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Qiu XY, Yan LS, Kang JY, Yu Gu C, Chi-Yan Cheng B, Wang YW, Luo G, Zhang Y. Eucalyptol, limonene and pinene enteric capsules attenuate airway inflammation and obstruction in lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic bronchitis rat model via TLR4 signaling inhibition. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111571. [PMID: 38309095 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic bronchitis (CB), a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), poses a significant global health burden owing to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Eucalyptol, limonene and pinene enteric capsules (ELPs) are clinically used as expectorants to treat various respiratory diseases, including CB, but their acting mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti-CB effects of ELP in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CB. The molecular mechanisms underlying its inhibitory effects on airway inflammation were further explored in LPS-stimulated Beas-2B cells. METHODS ELP was characterized using gas chromatography. The production of inflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of MUC5AC, MUC5B, and p-p65 in the lung tissue was measured using immunohistochemical staining. The gene expression of inflammatory mediators was determined using qRT-PCR. The expression levels of the target proteins were detected by western blotting. Nuclear localization of p65 was determined using an immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Compared to the CB model rats, ELP-treated rats showed reduced airway resistance, inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. In BALF, ELP decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-1α, and CCL5. ELP also suppressed LPS-induced elevation of MUC5AC, MUC5B, and p-p65 in the lung tissue. The metabolic pathway changes caused by LPS challenge were improved by ELP treatment. In LPS-exposed Beas-2B cells, ELP treatment inhibited the expression of TNFA, IL6, CCL5, MCP1, and MIP2A and decreased the phospho-levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling-related proteins, including p-p38, p-JNK, p-ERK, p-TBK1, p-IKKα/β, p-IκB, p-p65, and p-c-Jun. ELP also hindered the nuclear translocation of p65, c-Jun, and IRF3. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that ELP has a potential therapeutic effect in LPS-induced CB rat model, possibly by suppressing TLR4 signaling. These results justify the clinical use of ELP for the treatment of pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Li-Shan Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jian-Ying Kang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Chun Yu Gu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | | | - Yi-Wei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Gan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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2
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Xu G, Wilson KS, Okamoto RJ, Shao JY, Dutcher SK, Bayly PV. Flexural Rigidity and Shear Stiffness of Flagella Estimated from Induced Bends and Counterbends. Biophys J 2017; 110:2759-2768. [PMID: 27332134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella are whiplike cellular organelles that bend actively to propel cells or move fluid in passages such as airways, brain ventricles, and the oviduct. Efficient motile function of cilia and flagella depends on coordinated interactions between active forces from an array of motor proteins and passive mechanical resistance from the complex cytoskeletal structure (the axoneme). However, details of this coordination, including axonemal mechanics, remain unclear. We investigated two major mechanical parameters, flexural rigidity and interdoublet shear stiffness, of the flagellar axoneme in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Combining experiment, theory, and finite element models, we demonstrate that the apparent flexural rigidity of the axoneme depends on both the intrinsic flexural rigidity (EI) and the elastic resistance to interdoublet sliding (shear stiffness, ks). We estimated the average intrinsic flexural rigidity and interdoublet shear stiffness of wild-type Chlamydomonas flagella in vivo, rendered immotile by vanadate, to be EI = 840 ± 280 pN⋅μm(2) and ks = 79.6 ± 10.5 pN/rad, respectively. The corresponding values for the pf3; cnk11-6 double mutant, which lacks the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), were EI = 1011 ± 183 pN·μm(2) and ks = 39.3 ± 6.0 pN/rad under the same conditions. Finally, in the pf13A mutant, which lacks outer dynein arms and inner dynein arm c, the estimates were EI = 777 ± 184 pN·μm(2) and ks = 43.3 ± 7.7 pN/rad. In the two mutant strains, the flexural rigidity is not significantly different from wild-type (p > 0.05), but the lack of N-DRC (in pf3; cnk11-6) or dynein arms (in pf13A) significantly reduces interdoublet shear stiffness. These differences may represent the contributions of the N-DRCs (∼40 pN/rad) and residual dynein interactions (∼35 pN/rad) to interdoublet sliding resistance in these immobilized Chlamydomonas flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma.
| | - Kate S Wilson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Ruth J Okamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jin-Yu Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan K Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip V Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
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3
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Chen PF, Luo YL, Wang W, Wang JX, Lai WY, Hu SM, Cheng KF, Al-Abed Y. ISO-1, a macrophage migration inhibitory factor antagonist, inhibits airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. Mol Med 2010; 16:400-8. [PMID: 20485865 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling is the process of airway structural change that occurs in patients with asthma in response to persistent inflammation and leads to increasing disease severity. Drugs that decrease this persistent inflammation play a crucial role in managing asthma episodes. Mice sensitized (by intraperitoneal administration) and then challenged (by inhalation) with ovalbumin (OVA) develop an extensive eosinophilic inflammatory response, goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition, airway smooth muscle thickening, and airway wall area increase, similar to pathologies observed in human asthma. We used OVA-sensitized/challenged mice as a murine model of chronic allergic airway inflammation with subepithelial fibrosis (i.e., asthma). In this OVA mouse model, mRNA and protein of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are upregulated, a response similar to what has been observed in the pathogenesis of acute inflammation in human asthma. We hypothesized that MIF induces transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) synthesis, which has been shown to play an important role in asthma and airway remodeling. To explore the role of MIF in the development of airway remodeling, we evaluated the effects of an MIF small-molecule antagonist, (S,R)3-(4-hy-droxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1), on pathologies associated with the airway-remodeling process in the OVA mouse model. We found that administration of ISO-1 significantly mitigated all symptoms caused by OVA treatment. In addition, the treatment of OVA-sensitized mice with the MIF antagonist ISO-1 significantly reduced TGF-β1 mRNA levels in pulmonary tissue and its protein level in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid supernatants. We believe the repression of MIF in the ISO-1 treatment group led to the significant suppression observed in the inflammatory responses associated with the allergen-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis in our murine asthma (OVA) model. Our results implicate a possible function of MIF in the pathogenesis of chronic asthma and suggest that MIF might be an important therapeutic target for airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fen Chen
- Departments of Respiratory Diseases and ShenZhen Third People Hospital, Guangdong, China
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4
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Kaylie DM, Bennett ML, Davis B, Jackson CG. Effects of smoking on otologic surgery outcomes. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:1384-90. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Casalino-Matsuda SM, Monzon ME, Day AJ, Forteza RM. Hyaluronan fragments/CD44 mediate oxidative stress-induced MUC5B up-regulation in airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 40:277-85. [PMID: 18757307 PMCID: PMC2645525 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0073oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion with elevated MUC5B mucin production is a pathologic feature in many airway diseases associated with oxidative stress. In the present work, we evaluated MUC5B expression in airways and in primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, as well as the mechanisms involved in its regulation. We found that oxidative stress generated by cigarette smoke or reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces MUC5B up-regulation in airway epithelium from smokers and in NHBE cells, respectively. We have previously shown that ROS-induced MUC5AC expression in NHBE cells is dependent on hyaluronan depolymerization and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Since hyaluronan fragments can activate MAPK through the hyaluronan receptor CD44, and CD44 heterodimerizes with EGFR, we tested whether ROS and/or hyaluronan fragments induce MUC5B mRNA and protein expression through CD44/EGFR. We found that ROS promotes CD44/EGFR interaction, EGFR/MAPK activation, and MUC5B up-regulation that are prevented by blocking CD44 and/or EGFR. These results were mimicked by hyaluronan fragments. In summary, our results show that oxidative stress in vivo (cigarette smoke) or in vitro (ROS) induces MUC5B up-regulation. This ROS-induced MUC5B expression requires CD44 as well as EGFR and MAPK activation. In addition, we also provide evidence that hyaluronan fragments are sufficient to induce CD44/EGFR interaction and downstream signaling that results in MUC5B up-regulation, suggesting that hyaluronan depolymerization during inflammatory responses could be directly involved in the induction of mucus hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marina Casalino-Matsuda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R-47), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, RMSB 7072A, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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6
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Robbins CS, Bauer CMT, Vujicic N, Gaschler GJ, Lichty BD, Brown EG, Stämpfli MR. Cigarette smoke impacts immune inflammatory responses to influenza in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:1342-51. [PMID: 17023734 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200604-561oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Studies have shown that cigarette smoke impacts respiratory host defense mechanisms; however, it is poorly understood how these smoke-induced changes impact the overall ability of the host to deal with pathogenic agents. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of mainstream cigarette smoke exposure on immune inflammatory responses and viral burden after respiratory infection with influenza A. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were sham- or smoke-exposed for 3 to 5 mo and infected with either 2.5 x 10(3) pfu (low dose) or 2.5 x 10(5) pfu (high dose) influenza virus. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Although smoke exposure attenuated the airway's inflammatory response to low-dose infection, we observed increased inflammation in smoke-exposed compared with sham-exposed mice after infection with high-dose influenza, despite a similar rate of viral clearance. The heightened inflammatory response was associated with increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and type 1 IFN in the airway, and increased mortality. Importantly, smoke exposure did not interfere with the development of influenza-specific memory responses; sham- and smoke-exposed animals were equally protected upon viral rechallenge. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that, in mice, cigarette smoke affects primary antiviral immune-inflammatory responses, whereas secondary immune protection remains intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton S Robbins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5 Canada
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7
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Kiwamoto T, Ishii Y, Morishima Y, Yoh K, Maeda A, Ishizaki K, Iizuka T, Hegab AE, Matsuno Y, Homma S, Nomura A, Sakamoto T, Takahashi S, Sekizawa K. Transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 regulate development of airway remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:142-51. [PMID: 16614350 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200601-079oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Airway remodeling is an important feature of chronic asthma that causes irreversible airflow obstruction. Although asthma is considered to be a Th2 disease, the role of T-bet and GATA-3, the key transcription factors for differentiation toward Th1 and Th2 cells, in the pathogenesis of airway remodeling is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We therefore examined the effects of GATA-3 or T-bet induction of Th1/Th2 bias on the development of airway remodeling in mice. METHODS The development of airway remodeling after repeated allergen challenges was analyzed using transgenic mice overexpressing either GATA-3 or T-bet. MAIN RESULTS The degrees of subepithelial fibrosis and airway smooth muscle hyperplasia after repeated allergen exposure were significantly enhanced in mice overexpressing GATA-3, compared with wild-type mice. Allergen-induced goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion were significantly lower in mice overexpressing T-bet than in wild-type mice. Eosinophilic airway inflammation increased in mice overexpressing GATA-3, but decreased in mice overexpressing T-bet after repeated allergen exposure. Cytokine analysis revealed that the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance shifted to Th2 in lung homogenates and lung T cells of mice overexpressing GATA-3, whereas this balance shifted to Th1 in those of mice overexpressing T-bet after allergen exposure. Lung transforming growth factor-beta and eotaxin levels were associated with the degree of subepithelial fibrosis and eosinophilic airway inflammation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results indicate that development of airway remodeling is regulated by the lung Th1/Th2 bias induced by GATA-3 and T-bet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kiwamoto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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8
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Casalino-Matsuda SM, Monzón ME, Forteza RM. Epidermal growth factor receptor activation by epidermal growth factor mediates oxidant-induced goblet cell metaplasia in human airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 34:581-91. [PMID: 16424381 PMCID: PMC2644222 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0386oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucus overproduction in inflammatory and obstructive airway diseases is associated with goblet cell (GC) metaplasia in airways. Although the mechanisms involved in GC metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion are not completely understood, association with oxidative stress and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has been reported. To explore the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress-induced GC metaplasia, cultures of differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells grown at the air-liquid interface were exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase. EGFR activation and signaling was assessed by measuring EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha release and EGFR and (44/42)MAPK phosphorylation. The GC population was evaluated by confocal microscopy. ROS-induced EGFR activation resulted in GC proliferation and increased MUC5AC gene and protein expression. Signaling was due to pro-EGF processing by tissue kallikrein (TK), which was activated by ROS-induced hyaluronan breakdown. It was inhibited by catalase, a TK inhibitor, and EGF-blocking antibodies. Exposure to recombinant TK mimicked the ROS effects, increasing the expression of MUC5AC and lactoperoxidase. In addition, ROS induced the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 in a TK-dependent fashion. In conclusion, ROS-induced GC metaplasia in normal human bronchial epithelial cells is associated with HA depolymerization and EGF processing by TK followed by EGFR signaling, suggesting that increases in TK activity could contribute to GC metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion in diseases such as asthma and chronic bronchitis. The data also suggest that increases in GC population could be sustained by the associated upregulation of Bcl-2 in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marina Casalino-Matsuda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R-47), University of Miami School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, RMSB 7072A, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Humbles AA, Lloyd CM, McMillan SJ, Friend DS, Xanthou G, McKenna EE, Ghiran S, Gerard NP, Yu C, Orkin SH, Gerard C. A critical role for eosinophils in allergic airways remodeling. Science 2004; 305:1776-9. [PMID: 15375268 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Features of chronic asthma include airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory infiltrates, and structural changes in the airways, termed remodeling. The contribution of eosinophils, cells associated with asthma and allergy, remains to be established. We show that in mice with a total ablation of the eosinophil lineage, increases in airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus secretion were similar to those observed in wild-type mice, but eosinophil-deficient mice were significantly protected from peribronchiolar collagen deposition and increases in airway smooth muscle. These data suggest that eosinophils contribute substantially to airway remodeling but are not obligatory for allergen-induced lung dysfunction, and support an important role for eosinophil-targeted therapies in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Humbles
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Shao MXG, Nakanaga T, Nadel JA. Cigarette smoke induces MUC5AC mucin overproduction via tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme in human airway epithelial (NCI-H292) cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L420-7. [PMID: 15121636 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00019.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. Because cigarette smoking is so importantly implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD and because mucus hypersecretion plays such an important role in COPD, understanding of the mechanisms of smoking-induced mucus hypersecretion could lead to new therapies for COPD. Cigarette smoke causes mucin overproduction via EGF receptor (EGFR) in airway epithelial cells, but the cellular mechanism remains unknown. Airway epithelial cells contain EGFR proligands on their surfaces, which can be cleaved by metalloprotease and subsequently bind to EGFR resulting in mucin production. We hypothesize that TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) is activated by cigarette smoke, resulting in increased shedding of EGFR proligand, leading to EGFR phosphorylation and mucin induction in human airway epithelial (NCI-H292) cells. Here we show that cigarette smoke increases MUC5AC production in NCI-H292 cells, an effect that is prevented by an EGFR-neutralizing antibody and by specific knockdown of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) using small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TGF-α, implicating TGF-α-dependent EGFR activation in the responses. Cigarette smoke increases TGF-α shedding, EGFR phosphorylation, and mucin production, which are prevented by metalloprotease inhibitors (GM-6001 and TNF-α protease inhibitor-1) and by specific knockdown of TACE with TACE siRNA, implicating TACE in smoking-induced responses. Furthermore, pretreatment with antioxidants prevents smoking-induced TGF-α shedding and mucin production, suggesting that reactive oxygen species is involved in TACE activation. These results implicate TACE in smoking-induced mucin overproduction via the TACE-proligand-EGFR signal pathway in NCI-H292 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt X G Shao
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0130, USA
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McMillan SJ, Lloyd CM. Prolonged allergen challenge in mice leads to persistent airway remodelling. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:497-507. [PMID: 15005746 PMCID: PMC3428844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory infiltrates, airway hyper-responsiveness, goblet cell hyperplasia and subepithelial thickening are characteristic of chronic asthma. Current animal models of allergen-induced airway inflammation generally concentrate on the acute inflammation following allergen exposure and fail to mimic all of these features. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use a murine model of prolonged allergen-induced airway inflammation in order to characterize the cells and molecules involved in the ensuing airway remodelling. Moreover, we investigated whether remodelling persists in the absence of continued allergen challenge. METHODS Acute pulmonary eosinophilia and airways hyper-reactivity were induced after six serial allergen challenges in sensitized mice (acute phase). Mice were subsequently challenged three times a week with ovalbumin (OVA) (chronic phase) up to day 55. To investigate the persistence of pathology, one group of mice were left for another 4 weeks without further allergen challenge (day 80). RESULTS The extended OVA challenge protocol caused significant airway remodelling, which was absent in the acute phase. Specifically, remodelling was characterized by deposition of collagen as well as airway smooth muscle and goblet cell hyperplasia. Importantly, these airway changes, together with tissue eosinophilia were sustained in the absence of further allergen challenge. Examination of cytokines revealed a dramatic up-regulation of IL-4 and tumour growth factor-beta1 during the chronic phase. Interestingly, while IL-4 levels were significantly increased during the chronic phase, levels of IL-13 fell. Levels of the Th1-associated cytokine IFN-gamma also increased during the chronic phase. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have demonstrated that prolonged allergen challenge results in persistent airway wall remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J McMillan
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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Banerjee R, Puniyani RR. Exogenous surfactant therapy and mucus rheology in chronic obstructive airway diseases. J Biomater Appl 2000; 14:243-72. [PMID: 10656543 DOI: 10.1177/088532820001400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous surfactant is a specialized biomaterial used for substitution of the lipoprotein mixture normally present in the lungs-pulmonary surfactant. Respiratory Distress Syndrome is a disease of preterm infants mainly caused by pulmonary immaturity as evidenced by a deficiency of mature lung surfactant. Pulmonary surfactant is known to stabilize small alveoli and prevent them from collapsing during expiration. However, apart from alveoli, surfactant also lines the narrow conducting airways of the tracheobronchial tree. This paper reviews the role of this surfactant in the airways and its effect on mucus rheology and mucociliary clearance. Its potential role as a therapeutic biomaterial in chronic obstructive airway diseases, namely asthma, chronic bronchitis, and respiratory manifestations of cystic fibrosis, are discussed. This paper also attempts to elucidate the exact steps in the pathogenic pathway of these diseases which could be reversed by supplementation of exogenous surfactant formulations. It is shown that there is great potential for the use of present day surfactants (which are actually formulated for use in Respiratory Disease Syndrome) as therapy in the aforementioned diseases of altered mucus viscoelasticity and mucociliary clearance. However, for improved effectiveness, specific surfactant formulations satisfying certain specific criteria should be tailor-made for the clinical condition for which they are intended. The properties required to be fulfilled by the optimal exogenous surfactant in each of the above clinical conditions are enumerated in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Banerjee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Bombay
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13
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Lusuardi M, Capelli A, Cerutti CG, Spada EL, Donner CF. Airways inflammation in subjects with chronic bronchitis who have never smoked. Thorax 1994; 49:1211-6. [PMID: 7878554 PMCID: PMC475325 DOI: 10.1136/thx.49.12.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is the single most common cause of chronic bronchitis but the disease can also occur in non-smokers. Alterations in the lung responsible for the disease, such as oxidant/antioxidant and protease/antiprotease imbalance, have been investigated in smokers. The aim of our study was to evaluate local cellular and soluble factors (albumin, immunoglobulins, proteases, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and transferrin) that may be involved in the development of chronic bronchitis in subjects who have never smoked. METHODS Sixteen clinically stable patients with chronic bronchitis who had never been smokers were studied and 17 healthy non-smokers served as controls. All subjects underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Total and differential cell counts and concentrations of the main proteins (albumin, immunoglobulins, complement fractions, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and transferrin) were measured. Elastase-like activity was assessed in cells and supernatants. To estimate the oxidant burden the release of superoxide anion (O2-) from native cell populations was evaluated. RESULTS Recovery of BAL fluid was reduced in older individuals in both the chronic bronchitis and control groups. There was no difference in total cell count, but neutrophil percentage count was higher in those with chronic bronchitis (median (range) 3.5 (1.6-14.2)) than in controls (1.3 (0.5-3.7)). These differences were most pronounced in the first recovery, representative of the bronchial lavage. There was no difference in bronchial epithelial cells. Total proteins and albumin levels were comparable and IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4, transferrin and alpha 1-antitrypsin values standardised to albumin did not show any significant differences. No differences in elastase-like levels in supernatants were detected. In cell lysates elastase-like activity x 10(7) cells (macrophages+neutrophils) was increased in patients with chronic bronchitis (0.25 (0.06-4.3) compared with controls 0.08 (0.03-0.9) micrograms PPEeq). The release of O2- both at baseline and after opsonised zymosan phagocytosis did not show any differences. Correlation analysis between FEV1 and BAL fluid data showed a negative correlation only with neutrophils/ml. CONCLUSIONS Clinically stable non-smokers with chronic bronchitis show no alterations of local immune components, oxidant burden, and free elastase-like activity in BAL fluids, while the content of elastase-like activity in phagocytic cells is increased. As in smokers, bronchial neutrophilia is the most significant cellular modification which correlates with the degree of airflow obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lusuardi
- Division of Pulmonary Disease, Clinica del Lavoro Foundation, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
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14
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Tamaoki J, Chiyotani A, Tagaya E, Sakai N, Konno K. Effect of long term treatment with oxitropium bromide on airway secretion in chronic bronchitis and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Thorax 1994; 49:545-8. [PMID: 8016790 PMCID: PMC474940 DOI: 10.1136/thx.49.6.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticholinergic bronchodilator drugs improve lung function in chronic bronchitis but less is known of their effects on the volume and physical properties of sputum in conditions associated with excessive airway secretions. This study examines the effects of the regular use of oxitropium bromide in such patients. METHODS The study was conducted in a parallel, double blind, placebo controlled fashion. Patients were divided into two groups: the first group (n = 17) received oxitropium bromide from a metered dose inhaler (two puffs three times daily; 100 micrograms/puff) for eight weeks, and the second group (n = 16) received placebo. Lung function was measured as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and vital capacity. In evaluating airway secretion, daily amount of expectorated sputum, percentage solid composition, viscoelastic properties including elastic modulus and dynamic viscosity, and sputum microbiology were determined. RESULTS Oxitropium bromide increased FEV1 and decreased the mean (SE) sputum production from 61(4) to 42(3) g/day after treatment, whereas placebo had no effect. Bacterial density and sputum flora were unchanged, but solid composition and elastic modulus increased from 2.52(0.43)% to 3.12(0.34)%, and 68(12) dyne/cm2, respectively, in the group taking oxitropium bromide. CONCLUSIONS Regular treatment with oxitropium bromide not only improves airflow limitation but also reduces sputum production, probably through the inhibition of both mucus secretion and water transport, the latter component being predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tamaoki
- First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to determine the bronchial mucus transport velocities in ventilated ICU patients and to study the possible role of impaired mucus transport in the development of retention of secretion and pneumonia. DESIGN The patients were studied prospectively in a convenience sample trial. SETTING The study took place at a university hospital. PATIENTS Thirty-two ventilated patients in a surgical ICU were included in the study. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Ulm. INTERVENTIONS Bronchial mucus transport velocity (BTV) was measured with a small volume of technetium 99m-labeled albumin microspheres within the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. The radiolabeled bolus was deposited at the distal end of the right and left main bronchus via flexible bronchoscopy. The movement of the microspheres toward the trachea was visualized and recorded using a scintillation camera. After determination of BTV, the patients were examined daily for 4 days to record pulmonary complications (defined as retention of secretion and nosocomial pneumonia). MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The median BTV in the right primary bronchus was 0.8 mm/min and in the left it was 1.4 mm/min. In nine patients both radioactive drops remained at the application site. In 14 patients, a total of 19 pulmonary complications occurred (10 times retention of secretion, 9 times pneumonia). Patients with pulmonary complications had statistically significant lower BTV compared with patients without pulmonary complications; in the left bronchus 0 (0 to 6.5) mm/min (median with range) vs 3.5 (0 to 10.5) mm/min (p < 0.01) and in the right bronchus 0 (0 to 3.0) mm/min vs 4.7 (0 to 11.7) mm/min (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Ventilated patients in the ICU frequently have impaired mucus transport, which is associated with the development of retention of secretion and pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Konrad
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University of Ulm, Germany
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Kobayashi K, Salathé M, Pratt MM, Cartagena NJ, Soloni F, Seybold ZV, Wanner A. Mechanism of hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of sheep airway cilia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6:667-73. [PMID: 1591015 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/6.6.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of the inflammatory mediator hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on airway ciliary activity, we measured ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in cultured tracheal explants from sheep. Addition of H2O2 (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) produced a concentration-dependent mean (+/- SEM) decrease in CBF between 11.1 +/- 0.4% (P less than 0.01) and 100 +/- 0% (P less than 0.001); at each concentration, the maximal effect was reached by 20 to 25 min. Between 10(-8) and 10(-6) M H2O2, the decrease in CBF was reversible, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was not significantly increased, and major morphologic lesions were not seen. At higher concentrations of H2O2, incomplete recovery of CBF (10(-5) M) or irreversible ciliostasis (10(-4) M) developed, and a significant increase in LDH and morphologic lesions were present. Catalase (2,000 U/ml) and H-7 (10(-5) M), a protein kinase inhibitor, abolished cilioinhibition produced by H2O2 at 10(-6) M and lower concentrations but not at 10(-5) M and higher concentrations. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C activator, caused a dose-dependent (10(-11) to 10(-5) M), reversible decrease in CBF; this effect was abolished by H-7. We suggest that at nonlethal concentrations, H2O2 inhibits the beat frequency of airway epithelial cilia reversibly, through the activation of second messengers, including protein kinase C. This mechanism might contribute to the previously demonstrated impairment of mucociliary clearance in airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kobayashi
- Pulmonary Division, University of Miami, Florida
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