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Pockley AG, Henderson B. Extracellular cell stress (heat shock) proteins-immune responses and disease: an overview. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0522. [PMID: 29203707 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cell stress proteins are highly conserved phylogenetically and have been shown to act as powerful signalling agonists and receptors for selected ligands in several different settings. They also act as immunostimulatory 'danger signals' for the innate and adaptive immune systems. Other studies have shown that cell stress proteins and the induction of immune reactivity to self-cell stress proteins can attenuate disease processes. Some proteins (e.g. Hsp60, Hsp70, gp96) exhibit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, depending on the context in which they encounter responding immune cells. The burgeoning literature reporting the presence of stress proteins in a range of biological fluids in healthy individuals/non-diseased settings, the association of extracellular stress protein levels with a plethora of clinical and pathological conditions and the selective expression of a membrane form of Hsp70 on cancer cells now supports the concept that extracellular cell stress proteins are involved in maintaining/regulating organismal homeostasis and in disease processes and phenotype. Cell stress proteins, therefore, form a biologically complex extracellular cell stress protein network having diverse biological, homeostatic and immunomodulatory properties, the understanding of which offers exciting opportunities for delivering novel approaches to predict, identify, diagnose, manage and treat disease.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Brian Henderson
- Division of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Borges TJ, Lang BJ, Lopes RL, Bonorino C. Modulation of Alloimmunity by Heat Shock Proteins. Front Immunol 2016; 7:303. [PMID: 27555846 PMCID: PMC4977877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological mechanisms that evolved for host defense against pathogens and injury are also responsible for transplant rejection. Host rejection of foreign tissue was originally thought to be mediated mainly by T cell recognition of foreign MHC alleles. Management of solid organ transplant rejection has thus focused mainly on inhibition of T cell function and matching MHC alleles between donor and host. Recently, however, it has been demonstrated that the magnitude of the initial innate immune responses upon transplantation has a decisive impact on rejection. The exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have yet to be characterized. Ischemic cell death and inflammation that occur upon transplantation are synonymous with extracellular release of various heat shock proteins (Hsps), many of which have been shown to have immune-modulatory properties. Here, we review the impact of Hsps upon alloimmunity and discuss the potential use of Hsps as accessory agents to improve solid organ transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago J Borges
- Faculdade de Biociências e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Benjamin J Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Life Sciences, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Rafael L Lopes
- Faculdade de Biociências e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Cristina Bonorino
- Faculdade de Biociências e Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
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Heat-shock proteins in autoimmunity. Autoimmune Dis 2013; 2013:621417. [PMID: 23762533 PMCID: PMC3671508 DOI: 10.1155/2013/621417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Alegre ML, Goldstein DR, Chong AS. Toll-like receptor signaling in transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 13:358-65. [PMID: 18685330 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283061149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent advances in the role of endogenous and exogenous Toll-like receptor ligands in the activation and inhibition of immune responses in transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS During an alloresponse, Toll-like receptors can be engaged by both damage-induced endogenous ligands or microbial-associated molecular patterns. The damage-induced molecule high mobility group box 1 protein and its binding to Toll-like receptor 4 have been identified as major initiators of antitumor and antitransplant immune responses. Type I interferon signaling plays an important role in the pro-rejection effect mediated by Toll-like receptor agonists and some bacteria. Similar pathways, however, in neonates can result in inhibition rather than activation of alloimmune responses. SUMMARY The consequences of Toll-like receptor engagement by endogenous and exogenous ligands in transplantation may depend on the relative induction of inflammatory and regulatory pathways and the stage of development of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Henderson B, Pockley AG. Proteotoxic stress and circulating cell stress proteins in the cardiovascular diseases. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:303-11. [PMID: 22215517 PMCID: PMC3312955 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovasculature is one of the major body systems and probably the one most exposed to stress. There is clear evidence that increasing levels of cell stress proteins within the heart is cardioprotective. In addition, there is rapidly emerging evidence that secreted cell stress proteins play a role in the function of the cardiovascular tissues. Those secreted proteins have three potential functions: (1) as normal homeostatic cardiovascular signals (e.g. protein disulphide isomerase); (2) as anti-inflammatory molecules, which are able to inhibit cardiovascular pathology (e.g. Hsp27); and (iii) as pro-inflammatory signals that can induce and promote cardiovascular pathology (e.g. Hsp60). As all of these various proteins may be released-at different rates-and in different cardiovascular diseases-we need to consider the cohort of potential secreted cell stress proteins as a dynamic system (network) that can aid and/or damage the equally dynamic cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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van Eden W, Spiering R, Broere F, van der Zee R. A case of mistaken identity: HSPs are no DAMPs but DAMPERs. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:281-92. [PMID: 22139593 PMCID: PMC3312964 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the immune system was seen solely as a defense system with its primary task being the elimination of unwanted microbial invaders. Currently, however, the functional significance of the immune system has obtained a much wider perspective, to include among others the maintenance and restoration of homeostasis following tissue damage. In this latter aspect, there is a growing interest in the identification of molecules involved, such as the so-called danger or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), also called alarmins. Since heat shock proteins are archetypical molecules produced under stressful conditions, such as tissue damage or inflammation, they are frequently mentioned as prime examples of DAMPs (Bianchi, J Leukoc Biol 81:1-5, 2007; Kono and Rock, Nat Rev Immunol 8:279-289, 2008; Martin-Murphy et al., Toxicol Lett 192:387-394, 2010). See for instance also a recent review (Chen and Nunez, Science 298:1395-1401, 2010). Contrary to this description, we recently presented some of the arguments against a role of heat shock protein as DAMPs (Broere et al., Nat Rev Immunol 11:565-c1, 2011). With this perspective and reflection article, we hope to elaborate on this debate and provide additional thoughts to further ignite this discussion on this critical and evolving issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Broere F, van der Zee R, van Eden W. Heat shock proteins are no DAMPs, rather 'DAMPERs'. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:565; author reply 565. [PMID: 21785457 DOI: 10.1038/nri2873-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dabbs RA, Wyatt AR, Yerbury JJ, Ecroyd H, Wilson MR. Extracellular Chaperones. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010. [PMID: 21516385 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of the levels and correct folding state of proteins (proteostasis) is a fundamental prerequisite for life. Life has evolved complex mechanisms to maintain proteostasis and many of these that operate inside cells are now well understood. The same cannot yet be said of corresponding processes in extracellular fluids of the human body, where inappropriate protein aggregation is known to underpin many serious diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes and prion diseases. Recent research has uncovered a growing family of abundant extracellular chaperones in body fluids which appear to selectively bind to exposed regions of hydrophobicity on misfolded proteins to inhibit their toxicity and prevent them from aggregating to form insoluble deposits. These extracellular chaperones are also implicated in clearing the soluble, stabilized misfolded proteins from body fluids via receptor-mediated endocytosis for subsequent lysosomal degradation. Recent work also raises the possibility that extracellular chaperones may play roles in modulating the immune response. Future work will better define the in vivo functions of extracellular chaperones in proteostasis and immunology and pave the way for the development of new treatments for serious diseases.
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Henderson B, Calderwood SK, Coates ARM, Cohen I, van Eden W, Lehner T, Pockley AG. Caught with their PAMPs down? The extracellular signalling actions of molecular chaperones are not due to microbial contaminants. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:123-41. [PMID: 19731087 PMCID: PMC2866984 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been hypothesised that a new signalling system may exist in vertebrates in which secreted molecular chaperones form a dynamic continuum between the cellular stress response and corresponding homeostatic physiological mechanisms. This hypothesis seems to be supported by the finding that many molecular chaperones are released from cells and act as extracellular signals for a range of cells. However, this nascent field of biological research seems to suffer from an excessive criticism that the biological activities of molecular chaperones are due to undefined components of the microbial expression hosts used to generate recombinant versions of these proteins. In this article, a number of the proponents of the cell signalling actions of molecular chaperones take this criticism head-on. They show that sufficient evidence exists to support fully the hypothesis that molecular chaperones have cell-cell signalling actions that are likely to be part of the homeostatic mechanism of the vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, UK.
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Rajaseger G, Lim CL, Wui LK, Saravanan P, Tang K, Gopalakrishnakone P, Pen-Huat YE, Lu J, Shabbir MM. A study on the differential protein profiles in liver cells of heat stress rats with and without turpentine treatment. Proteome Sci 2009; 7:1. [PMID: 19126242 PMCID: PMC2626589 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat stress (HS) and related illnesses are a major concern in military, sports, and fire brigadiers. HS results in physiologic responses of increased temperature, heart rate and sweating. In heat stroke, inflammatory response plays an important role and it is evidenced that turpentine (T) induced circulating inflammatory cytokines reduced survival rate and duration at 42 degrees C. Here we report the alteration in the protein expression in liver cells upon HS with and without T treatment using two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), tryptic in-gel digestion and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS approaches. RESULTS The effects of HS and T treatments alone and a combined treatments (T+HS) was performed in Wistar rat models. Proteomic analysis of liver in the HS and T+HS groups were analyzed compared to liver profiles of resting control and T treated groups. The study revealed a total of 25 and 29 differentially expressed proteins in the HS and T+HS groups respectively compared to resting control group. Fourteen proteins showed altered expression upon T treatment compared to resting control group. Proteins that are involved in metabolic and signal transduction pathways, defense, redox regulation, and cytoskeletal restructuring functions were identified. The altered expression of proteins reflected in 2D gels were corroborated by quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis of 8 protein coding genes representing metabolic and regulatory pathways for their expression and normalized with the house keeping gene beta-actin. CONCLUSION The present study has identified a number of differentially expressed proteins in the liver cells of rats subjected to T, HS and T+HS treatments. Most of these proteins are implicated in cell metabolism, as well as adaptive response to incurred oxidative stress and tissue damage due to T+HS and HS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Rajaseger
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #09-01 Kent Ridge117510, Singapore
| | - Chin Leong Lim
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #09-01 Kent Ridge117510, Singapore
| | - Lee Koon Wui
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #09-01 Kent Ridge117510, Singapore
| | - Padmanabhan Saravanan
- Department of Anatomy (MD10), Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road 117597, Singapore
| | - Kai Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive 637551, Singapore
| | - Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #09-01 Kent Ridge117510, Singapore.,Department of Anatomy (MD10), Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road 117597, Singapore
| | - Yap Eric Pen-Huat
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #09-01 Kent Ridge117510, Singapore
| | - Jia Lu
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #09-01 Kent Ridge117510, Singapore
| | - Moochhala M Shabbir
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #09-01 Kent Ridge117510, Singapore
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Coelho V, Broere F, Binder RJ, Shoenfeld Y, Moudgil KD. Heat-shock proteins: inflammatory versus regulatory attributes. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:119-25. [PMID: 18758999 PMCID: PMC2673889 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Coelho
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of São Paulo Medical School, and Institute for Investigation in Immunology-Millennium Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Binder
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Department of Medicine ‘B’ and Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center (affiliated to Tel-Aviv University), Israelheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kamal D. Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Pockley AG, Fairburn B, Mirza S, Slack LK, Hopkinson K, Muthana M. A non-receptor-mediated mechanism for internalization of molecular chaperones. Methods 2008; 43:238-44. [PMID: 17920521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolving realization that stress proteins, which have for many years been considered to be exclusively intracellular molecules under normal conditions, can be released from viable cells via a number of potential routes/pathways has prompted interest into their extracellular biology and intercellular signaling properties. That the stress proteins Hsp60, Hsp70 and gp96 can elicit both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects suggests that these molecules play a key role in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis, and a better understanding of the immunobiology of extracellular stress proteins might reveal new and more effective approaches for controlling and managing infectious disease, inflammatory disease and cancer. A number of cell surface receptors for stress proteins have been identified, and the intracellular consequences of these cell surface receptor-ligand interactions have been characterized. To date, studies into the intercellular signaling properties of stress proteins and their interactions with antigen presenting cells have focused on specific receptor-mediated uptake, and have not considered the fact that such cells can also take up proteins via non-specific endocytosis/pinocytosis. Herein we present a methodological approach for assessing receptor-mediated and non-receptor-mediated uptake of gp96 by rat bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Graham Pockley
- Immunobiology Research Unit, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, L Floor, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK.
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