneous in the PH group, while a single right bronchial artery was the only clinical finding in 66.7% of controls (p = 0.001). Within the PH group, the CHD subgroup showed higher survival rate compared to the non-CHD-APAH group (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION BAE is effective and safe for the treatment of haemoptysis in PH, yet more challenging than other conditions. In PH-associated haemoptysis, BAE provides higher survival rate for subjects with PH associated with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Rasciti
- Division of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Nicola Sverzellati
- Division of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mario Silva
- Division of Radiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Casadei
- Cardiothoracic Radiology Unit, Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, University Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Attinà
- Cardiothoracic Radiology Unit, Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, University Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Palazzini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Galiè
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zompatori
- Cardiothoracic Radiology Unit, Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Department, University Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:903-75. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01032-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1929] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines summarize and evaluate all available evidence on a particular issue at the time of the writing process, with the aim of assisting health professionals in selecting the best management strategies for an individual patient with a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk–benefit ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines and recommendations should help health professionals to make decisions in their daily practice. However, the final decisions concerning an individual patient must be made by the responsible health professional(s) in consultation with the patient and caregiver as appropriate.
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Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:67-119. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3916] [Impact Index Per Article: 435.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Shao H, Wu J, Wu Q, Sun X, Li L, Xing Z, Sun H. Bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis: a retrospective observational study of 344 patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:58-62. [PMID: 25563314 PMCID: PMC4837820 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.147811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoptysis is a significant clinical entity with high morbidity and potential mortality. Both medical management (in terms of resuscitation and bronchoscopic interventions) and surgery have severe limitations in these patients population. Bronchial artery embolization (BAE) represents the first-line treatment for hemoptysis. This article discusses clinical analysis, embolization approach, outcomes and complications of BAE for the treatment of hemoptysis. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 344 cases, who underwent bronchial arteriography at Tianjin Haihe Hospital between 2006 and 2013. Several aspects of outcome were analyzed: Demographics, clinical presentation, radiographic studies, results, complications and follow-up of BAE. RESULTS Three hundred and forty-four consecutive patients underwent bronchial arteriography, 336 of 344 patients (97.7%) performed BAE; there were 1530 coils for 920 arteries embolized; the main responsible sources for bleeding were right bronchial artery (29.7%), left bronchial artery (21.6%), combined right and left bronchial trunk (18.4%), right intercostal arteries (13.3%); 61 patients (17.7%) had recurrent hemoptysis within 1 month after undergoing BAE, 74 patients (21.5%) had recurrent hemoptysis over 1 month after undergoing BAE; The common complications of BAE included subintimal dissection, arterial perforation by a guide wire, fever, chest pain, dyspnea, etc. The follow-up was completed in 248 patients, 28 patients had been dead, 21 patients still bleed, 92 patients had lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The technique of BAE is a relatively safe and effective method for controlling hemoptysis . The complications of BAE are rare. Although the long-term outcome in some patients is not good, BAE may be the only life-saving treatment option in patients who are poor surgical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qi Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Tianjin Haihe Hospital; Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Disease, Tianjin 300350, China
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Schranz D, Kerst G, Menges T, Akintürk H, van Alversleben I, Ostermayer S, Apitz C, Moysich A. Transcatheter creation of a reverse Potts shunt in a patient with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with Moyamoya syndrome. EUROINTERVENTION 2015; 11:121. [DOI: 10.4244/eijv11i1a21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rubin LJ, Galiè N, Grimminger F, Grünig E, Humbert M, Jing ZC, Keogh A, Langleben D, Fritsch A, Menezes F, Davie N, Ghofrani HA. Riociguat for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: a long-term extension study (PATENT-2). Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1303-13. [PMID: 25614164 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00090614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Riociguat is a soluble, guanylate cyclase stimulator, approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension. In the 12-week PATENT-1 study, riociguat was well tolerated and improved several clinically relevant end-points in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who were treatment naïve or had been pretreated with endothelin-receptor antagonists or prostanoids. The PATENT-2 open-label extension evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of riociguat. Eligible patients from the PATENT-1 study received riociguat individually adjusted up to a maximum dose of 2.5 mg three times daily. The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of riociguat; exploratory efficacy assessments included 6-min walking distance and World Health Organization (WHO) functional class. Overall, 396 patients entered the PATENT-2 study and 324 (82%) were ongoing at this interim analysis (March 2013). The safety profile of riociguat in PATENT-2 was similar to that observed in PATENT-1, with cases of haemoptysis and pulmonary haemorrhage also being observed in PATENT-2. Improvements in the patients', 6-min walking distance and WHO functional class observed in PATENT-1 persisted for up to 1 year in PATENT-2. In the observed population at the 1-year time point, mean±sd 6-min walking distance had changed by 51±74 m and WHO functional class had improved in 33%, stabilised in 61% and worsened in 6% of the patients versus the PATENT-1 baseline. Long-term riociguat was well tolerated in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, and led to sustained improvements in exercise capacity and functional capacity for up to 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Rubin
- Dept of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nazzareno Galiè
- Dept of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Bologna University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France AP-HP Service de Pneumologie, DHU Thorax Innovation, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France INSERM U999, LabEx LERMIT, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis, Robinson, France
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anne Keogh
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Langleben
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Arno Fritsch
- Global Clinical Development, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Neil Davie
- Global Clinical Development, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hossein-Ardeschir Ghofrani
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL) Dept of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Simonneau G, D'Armini AM, Ghofrani HA, Grimminger F, Hoeper MM, Jansa P, Kim NH, Wang C, Wilkins MR, Fritsch A, Davie N, Colorado P, Mayer E. Riociguat for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a long-term extension study (CHEST-2). Eur Respir J 2014; 45:1293-302. [PMID: 25395036 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00087114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Riociguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator approved for the treatment of inoperable and persistent/recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In the 16-week CHEST-1 study, riociguat showed a favourable benefit-risk profile and improved several clinically relevant end-points in patients with CTEPH. The CHEST-2 open-label extension evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of riociguat. Eligible patients from CHEST-1 received riociguat individually adjusted up to a maximum dose of 2.5 mg three times daily. The primary objective was the safety and tolerability of riociguat; exploratory efficacy end-points included 6-min walking distance (6MWD) and World Health Organization (WHO) functional class (FC). Overall, 237 patients entered CHEST-2 and 211 (89%) were ongoing at this interim analysis (March 2013). The safety profile of riociguat in CHEST-2 was similar to CHEST-1, with no new safety signals. Improvements in 6MWD and WHO FC observed in CHEST-1 persisted for up to 1 year in CHEST-2. In the observed population at 1 year, mean±sd 6MWD had changed by +51±62 m (n=172) versus CHEST-1 baseline (n=237), and WHO FC had improved/stabilised/worsened in 47/50/3% of patients (n=176) versus CHEST-1 baseline (n=236). Long-term riociguat had a favourable benefit-risk profile and apparently showed sustained benefits in exercise and functional capacity for up to 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Simonneau
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence en Recherche sur le Médicament et Innovation Thérapeutique, and INSERM Unité 999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Andrea M D'Armini
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Foundation "I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo", University of Pavia School of Medicine, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hossein-Ardeschir Ghofrani
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany, and Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL) Dept of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany, and Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Marius M Hoeper
- Clinic for Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, and Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Pavel Jansa
- Clinical Dept of Cardiology and Angiology, First Faculty of Medicine and General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nick H Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao Yang Hospital, Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Martin R Wilkins
- National Institute for Health Research/Wellcome Trust Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Arno Fritsch
- Global Clinical Development, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Neil Davie
- Global Clinical Development, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Pablo Colorado
- Global Clinical Development, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eckhard Mayer
- Kerckhoff Heart and Lung Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Lee MK, Kim SH, Yong SJ, Shin KC, Kim HS, Yu TS, Choi EH, Lee WY. Moderate hemoptysis: recurrent hemoptysis and mortality according to bronchial artery embolization. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2014; 9:53-64. [PMID: 24406077 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The studies on hemoptysis have focused mainly on hemoptysis causes and massive or life-threatening hemoptysis. And there is a limited data that non-massive hemoptysis, especially moderate hemoptysis. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the prognosis and severity of bleeding on flexible bronchoscopy (FB) between moderate and massive hemoptysis. METHODS We reviewed total 852 subjects (59.9 ± 16.0 years) identified with hemoptysis. Reviewed database included severity of subjective hemoptysis, bleeding on FB, comorbid conditions, time from admission to bronchial artery embolization (BAE), recurrent hemoptysis and mortality. RESULTS In subjective hemoptysis, recurrent hemoptysis occurred in mild 8.0%, moderate 40.7%, massive hemoptysis 33.8%, and mortality was 4.7%, 13.4% and 13.5%. Especially, no statistical difference was shown in recurrent hemoptysis [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.795; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.562-1.125, P = 0.196] and mortality (HR = 1.054; 95% CI 0.596-1.864, P = 0.856) between moderate and massive hemoptysis. In moderate hemoptysis patients, oozing or active bleeding on FB took up 83.3%. In this review, recurrent hemoptysis was more in oozing bleeding than active bleeding (HR = 1.781; 95% CI 1.214-2.431, P = 0.002), but mortality was similar (HR = 1.611; 95% CI 0.930-2.790, P = 0.089). Recurrent hemoptysis significantly decreased in the group with BAE performed within 24 h (HR = 0.308; 95% CI 0.149-0.637, P = 0.001) in moderate hemoptysis. Also, recurrent hemoptysis and mortality were significantly increased in the patients with smoking (≥40 pack-years), oozing or active bleeding on FB, and hypertension. CONCLUSION Moderate hemoptysis has shown similar prognosis of recurrent hemoptysis and mortality to massive hemoptysis. Therefore, the more aggressive FB and BAE should be considered in moderate hemoptysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Roofthooft MT, Douwes JM, Vrijlandt EJ, Berger RM. Frequency and prognostic significance of hemoptysis in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112:1505-9. [PMID: 23972345 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Data concerning the prevalence, risk factors, and prognostic significance of hemoptysis in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are scarce. A Dutch national cohort of 74 children with either idiopathic or heritable PAH (IPAH/HPAH, n = 43) or PAH associated with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD, n = 31) were followed from 1993 to 2012. During a median follow-up of 3.5 years (range 0.1 to 19.2), hemoptysis occurred in 13 children (17.6%). The hemoptysis event rate was 9.9 per 100 patient-years, equally divided between IPAH/HPAH and PAH-CHD (p = 0.824). The median age at first hemoptysis was 12.5 years, and the median time since PAH diagnosis to first hemoptysis was 6.1 years. Patients with hemoptysis had longer time since PAH diagnosis (p = 0.001) and more frequently used anticoagulant therapy (p = 0.006). Univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that older age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.30, p = 0.031), World Health Organization functional class IV (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.95, p = 0.042), higher mean pulmonary arterial pressure (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.07, p = 0.028), and higher indexed pulmonary vascular resistance (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.15, p = 0.009), all at the time of PAH diagnosis, were associated with increased risk of hemoptysis during follow-up. Ten of 13 patients with hemoptysis died or underwent (heart-) lung transplantation; in 6 patients, this was directly related to hemoptysis. In conclusion, the occurrence of hemoptysis in pediatric IPAH/HPAH and PAH-CHD increases with time since diagnosis, is a serious condition, and is, in case of life-threatening hemoptysis, associated with poor outcome.
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Risk factors for hemoptysis in idiopathic and hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78132. [PMID: 24194909 PMCID: PMC3806771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction When hemoptysis complicates pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), it is assumed to result from bronchial artery hypertrophy. In heritable PAH, the most common mutation is in the BMPR2 gene, which regulates growth, differentiation and apoptosis of mesenchymal cells. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship in PAH between the occurrence of hemoptysis, and disease progression, bronchial artery hypertrophy, pulmonary artery dilation and BMPR2 mutations. Methods 129 IPAH patients underwent baseline pulmonary imaging (CT angio or MRI) and repeated right-sided heart catheterization. Gene mutations were assessed in a subset of patients. Results Hemoptysis was associated with a greater presence of hypertrophic bronchial arteries and more rapid hemodynamic deterioration. The presence of a BMPR2 mutation did not predispose to the development of hemoptysis, but was associated with a greater number of hypertrophic bronchial arteries and a worse baseline hemodynamic profile. Conclusion Hemoptysis in PAH is associated with bronchial artery hypertrophy and faster disease progression. Although the presence of a BMPR2 mutation did not correlate with a greater incidence of hemoptysis in our patient cohort, its association with worse hemodynamics and a trend of greater bronchial arterial hypertrophy may increase the risk of hemoptysis.
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Cantu J, Wang D, Safdar Z. Clinical implications of haemoptysis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2013:5-12. [PMID: 22943513 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disabling disease that may result in haemoptysis. Patients with congenital heart disease associated PAH (CHD-APAH) may have a survival advantage when compared with patients with other types of PAH presenting with haemoptysis. The effects of aetiology and subsequent management choice of haemoptysis in PAH patients is not well-defined. METHODS We conducted outcome analysis in CHD-APAH vs. all other subtypes of PAH patients presenting with haemoptysis to The Methodist Hospital. Twenty-one patients were identified, 13 patients in the CHD-APAH group and eight patients in the non-CHD group. We evaluated outcomes related to treatment (bronchial artery embolisation (BAE) vs. conservative management), hospital length of stay, mortality rates and survival in this cohort. RESULTS The CHD-APAH and non-CHD groups had similar baseline demographic, haemodynamic and laboratory values except BMI was higher in the non-CHD group and haematocrit was higher in the CHD-APAH group. Twenty-eight-day mortality (0% vs. 31%) and 1-year mortality (0% vs. 54%) was lower in the CHD-APAH patients as compared with non-CHD group. A statistically significant difference was found in the survival rate in favour of CHD-APAH group for the total follow-up period (p = 0.02). Although not statistically significant, patients treated with BAE had shorter length of stay (4.0 days ± 4.0 vs. 13.7 days ± 22.5; p = 0.26). There was recurrent haemoptysis in 43% of patients treated with BAE. CONCLUSION Haemoptysis in PAH patients is a serious event with a high mortality rate. CHD-APAH seems to confer a survival advantage, independent of therapy utilised. Termination of haemoptysis with BAE is rapid with relatively few complications except for frequent re-bleeding episodes. Further studies are needed to determine the risk factors that may predispose PAH patients to excessive mortality from haemoptysis and to identify an optimal therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cantu
- Division of Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Recla S, Steinbrenner B, Schreier J, Fichtlscherer S, Schmidt D, Apitz C, Müller M, Bauer J, Akintuerk H, Schranz D. Surgical-interventional hybrid orchestra consisting of Potts shunt, transcatheter tricuspid valve repair by Edwards-valve in a 26-year-old patient with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2013.36a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Żyłkowska J, Kurzyna M, Florczyk M, Burakowska B, Grzegorczyk F, Burakowski J, Wieteska M, Oniszh K, Biederman A, Wawrzyńska L, Szturmowicz M, Fijałkowska A, Torbicki A. Pulmonary Artery Dilatation Correlates With the Risk of Unexpected Death in Chronic Arterial or Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. Chest 2012; 142:1406-1416. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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