1
|
Schachter EN, Zuskin E, Buck M, Witek TJ, Godbold J, Roy N, Castranova V, Whitmer M, Siegel PD, Bluhm EC. Airway responses to the inhalation of cotton dust and cotton bract extracts. Respiration 2005; 73:41-7. [PMID: 16179819 DOI: 10.1159/000088354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to dust in the cotton industry is associated with respiratory dysfunction. Healthy subjects challenged with cotton bract extract (CBE) develop transient airway hyperresponsiveness. CBE, a major component of cotton dust, is potentially an important agent for studying byssinosis. OBJECTIVES To compare airway responses to cotton dust extract (CDE) and CBE in healthy subjects. METHODS In 21 healthy, non-smoking subjects we compared the effects of CBE and CDE in a double-blind random order, following a 10-min aerosol inhalation. The response to methacholine (MCh) 2 h following CBE or CDE was measured. Lung function was recorded using maximal (MEFV) and partial expiratory flow volume (PEFV) curves, measuring MEF at 60% of baseline vital capacity below total lung capacity [MEF40%(P)] on the PEFV curve. Responders were subjects who developed a 20% or greater fall in MEF40%(P) following extract challenge. Endotoxin levels were low for CBE (5.71 EU/mg) and CDE (31.88 EU/mg). RESULTS There were 18 responders to CBE and 17 responders to CDE. The average maximal falls in MEF40%(P) were 70 +/- 4.9 and 70 +/- 4.4% of baseline (nonsignificant) following CBE and CDE, respectively. All subjects enhanced their MCh response following CBE or CDE. The MCh dose which reduced MEF40%(P) by 40% was identical for CBE and CDE (1.3 microg/ml). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that CBE and CDE exert similar physiologic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Neil Schachter
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sigsgaard T, Pedersen OF, Juul S, Gravesen S. Respiratory disorders and atopy in cotton, wool, and other textile mill workers in Denmark. Am J Ind Med 1992; 22:163-84. [PMID: 1415284 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700220204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of respiratory disorders and atopy in Danish textile industry workers was conducted to survey respiratory symptoms throughout the textile industry, to estimate the association of these disorders with atopy, and to study dose-response relationships within the cotton industry. Workers at cotton mills, a wool mill, and a man-made fiber (MMF) mill were examined. Four hundred nine (90%) of the 445 workers participated in this survey, i.e., 253, 62, and 94 workers at the cotton mills, the wool mill, and the MMF mill, respectively. An interview designed to assess the prevalence of common respiratory and allergic symptoms was given to all workers willing to participate, and blood samples were drawn. Lung function measurements determined a baseline FEV1, FVC and the change in FEV1 and FVC during work hours on a Monday. The working environment was examined for dust, bacteria, endotoxins, and molds, and the exposure was estimated for each participant. The mean personal samples of airborne respirable dust and respirable endotoxin were highest in the cotton industry, i.e., 0.17-0.50 mg/m3 and 9.0-126 ng/m3 respectively, whereas mold spores were found in the highest concentrations in the wool mill: 280-791 colony-forming units (cfu)/m3. Only small concentrations of microorganisms were found in the MMF mill. The mean change in FEV1% and FVC% was greatest among atopic individuals in both cotton and wool industry and other textile industries although the differences were not significant. FEV1% and FVC% in the cotton workers were significantly associated with the cumulative exposure to respirable endotoxin. Byssinosis was diagnosed only in the cotton industry. We found a dose-response relationship between endotoxin exposure and byssinosis, and a significant association between A-1-A serum concentrations less than or equal to 35 mumol/liter and byssinosis, a finding we are further evaluating in subsequent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sigsgaard
- Institutes of Social Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Woldeyohannes M, Bergevin Y, Mgeni AY, Theriault G. Respiratory problems among cotton textile mill workers in Ethiopia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 1991; 48:110-115. [PMID: 1998605 PMCID: PMC1035330 DOI: 10.1136/oem.48.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of respiratory problems, in particular byssinosis, and to explore factors associated with their occurrence among a group of 595 randomly selected workers representing 40.5% of those exposed to dusty operations in a typical Ethiopian cotton textile mill. A standard questionnaire on respiration was administered and pre and postshift forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were determined for each worker; workers found to have byssinosis and other respiratory diseases were compared with workers having no respiratory diseases in terms of the level and duration of exposure to cotton dust and other variables. Multiple area air samples from different sections were analysed for elutriated cotton dust concentrations (0.86-3.52 mg/m3). The prevalence of byssinosis was 43.2% among blowers and 37.5% in carders in comparison with four to 24% among workers in other sections. Prevalence of chronic bronchitis ranged from 17.6 to 47.7% and bronchial asthma from 8.5 to 20.5% across all sections. Significant across shift decrements in FEV1 and FVC were seen in those workers with respiratory tract diseases compared with those workers without such diseases. A significant dose response relation for pulmonary function and respiratory illnesses was also found by regression analysis. Preventive measures are proposed. Further research including a nationwide survey of textile mills is suggested. This is the first epidemiological study of the textile industry in Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Woldeyohannes
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ministry of Health, People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Witek TJ, Gundel RH, Wegner CD, Schachter EN, Buck MG. Acute pulmonary response to cotton bract extract in monkeys: lung function and effects of mediator modifying compounds. Lung 1988; 166:25-31. [PMID: 2891880 DOI: 10.1007/bf02714026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that cotton dust inhalation can compromise lung function in textile workers. Challenges with a water-soluble extract of cotton bract (CBE) can also induce reversible airway obstruction in healthy volunteers. We have examined the effect of inhaled CBE in nonhuman primates and have attempted to inhibit the bronchoconstrictive response with mediator modifying compounds. CBE (34 mg/ml or 100 mg/ml) was administered via IPPB for 15 minutes (15 breaths/min) in 12 intubated, anesthetized, adult male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Breath-by-breath determinations of pulmonary resistance, dynamic compliance (Cdyn), tidal volume, and breathing frequency were calculated from the transpulmonary pressure (esophageal balloon) and airflow signals and monitored for 2 hr postchallenge. Control challenges with distilled water were also performed in 3 monkeys with the greatest response from CBE. Five animals (42%) were found to respond to CBE with peak % changes in Cdyn greater than 45%. In 3 of these animals, we attempted to blunt the CBE response with chlorpheniramine (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) and a mast cell stabilizer lodoxamide (0.1 mg/ml aerosol). In these 3 animals the mean (+/- SD) peak % changes in Cdyn to CBE alone was -47.4 +/- 1.8. The CBE response following chlorpheneramine was -49 +/- 15.7 and following lodoxamide was -47.0 +/- 5.4. These data suggest that monkeys, like humans, can develop reproducible bronchoconstriction following an aerosol challenge with CBE. Furthermore, this bronchoconstriction in the monkey is probably not explained by the action of histamine or mediator release alone and an acute inflammatory reaction may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Witek
- Department of Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biagini RE, Bernstein DI, Gallagher JS, Moorman WJ, Knecht EA, Smallwood AW, Bernstein IL. Immune responses of cynomolgus monkeys to phthalic anhydride. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 82:23-9. [PMID: 3392367 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Four groups of four Macaca fascicularis monkeys were administered 10 consecutive weekly subcutaneous injections of 2 mg aluminum hydroxide plus one of the following: 200 micrograms of phthalic anhydride (PA)-monkey serum albumin (PA-MSA, group 1); 200 micrograms of PA dissolved in ethanol-saline (EtOH-sal, group 2); 200 micrograms of MSA (group 3); or EtOH-sal alone (group 4). Direct intracutaneous tests to PA-MSA, PA-EtOH-sal, MSA, and EtOH-sal were applied at biweekly intervals throughout the course of the immunization. Serum-specific IgG to PA-MSA and specific IgE to PA-MSA were determined at 2-week intervals according to the ELISA and RAST methods, respectively. The prevalence of cutaneous sensitivity to PA-MSA in the PA-MSA-immunized group (group 1) was significantly greater after 4 and 6 (p less than 0.01) and 8 and 10 (p less than 0.05) weeks, compared with the other treatment groups. Significantly elevated (p less than 0.01) PA-MSA-specific IgG was also observed in monkeys in group 1 compared with the other treatment groups. No significant changes in PA-MSA RAST or total IgE were observed in any group during the study. These results indicate that parenteral sensitization to PA in subhuman primates requires the presence of new antigenic determinants formed by PA on protein carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Biagini
- Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Merrill WW, Buck M, Cooper JA, Schachter EN. Relationship of the ventilatory response to cotton bract extract and the cells and proteins of the lung. Chest 1987; 91:44-8. [PMID: 3792085 DOI: 10.1378/chest.91.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many healthy subjects who have had no exposure to cotton textile dusts will experience significant reductions in expired flow rate following an inhalational challenge with an aqueous extract of cotton bracts (CBE). Differences noted among individuals in the magnitude of the bronchial response to a standardized preparation of CBE suggest variable airway reactivity. The mechanism of this response and the reasons for its variability among these naive subjects are unknown. We have studied this problem by performing bronchoalveolar lavage on 13 volunteer subjects with no history of textile dust exposure. Two to three months later, a bronchial provocation with aqueous CBE was performed by an investigator blinded to the lavage results. Subjects with greater than 20 percent drop in flow rate at 40 percent of vital capacity during a partial forced expiration (MEF 40 percent [P]) following CBE had a reduction in total recoverable alveolar macrophages, with a resultant increase in the percentage of recoverable lymphocytes. The magnitude of response (MEF 40 percent [P]) correlated directly with the measured lymphocyte percentage (r = 0.69 p less than 0.01) and inversely with the total numbers of recovered cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ayars GH, Altman LC, O'Neil CE, Butcher BT, Chi EY. Cotton dust-mediated lung epithelial injury. J Clin Invest 1986; 78:1579-88. [PMID: 3782472 PMCID: PMC423921 DOI: 10.1172/jci112750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine if constituents of cotton plants might play a role in byssinosis by injuring pulmonary epithelium, we added extracts of cotton dust, green bract, and field-dried bract to human A549 and rat type II pneumocytes. Injury was measured as pneumocyte lysis and detachment, and inhibition of protein synthesis. Extracts of cotton dust and field-dried bract produced significant dose- and time-dependent lysis and detachment of both target cells, while green bract extract was less damaging. Extracts treated with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone to remove tannins produced significantly less injury. In contrast, purified 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavan 3,4-diol (THF), a tannin in cotton dust and bract, caused substantial cell damage. Field-dried bract extract and THF also produced dose-dependent inhibition of pneumocyte protein synthesis. Endotoxin levels did not correlate with observed injury. THF added to rat tracheal explants caused epithelial disruption and desquamation, whereas endotoxin did not. Instillation of cotton dust and field-dried bract extract in rat lungs produced disruption of bronchial epithelium and smooth muscle constriction, while polyvinylpolypyrrolidone-treated cotton dust extract produced no injury. These findings suggest that extracts of cotton plants are toxic to alveolar, tracheal, and bronchial epithelium and that THF or other tannins may be the responsible agents.
Collapse
|
8
|
Schachter EN, Zuskin E, Buck MG, Witek TJ, Beck GJ, Tyler D. Airway reactivity and cotton bract-induced bronchial obstruction. Chest 1985; 87:51-5. [PMID: 3880694 DOI: 10.1378/chest.87.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most seemingly healthy persons challenged with an aerosol of cotton bract extract develop some degree of bronchospasm. The role of nonspecific reactivity of the airways in this reaction to cotton bract extract is undefined. We examined the relationship between airway responses to cotton bract extract and to methacholine, as well as between airway responses to cotton bract extract and to a bronchodilator. Twenty-two healthy subjects were screened for sensitivity to inhaled cotton bract extract. Pulmonary function was measured using partial expiratory flow-volume curves on which flow at 60 percent of the control vital capacity below total lung capacity was measured (MEF40%[P]) following ten minutes of inhalation of cotton bract extract. In the group screened, 12 were found to be responders to the extract, with drops in MEF40%(P) of 20 percent or more, and ten were found to be nonresponders. On separate days, we measured the responses of our subjects' airways to inhaled metaproterenol and methacholine. The mean threshold dose for methacholine in the responding group was 26.8 mg/ml, as compared to 55.6 mg/ml for the nonresponders (t = 2.52; p less than 0.05). Furthermore, the mean percent increase in MEF40%(P) following inhalation of metaproterenol was 41 percent in responders and 24 percent in nonresponders (t = 2.19; p less than 0.05). We conclude that some responders to cotton bract extract exhibit greater reactivity of the airways than nonresponders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Edwards JH, AlZubaidy TS, Altikriti R, Bunny H. Byssinosis. Inhalation challenge with polyphenol. Chest 1984; 85:215-7. [PMID: 6692702 DOI: 10.1378/chest.85.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies designed to determine the etiologic agent in byssinosis have relied on in vitro test for normal volunteers to assess the effects of components isolated from cotton plants, cotton factory dust, or their associated organisms. In one of the few studies directly on byssinotic subjects, symptoms were reproduced on inhalation challenge with a condensed polyphenol isolated from bracts of cotton plants. The results were highly significant, with only byssinotic workers responding; however, when we repeated the investigation with 29 subjects, no individual responded to challenge with symptoms such as those experienced returning to work at the cotton mill after a weekend break. Tests of pulmonary function could not detect differences between polyphenol and saline challenges. Compared with groups of workers not exposed to cotton dust and matched for age and smoking habits, significant differences in pulmonary function were observed, confirming the detrimental effects of long-term exposure to cotton dust, particularly in combination with cigarette smoke.
Collapse
|
10
|
Beck GJ, Schachter EN. The Evidence for Chronic Lung Disease in Cotton Textile Workers. AM STAT 1983. [DOI: 10.1080/00031305.1983.10483156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
11
|
Mundie TG, Cordova-Salinas M, Bray VJ, Ainsworth SK. Bioassays of smooth muscle contracting agents in cotton mill dust and bract extracts: arachidonic acid metabolites as possible mediators of the acute byssinotic reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1983; 32:62-71. [PMID: 6617619 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Byssinosis is an occupational respiratory disease contracted by cotton mill workers who inhale cotton mill dust. The acute byssinotic reaction is characterized by a drop in the 1-sec forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0) on Monday following a weekend's absence from work. This physiological reaction is the result of the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, which causes narrowing of small airways. An isolated tissue bath technique was used to assay smooth muscle contractions induced by cotton dust extract (CDE) and cotton bract extract (CBE). CBE-induced contractions of rat stomach smooth muscle were blocked (82%) by 100 ng/ml methysergide (blocks 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) 100%); CDE was not significantly blocked by methysergide (13%). CDE-induced contractions were blocked (100%) by 25 micrograms/ml indomethacin and 100 micrograms/ml salicylic acid (blocks prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) 100%). The portion of CBE contracting ability not blocked by methysergide was blocked totally by indomethacin. Blocking agents ineffective against CDE or CBE include atropine (acetylcholine blocker), pyrilamine maleate and diphenhydramine (histamine blockers), imidazole and 7-(1-imidazolyl)heptanoic acid (7IHA) (thromboxane blockers), and carboxypeptidase B2 (kinin blocker). The data suggest that cotton bract contains 5HT, which is responsible for a majority of the CBE-induced contraction and a minority of the CDE-induced contraction. The data also suggest that cotton dust and bract contain a substance which causes the release of PGF2 alpha which in turn causes the contraction of smooth muscle. This substance is responsible for a majority of the CDE-induced and a minority of the CBE-induced contractions. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) confirmed PGF2 alpha release from rat fundal smooth muscle when exposed to CDE and CBE. Increased synthesis and release of arachidonic acid metabolites might be a major mechanism in the bronchoconstriction observed in the acute byssinotic reaction.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wegman DH, Levenstein C, Greaves IA. Byssinosis: a role for public health in the face of scientific uncertainty. Am J Public Health 1983; 73:188-92. [PMID: 6217757 PMCID: PMC1650512 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.73.2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Byssinosis, a lung disease caused by cotton dust, has been the subject of recent controversy. Debates over the nature of the disease, possible interactions with cigarette smoking, and the proposed reevaluation of the cotton dust standard by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration have tended to overlook the plight of affected workers and to obscure the most effective means for preventing the disease. The present lack of definitive information is no reason for inaction, nor for depriving disabled workers of adequate financial compensation. In this respect, byssinosis is no different from other public health hazards for which action must often be taken on the basis of incomplete evidence.
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Edwards J. Mechanisms of Disease Induction. Chest 1981. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.79.4_supplement.38s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|