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SOCS-1 ameliorates smoke inhalation-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of ASK-1 activity and DISC formation. Clin Immunol 2017; 191:94-99. [PMID: 29108854 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Smoke inhalation leads to acute lung injury (ALI), a devastating clinical problem associated with high mortality. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) is a negative regulator of apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling, two major contributors to the pathogenesis of ALI. We have found that SOCS-1 protects lung epithelial cells from smoke-induced apoptosis through two mechanisms. One is that SOCS-1 enhances degradation of ASK-1 and diminishes cleavage of pro-caspase-3 to repress smoke-triggered apoptosis in lung epithelial cells. The other is that SOCS-1 represses smoke-triggered DISC formation through altering TRADD-caspase-8 interaction rather than TNFR-1-TRADD interaction or TNFR-1-TRAF-2 interaction. In conclusion, SOCS-1 relieves smoke inhalation-induced lung injury by repressing ASK-1 and DISC-mediated epithelium apoptosis.
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Gentner S, Laube M, Uhlig U, Yang Y, Fuchs HW, Dreyhaupt J, Hummler HD, Uhlig S, Thome UH. Inflammatory Mediators in Tracheal Aspirates of Preterm Infants Participating in a Randomized Trial of Permissive Hypercapnia. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:246. [PMID: 29209598 PMCID: PMC5702441 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-induced lung injury is considered to be a main factor in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Optimizing ventilator strategies may reduce respiratory morbidities in preterm infants. Permissive hypercapnia has been suggested to attenuate lung injury. We aimed to determine if a higher PCO2 target range results in less lung injury compared to the control target range and possibly reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in tracheal aspirates (TA), which has not been addressed before. METHODS During a multicenter trial of permissive hypercapnia in extremely low birthweight infants (PHELBI), preterm infants (birthweight 400-1,000 g, gestational age 23 0/7-28 6/7 weeks) requiring mechanical ventilation within 24 h of birth were randomly assigned to a high PCO2 target or a control group. The high target group aimed at PCO2 values of 55-65, 60-70, and 65-75 mmHg and the control group at PCO2 values of 40-50, 45-55 and 50-60 mmHg on postnatal days 1-3, 4-6, and 7-14, respectively. TA was analyzed for pro-inflammatory cytokines from postnatal day 2-21. BPD was determined at a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks ± 2 days. MAIN FINDINGS Levels of inflammatory cytokines and ASM were similar in both groups: interleukin (IL)-6 (p = 0.14), IL-8 (p = 0.43), IL-10 (p = 0.24), IL-1β (p = 0.11), macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (p = 0.44), albumin (p = 0.41), neuropeptide Y (p = 0.52), leukotriene B4 (p = 0.11), transforming growth factor-β1 (p = 0.68), nitrite (p = 0.15), and ASM (p = 0.94). Furthermore, most inflammatory mediators were strongly affected by the age of the infants and increased from postnatal day 2 to 21. BPD or death was observed in 14 out of 62 infants, who were distributed evenly between both groups. CONCLUSION The results suggest that high PCO2 target levels did not result in lower pulmonary inflammatory activity and thus reflect clinical results. This indicates that high PCO2 target ranges are not effective in reducing ventilator-induced lung injury in preterm infants, as compared to control targets. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN56143743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gentner
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mandy Laube
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Division of Neonatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Uhlig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans W Fuchs
- Center for Pediatrics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helmut D Hummler
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Uhlig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich H Thome
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Division of Neonatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Zhou X, Loran DB, Wang D, Hyde BR, Lick SD, Zwischenberger JB. Seventy-two hour gas exchange performance and hemodynamic properties of NOVALUNG®iLA as a gas exchanger for arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal. Perfusion 2016; 20:303-8. [PMID: 16363314 DOI: 10.1191/0267659105pf838oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Acute respiratory failure is complicated by acidosis and altered end-organ perfusion. NOVA-LUNG®iLA is an interventional lung assist (ILA) device for arteriovenous carbon dioxide removal (AVCO2R). The present study was conducted to evaluate the device for short-term CO2 removal performance and hemodynamic response. Methods: Six adult sheep received cannulation of the jugular vein and carotid artery. The ILA-AVCO2R circuit was placed on the sheep for 72 hours. Hemodynamics and PaCO2 were measured; CO2 removal was calculated while varying sweep gas flow rates (Qg), device blood flow rates (Qb), and PaCO2. Results: Hemo-dynamic variables remained normal throughout the 72 hour study. CO2 removal increased with increases in Qgor Qb. Mean CO2 removal was 119.3 ml/min for Qb 1L/min, Qg 5 L/min, and PaCO2 40 - 50 mmHg.PaCO2 was directly proportional to CO2 clearance (R-0.72, p B/0.001). Conclusion: NOVALUNG®iLA can provide near total CO2 removal with Qb 1 - 2 L/min,Qg 5 L/min, and minimal flow resistance (3.889/0.82 mmHg/L/min). PaCO2 correlates with CO2 removal and is dependent on Qb and Qg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhou
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77551-0528, USA
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4
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Complete Respiratory Support with AVCO2R and CPAP-Mimic Ventilation for Total Gas Exchange in Sheep. ASAIO J 2012; 58:155-9. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e3182455b98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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5
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Arazawa DT, Oh HI, Ye SH, Johnson CA, Woolley JR, Wagner WR, Federspiel WJ. Immobilized Carbonic Anhydrase on Hollow Fiber Membranes Accelerates CO(2) Removal from Blood. J Memb Sci 2012; 404-404:25-31. [PMID: 22962517 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Current artificial lungs and respiratory assist devices designed for carbon dioxide removal (CO(2)R) are limited in their efficiency due to the relatively small partial pressure difference across gas exchange membranes. To offset this underlying diffusional challenge, bioactive hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) increase the carbon dioxide diffusional gradient through the immobilized enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which converts bicarbonate to CO(2) directly at the HFM surface. In this study, we tested the impact of CA-immobilization on HFM CO(2) removal efficiency and thromboresistance in blood. Fiber surface modification with radio frequency glow discharge (RFGD) introduced hydroxyl groups, which were activated by 1M CNBr while 1.5M TEA was added drop wise over the activation time course, then incubation with a CA solution covalently linked the enzyme to the surface. The bioactive HFMs were then potted in a model gas exchange device (0.0084 m(2)) and tested in a recirculation loop with a CO(2) inlet of 50mmHg under steady blood flow. Using an esterase activity assay, CNBr chemistry with TEA resulted in 0.99U of enzyme activity, a 3.3 fold increase in immobilized CA activity compared to our previous method. These bioactive HFMs demonstrated 108 ml/min/m(2) CO(2) removal rate, marking a 36% increase compared to unmodified HFMs (p < 0.001). Thromboresistance of CA-modified HFMs was assessed in terms of adherent platelets on surfaces by using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Results indicated HFMs with CA modification had 95% less platelet deposition compared to unmodified HFM (p < 0.01). Overall these findings revealed increased CO(2) removal can be realized through bioactive HFMs, enabling a next generation of more efficient CO(2) removal intravascular and paracorporeal respiratory assist devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Arazawa
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
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Lynch JE, Zwischenberger JB. Turning the dial to futility. Chest 2011; 139:230-1; author reply 231-2. [PMID: 21208891 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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HUANG PM, SYRKINA O, YU L, DEDAJ R, ZHAO H, SHIEDLIN A, LIU YY, GARG H, QUINN DA, HALES CA. High MW hyaluronan inhibits smoke inhalation-induced lung injury and improves survival. Respirology 2010; 15:1131-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Briva A, Lecuona E, Sznajder JI. [Permissive and non-permissive hypercapnia: mechanisms of action and consequences of high carbon dioxide levels]. Arch Bronconeumol 2010; 46:378-82. [PMID: 20303638 PMCID: PMC3858013 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury is a disease with high incidence of mortality and its treatment is still controversial. Increasing the levels of CO2 beyond the physiological range has been proposed as a potential protective strategy for patients on mechanical ventilation, as it could moderate the inflammatory response. In this article we review the published evidence on the role of CO2 during acute lung injury. We conclude that although there are reports suggesting benefits from hypercapnia, more recent evidence suggests that hypercapnia could be deleterious, contributing to worsening of the lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Briva
- Medicina Intensiva, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Sharabi K, Lecuona E, Helenius IT, Beitel GJ, Sznajder JI, Gruenbaum Y. Sensing, physiological effects and molecular response to elevated CO2 levels in eukaryotes. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13:4304-18. [PMID: 19863692 PMCID: PMC4515048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important gaseous molecule that maintains biosphere homeostasis and is an important cellular signalling molecule in all organisms. The transport of CO2 through membranes has fundamental roles in most basic aspects of life in both plants and animals. There is a growing interest in understanding how CO2 is transported into cells, how it is sensed by neurons and other cell types and in understanding the physiological and molecular consequences of elevated CO2 levels (hypercapnia) at the cell and organism levels. Human pulmonary diseases and model organisms such as fungi, C. elegans, Drosophila and mice have been proven to be important in understanding of the mechanisms of CO2 sensing and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Tissue Culture Models. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2009. [PMCID: PMC7122392 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89626-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Briva A, Vadász I, Lecuona E, Welch LC, Chen J, Dada LA, Trejo HE, Dumasius V, Azzam ZS, Myrianthefs PM, Batlle D, Gruenbaum Y, Sznajder JI. High CO2 levels impair alveolar epithelial function independently of pH. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1238. [PMID: 18043745 PMCID: PMC2077933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with acute respiratory failure, gas exchange is impaired due to the accumulation of fluid in the lung airspaces. This life-threatening syndrome is treated with mechanical ventilation, which is adjusted to maintain gas exchange, but can be associated with the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lung. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a by-product of cellular energy utilization and its elimination is affected via alveolar epithelial cells. Signaling pathways sensitive to changes in CO2 levels were described in plants and neuronal mammalian cells. However, it has not been fully elucidated whether non-neuronal cells sense and respond to CO2. The Na,K-ATPase consumes ∼40% of the cellular metabolism to maintain cell homeostasis. Our study examines the effects of increased pCO2 on the epithelial Na,K-ATPase a major contributor to alveolar fluid reabsorption which is a marker of alveolar epithelial function. Principal Findings We found that short-term increases in pCO2 impaired alveolar fluid reabsorption in rats. Also, we provide evidence that non-excitable, alveolar epithelial cells sense and respond to high levels of CO2, independently of extracellular and intracellular pH, by inhibiting Na,K-ATPase function, via activation of PKCζ which phosphorylates the Na,K-ATPase, causing it to endocytose from the plasma membrane into intracellular pools. Conclusions Our data suggest that alveolar epithelial cells, through which CO2 is eliminated in mammals, are highly sensitive to hypercapnia. Elevated CO2 levels impair alveolar epithelial function, independently of pH, which is relevant in patients with lung diseases and altered alveolar gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Briva
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - István Vadász
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- University of Giessen Lung Center, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Emilia Lecuona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lynn C. Welch
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Dada
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Humberto E. Trejo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vidas Dumasius
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zaher S. Azzam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pavlos M. Myrianthefs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Intensive Care Unit, Athens University, “KAT” General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yosef Gruenbaum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Syrkina OL, Quinn DA, Jung W, Ouyang B, Hales CA. Inhibition of JNK activation prolongs survival after smoke inhalation from fires. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L984-91. [PMID: 17209141 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00248.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial injury from smoke inhalation is mainly to the trachea and bronchi and is characterized by mucosal hyperemia and increased microvascular permeability, exfoliation of epithelial lining, mucous secretion, mucous plugging, and an acute inflammatory cell influx. In this study, we explore the role of the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) pathway in smoke inhalation lung injury using a rat model of exposure to smoke from burning cotton. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to smoke from burning cotton for 15 min, and 1 h after injury a JNK inhibitor (SP-600125) or vehicle was injected. We measured neutrophil influx, cytokine release, percent of apoptotic cells, airway plugging, and survival. Administration of a JNK inhibitor 1 h after smoke inhalation decreased airway apoptosis, mucous plugging, influx of inflammatory cells, and the release of cytokines and significantly prolonged animal survival (P < 0.05). These in vivo data show that the JNK pathway plays a critical role in smoke-induced lung injury and offer an attractive therapeutic approach for this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L Syrkina
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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14
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Livigni S, Maio M, Ferretti E, Longobardo A, Potenza R, Rivalta L, Selvaggi P, Vergano M, Bertolini G. Efficacy and safety of a low-flow veno-venous carbon dioxide removal device: results of an experimental study in adult sheep. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2007; 10:R151. [PMID: 17069660 PMCID: PMC1751056 DOI: 10.1186/cc5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Extracorporeal lung assist, an extreme resource in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), is expanding its indications since knowledge about ventilator-induced lung injury has increased and protective ventilation has become the standard in ARF. Methods A prospective study on seven adult sheep was conducted to quantify carbon dioxide (CO2) removal and evaluate the safety of an extracorporeal membrane gas exchanger placed in a veno-venous pump-driven bypass. Animals were anaesthetised, intubated, ventilated in order to reach hypercapnia, and then connected to the CO2 removal device. Five animals were treated for three hours, one for nine hours, and one for 12 hours. At the end of the experiment, general anaesthesia was discontinued and animals were extubated. All of them survived. Results No significant haemodynamic variations occurred during the experiment. Maintaining an extracorporeal blood flow of 300 ml/minute (4.5% to 5.3% of the mean cardiac output), a constant removal of arterial CO2, with an average reduction of 17% to 22%, was observed. Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) returned to baseline after treatment discontinuation. No adverse events were observed. Conclusion We obtained a significant reduction of PaCO2 using low blood flow rates, if compared with other techniques. Percutaneous venous access, simplicity of circuit, minimal anticoagulation requirements, blood flow rate, and haemodynamic impact of this device are more similar to renal replacement therapy than to common extracorporeal respiratory assistance, making it feasible not only in just a few dedicated centres but in a large number of intensive care units as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Livigni
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Torino Nord Emergenza San Giovanni Bosco, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Mariella Maio
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Torino Nord Emergenza San Giovanni Bosco, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Ferretti
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Torino Nord Emergenza San Giovanni Bosco, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Longobardo
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Torino Nord Emergenza San Giovanni Bosco, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaele Potenza
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Torino Nord Emergenza San Giovanni Bosco, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Rivalta
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Torino Nord Emergenza San Giovanni Bosco, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Selvaggi
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Torino Nord Emergenza San Giovanni Bosco, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Vergano
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Torino Nord Emergenza San Giovanni Bosco, Piazza del Donatore di Sangue 3, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Bertolini
- GiViTI Coordinating Center, Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, 'Mario Negri' Institute for Pharmacological Research, Villa Camozzi, Via Camozzi 2, 24020 Ranica (Bergamo), Italy
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Abstract
The systemic pathophysiologic changes following thermal injuries affect multiple organs and body systems leading to clinical manifestations including shock, intestinal alterations, respiratory and renal failure, immunosuppression and others. Recent advances in the comprehension of mechanisms underlying systemic complications of thermal injuries have contributed to uncover part of the cellular and molecular basis that underlie such changes. Recently, programmed cell death (apoptosis) has been considered playing an important role in the development of such pathological events. Therefore, investigators utilizing animal models and clinical studies involving human primates have produced a large body of information suggesting that apoptosis is associated with most of the tissue damages triggered by severe thermal injuries. In order to draw the attention on the important role of apoptosis on systemic complications of thermal injuries, in this review we describe most of these studies, discuss possible cellular and molecular mechanisms and indicate ways to utilize them for the development of therapeutic strategies by which apoptosis may be prevented or counteracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gravante
- Department of Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via U Maddalena 40/a 00043, Ciampino, Rome, Italy.
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