1
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Banks CM, Trott JF, Hovey RC. The prolactin receptor: A cross-species comparison of gene structure, transcriptional regulation, tissue-specificity, and genetic variation. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13385. [PMID: 38586906 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The conserved and multifaceted functions of prolactin (PRL) are coordinated through varied distribution and expression of its cell-surface receptor (PRLR) across a range of tissues and physiological states. The resultant heterogeneous expression of PRLR mRNA and protein across different organs and cell types supports a wide range of PRL-regulated processes including reproduction, lactation, development, and homeostasis. Genetic variation within the PRLR gene also accounts for several phenotypes impacting agricultural production and human pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight the many elements that control differential expression of the PRLR across tissues, and the various phenotypes that exist across species due to variation in the PRLR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Banks
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Pharmacological Benefits and Risk of Using Hormones in Organ Perfusion and Preservation Solutions in the Aspect of Minimizing Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury during Storage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6467134. [PMID: 31828112 PMCID: PMC6881579 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6467134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For several years, research has been carried out on the effectiveness of solutions for perfusion and preservation of organs, including the liver. There is a search for an optimal pharmacological composition of these solutions, allowing to preserve or improve vital functions of the organ for as long as possible until it is transplanted into a recipient. Hormones due to their properties, often resulting from their pleiotropic effects, may be a valuable component for optimizing the composition of liver perfusion and preservation solutions. The paper presents the current state of knowledge on liver perfusion and preservation solutions modified with hormones. It also shows the characteristics of the hormones evaluated, taking into account their physiological functions in the body.
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Kodogo V, Azibani F, Sliwa K. Role of pregnancy hormones and hormonal interaction on the maternal cardiovascular system: a literature review. Clin Res Cardiol 2019; 108:831-846. [PMID: 30806769 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-019-01441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hormones have a vital duty in the conservation of physiological cardiovascular function during pregnancy. Alterations in oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin levels are associated with changes in the cardiovascular system to support the growing foetus and counteract pregnancy stresses. Pregnancy hormones are, however, also linked to numerous pathophysiological outcomes on the cardiovascular system. The expression and effects of the three main pregnancy hormones (oestrogen, prolactin and progesterone) vary depending on the gestation period. However, the reaction of a target cell also depends on the abundance of hormone receptors and impacts put forth by other hormones. Hormonal interaction may be synergistic, antagonistic or permissive. It is crucial to explore the cross talk of pregnancy hormones during gestation, as this may have a greater impact on the overall changes to the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaris Kodogo
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 4th floor Chris Barnard Building, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa
| | - Feriel Azibani
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 4th floor Chris Barnard Building, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, 4th floor Chris Barnard Building, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa.
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4
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Clapp C, Adán N, Ledesma-Colunga MG, Solís-Gutiérrez M, Triebel J, Martínez de la Escalera G. The role of the prolactin/vasoinhibin axis in rheumatoid arthritis: an integrative overview. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2929-48. [PMID: 27026299 PMCID: PMC11108309 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease destroying articular cartilage and bone. The female preponderance and the influence of reproductive states in RA have long linked this disease to sexually dimorphic, reproductive hormones such as prolactin (PRL). PRL has immune-enhancing properties and increases in the circulation of some patients with RA. However, PRL also suppresses the immune system, stimulates the formation and survival of joint tissues, acquires antiangiogenic properties upon its cleavage to vasoinhibins, and protects against joint destruction and inflammation in the adjuvant-induced model of RA. This review addresses risk factors for RA linked to PRL, the effects of PRL and vasoinhibins on joint tissues, blood vessels, and immune cells, and the clinical and experimental data associating PRL with RA. This information provides important insights into the pathophysiology of RA and highlights protective actions of the PRL/vasoinhibin axis that could lead to therapeutic benefits.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/immunology
- Animals
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Cartilage, Articular/blood supply
- Cartilage, Articular/immunology
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/physiopathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Cellular
- Inflammation/epidemiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Joints/blood supply
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/pathology
- Joints/physiopathology
- Male
- Prolactin/immunology
- Reproduction
- Sex Factors
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Norma Adán
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - María G Ledesma-Colunga
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mariana Solís-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Jakob Triebel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Martínez de la Escalera
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus UNAM, Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
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5
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Michau A, Hodson DJ, Fontanaud P, Guillou A, Espinosa-Carrasco G, Molino F, Peters CJ, Robinson IC, Le Tissier P, Mollard P, Schaeffer M. Metabolism Regulates Exposure of Pancreatic Islets to Circulating Molecules In Vivo. Diabetes 2016; 65:463-75. [PMID: 26581596 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells modulate insulin secretion through rapid sensing of blood glucose and integration of gut-derived signals. Increased insulin demand during pregnancy and obesity alters islet function and mass and leads to gestational diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes in predisposed individuals. However, it is unclear how blood-borne factors dynamically access the islets of Langerhans. Thus, understanding the changes in circulating molecule distribution that accompany compensatory β-cell expansion may be key to developing novel antidiabetic therapies. Here, using two-photon microscopy in vivo in mice, we demonstrate that islets are almost instantly exposed to peaks of circulating molecules, which rapidly pervade the tissue before clearance. In addition, both gestation and short-term high-fat-diet feeding decrease molecule extravasation and uptake rates in vivo in islets, independently of β-cell expansion or islet blood flow velocity. Together, these data support a role for islet vascular permeability in shaping β-cell adaptive responses to metabolic demand by modulating the access and sensing of circulating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Michau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David J Hodson
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K. Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Pierre Fontanaud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Guillou
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Espinosa-Carrasco
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Lymphocyte Differentiation, Tolerance, and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - François Molino
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Charles Coulomb Laboratory, University of Montpellier, CNRS, UMR-5221, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine J Peters
- Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, U.K
| | - Iain C Robinson
- Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, U.K
| | - Paul Le Tissier
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Patrice Mollard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Schaeffer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, France University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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6
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Yang X, Friedl A. A positive feedback loop between prolactin and STAT5 promotes angiogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 846:265-80. [PMID: 25472543 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12114-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The signal transduction events that orchestrate cellular activities required for angiogenesis remain incompletely understood. We and others recently described that proangiogenic mediators such as fibroblast growth factors can activate members of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family. STAT5 activation is necessary and sufficient to induce migration, invasion and tube formation of endothelial cells. STAT5 effects on endothelial cells require the secretion of the prolactin (PRL) family member proliferin-1 (PLF1) in mice and PRL in humans. In human endothelial cells, PRL activates the PRL receptor (PRLR) resulting in MAPK and STAT5 activation, thus closing a positive feedback loop. In vivo, endothelial cell-derived PRL is expected to combine with PRL of tumor cell and pituitary origin to raise the concentration of this polypeptide hormone in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, PRL may stimulate tumor angiogenesis via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine pathways. The disruption of tumor angiogenesis by interfering with PRL signaling may offer an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 6051 WIMR, MC-2275, 1111 Highland Avenue, 53705, Madison, WI, USA,
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7
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Jiang XB, Li CL, He DS, Mao ZG, Liu DH, Fan X, Hu B, Zhu YH, Wang HJ. Increased carotid intima media thickness is associated with prolactin levels in subjects with untreated prolactinoma: a pilot study. Pituitary 2014; 17:232-9. [PMID: 23756783 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-013-0495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolactinemia is associated with endothelial dysfunction and atherogenic risk factors, but carotid intima media thickness (IMT) has not been studied in hyperprolactinemic patients. To determine whether untreated hyperprolactinemia contributes to increased carotid IMT. Thirty-one prolactinoma patients and 60 healthy controls were respectively studied. Participants underwent hormone evaluation. Anthropometric parameters (body mass index and blood pressure), inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fibrinogen), serum glucose, insulin, lipid and apolipoprotein profiles were also determined. Endothelial function measured as the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of a brachial artery and carotid IMT were evaluated using high-resolution ultrasonography. Multivariate linear regression analysis was applied to identify independent determinants of FMD and carotid IMT. Triglycerides, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, apolipoprotein (apo)B/apoA-I ratio, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen were significantly higher, while apoA-I was significantly lower in patients with prolactinomas than in the controls. Meanwhile, decreased FMD and increased carotid IMT were observed in hyperprolactinemic group. Serum prolactin was positively correlated with triglycerides, apoB/apoA-I ratio, hypogonadal, hsCRP and fibrinogen (P < 0.05), but inversely associated with apoA-I and HDL-C (P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, prolactin was found negatively correlated with FMD (r = -0.576, P < 0.0001), and positively correlated with mean carotid IMT (r = 0.652, P < 0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that prolactin determined, independent of traditional risk factors, FMD (B = -0.589, 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.525 to -0.804, P = 0.001) and mean carotid IMT (B = 0.527, 95% CI 0.027-0.069, P < 0.0001). Hyperprolactinemia may be involved in the preclinical increase in carotid IMT, directly or by promoting atherogenic factors, including insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Additional studies are warranted to confirm our findings and explore the mechanisms underlying prolactin-associated early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pituitary Adenoma in Guangdong Province, Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China,
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8
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Kluge W, Alsaif M, Guest PC, Schwarz E, Bahn S. Translating potential biomarker candidates for schizophrenia and depression to animal models of psychiatric disorders. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 11:721-33. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Chéret J, Lebonvallet N, Carré JL, Misery L, Le Gall-Ianotto C. Role of neuropeptides, neurotrophins, and neurohormones in skin wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:772-88. [PMID: 24134750 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Due to the close interactions between the skin and peripheral nervous system, there is increasing evidence that the cutaneous innervation is an important modulator of the normal wound healing process. The communication between sensory neurons and skin cells involves a variety of molecules (neuropeptides, neurohormones, and neurotrophins) and their specific receptors expressed by both neuronal and nonneuronal skin cells. It is well established that neurotransmitters and nerve growth factors released in skin have immunoregulatory roles and can exert mitogenic actions; they could also influence the functions of the different skin cell types during the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Chéret
- Laboratory of Neurosciences of Brest (EA4685), University of Western Brittany, Brest, France
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10
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Yang X, Meyer K, Friedl A. STAT5 and prolactin participate in a positive autocrine feedback loop that promotes angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21184-21196. [PMID: 23729680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.481119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that the murine prolactin/growth hormone family member proliferin plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis induced by the FGF2/STAT5 signaling cascade. To delineate the signaling pathway downstream of STAT5 in the human system, where proliferin does not exist, we expressed constitutively active (CA) or dominant-negative (DN) mutant STAT5A in hCMEC/D3 human brain endothelial cells. We found that conditioned medium from CA-STAT5A- but not from DN-STAT5A-overexpressing endothelial cells (EC) is sufficient to induce EC migration and tube formation but not proliferation, indicating that STAT5A regulates the secretion of autocrine proangiogenic factors. We identified prolactin (PRL) as a candidate autocrine factor. CA-STAT5A expression stimulates PRL production at the RNA and protein level, and STAT5A binds to the PRL promoter region, suggesting direct transcriptional regulation. Medium conditioned by CA-STAT5A-overexpressing EC induces phosphorylation of the PRL receptor and activates MAPK. Knockdown of PRL expression by shRNA or blocking of PRL activity with neutralizing antibodies removed the CA-STAT5A-dependent proangiogenic activity from the conditioned medium of EC. The addition of recombinant PRL restores this activity. STAT5A-induced PRL in the conditioned medium can activate STAT5, STAT1, and to a lesser extent STAT3 in hCMEC/D3 cells, suggesting the existence of a positive feedback loop between STAT5 and PRL that promotes angiogenesis. Furthermore, we find that VEGF, a potent proangiogenic factor, is induced by activation of STAT5A, and VEGF induction depends on PRL expression. These observations demonstrate a STAT5/PRL/VEGF signaling cascade in human brain EC and implicate PRL and VEGF as autocrine regulators of EC migration, invasion, and tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Yang
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Kristy Meyer
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Andreas Friedl
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705,; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, and; UW Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53792.
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11
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Reuwer AQ, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Mans LA, van der Loos CM, von der Thüsen JH, Twickler MTB, Spek CA, Goffin V, Griffioen AW, Borensztajn KS. Functional consequences of prolactin signalling in endothelial cells: a potential link with angiogenesis in pathophysiology? J Cell Mol Med 2013; 16:2035-48. [PMID: 22128761 PMCID: PMC3822974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin is best known as the polypeptide anterior pituitary hormone, which regulates the development of the mammary gland. However, it became clear over the last decade that prolactin contributes to a broad range of pathologies, including breast cancer. Prolactin is also involved in angiogenesis via the release of pro-angiogenic factors by leukocytes and epithelial cells. However, whether prolactin also influences endothelial cells, and whether there are functional consequences of prolactin-induced signalling in the perspective of angiogenesis, remains so far elusive. In the present study, we show that prolactin induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT5 and induces tube formation of endothelial cells on Matrigel. These effects are blocked by a specific prolactin receptor antagonist, del1-9-G129R-hPRL. Moreover, in an in vivo model of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chicken embryo, prolactin enhances vessel density and the tortuosity of the vasculature and pillar formation, which are hallmarks of intussusceptive angiogenesis. Interestingly, while prolactin has only little effect on endothelial cell proliferation, it markedly stimulates endothelial cell migration. Again, migration was reverted by del1-9-G129R-hPRL, indicating a direct effect of prolactin on its receptor. Immunohistochemistry and spectral imaging revealed that the prolactin receptor is present in the microvasculature of human breast carcinoma tissue. Altogether, these results suggest that prolactin may directly stimulate angiogenesis, which could be one of the mechanisms by which prolactin contributes to breast cancer progression, thereby providing a potential tool for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Q Reuwer
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Rotondo F, Kovacs K, Macdonald RL, Prud’homme GJ, Latta E, Munoz D. Non–Small Cell Bronchial Carcinoma Metastasizing into a Prolactin-Producing Pituitary Adenoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2012; 21:68-71. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896912449478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the case of a 66-year-old man with a non–small cell bronchial carcinoma that metastasized into a prolactin (PRL)-producing pituitary adenoma. The pituitary adenoma cells were immunoreactive for PRL and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It is hypothesized that VEGF and PRL played a role in the development of metastasis within the adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Rotondo
- Departments of laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kalman Kovacs
- Departments of laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Loch Macdonald
- Neurosurgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald J Prud’homme
- Departments of laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleanor Latta
- Departments of laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Munoz
- Departments of laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Trott JF, Schennink A, Petrie WK, Manjarin R, VanKlompenberg MK, Hovey RC. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Prolactin: The multifaceted potentiator of mammary growth and function1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1674-86. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - A. Schennink
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - W. K. Petrie
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - R. Manjarin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | - R. C. Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
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14
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Andres AC, Djonov V. The mammary gland vasculature revisited. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:319-28. [PMID: 20706777 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the extensive growth and differentiation of the mammary epithelium during pregnancy and lactation, and epithelial involution after weaning, the vasculature of the mammary gland undergoes repeated cycles of expansion and regression. Vascular expansion is effected by sprouting angiogenesis, intussusception and conceivably also vasculogenesis. The capacity of the epithelial cells to stimulate vascular growth and differentiation is dependent on the constellation of systemic and local hormones and growth factors as well as the changing demands for oxygenation and nutrient supply. This results in the release of angiogenic factors which stimulate endothelial cell growth and regulate vascular architecture. In contrast to the angiogenic phase of the mammary gland cycle, little is known about the control of vascular regression although this would possibly offer new insights into therapeutic possibilities against breast cancer. In this review we summarize knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating the vasculature of the mammary gland and delineate the importance of the vasculature in the attainment of organ function. In addition, we discuss the angiogenic mechanisms observed during mammary carcinogenesis and their consequences for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Andres
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Tiefenaustrasse 120c, Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Clapp C, Thebault S, Jeziorski MC, Martínez De La Escalera G. Peptide hormone regulation of angiogenesis. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:1177-215. [PMID: 19789380 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now apparent that regulation of blood vessel growth contributes to the classical actions of hormones on development, growth, and reproduction. Endothelial cells are ideally positioned to respond to hormones, which act in concert with locally produced chemical mediators to regulate their growth, motility, function, and survival. Hormones affect angiogenesis either directly through actions on endothelial cells or indirectly by regulating proangiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor. Importantly, the local microenvironment of endothelial cells can determine the outcome of hormone action on angiogenesis. Members of the growth hormone/prolactin/placental lactogen, the renin-angiotensin, and the kallikrein-kinin systems that exert stimulatory effects on angiogenesis can acquire antiangiogenic properties after undergoing proteolytic cleavage. In view of the opposing effects of hormonal fragments and precursor molecules, the regulation of the proteases responsible for specific protein cleavage represents an efficient mechanism for balancing angiogenesis. This review presents an overview of the actions on angiogenesis of the above-mentioned peptide hormonal families and addresses how specific proteolysis alters the final outcome of these actions in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Prolactin and the Skin: A Dermatological Perspective on an Ancient Pleiotropic Peptide Hormone. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1071-87. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Clapp C, Thebault S, Martínez de la Escalera G. Role of prolactin and vasoinhibins in the regulation of vascular function in mammary gland. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:55-67. [PMID: 18204888 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels has become a major focus of mammary gland research stimulated by the therapeutic opportunities of controlling angiogenesis in breast cancer. Normal growth and involution of the mammary gland are profoundly affected by the expansion and regression of blood vessels, whereas dysregulation of angiogenesis is characteristic of breast cancer growth and metastasis. Prolactin stimulates the growth and differentiation of the mammary gland under normal conditions, but its role in breast cancer is controversial. Its action is complicated by the fact that prolactin itself is angiogenic, but proteases cleave prolactin to generate vasoinhibins, a family of peptides that act on endothelial cells to suppress angiogenesis and vasodilation and to promote apoptosis-mediated vascular regression. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the vascular effects of prolactin and the generation and action of vasoinhibins, and discusses their possible contribution to the regulation of blood vessels in the normal and malignant mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Clapp
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro, México 76230.
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Bratthauer GL, Strauss BL, Barner R. Reversed Expression of the JAK/STAT Pathway Related Proteins Prolactin Receptor and STAT5a in Normal and Abnormal Breast Epithelial Cells. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2008; 1:7-14. [PMID: 21655368 PMCID: PMC3091403 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is important for cellular metabolism. One component, STAT5a, is activated in the breast upon prolactin to prolactin receptor (PRLR) binding facilitating the transcription of genes involved in lobule development. STAT5a was previously found to be expressed in most normal breast epithelial cells but not in many in situ or invasive carcinomas except secretory carcinomas which retain STAT5a expression. This report examines the JAK/STAT pathway in the breast through the detection of PRLR and STAT5a. Fifty breast tissues, including benign secretory change, microglandular adenosis, usual and atypical hyperplasia and in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma both usual and secretory, were obtained from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Sections were immunostained with antibodies to PRLR and STAT5a. PRLR was minimally detected on the surface of a few normal breast epithelial cells whereas STAT5a was greatly expressed in over 80% of normal cell nuclei. PRLR was also minimally detected in secretory carcinomas expressing STAT5a. However, the opposite pattern was seen in breast carcinomas lacking STAT5a expression. PRLR was abundantly expressed in these cells. This reversed expression may indicate a JAK/STAT pathway disturbance that could play a role in the initiation or maintenance of an abnormal breast phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Bratthauer
- Department of Gynecologic and Breast Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington
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Egecioglu E, Andersson IJ, Bollano E, Palsdottir V, Gabrielsson BG, Kopchick JJ, Skott O, Bie P, Isgaard J, Bohlooly-Y M, Bergström G, Wickman A. Growth hormone receptor deficiency in mice results in reduced systolic blood pressure and plasma renin, increased aortic eNOS expression, and altered cardiovascular structure and function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1418-25. [PMID: 17244725 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00335.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) in the development of cardiovascular structure and function, female GHR gene-disrupted or knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice at age 18 wk were used. GHR KO mice had lower plasma renin levels (12 +/- 2 vs. 20 +/- 4 mGU/ml, P < 0.05) and increased aortic endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression (146%, P < 0.05) accompanied by a 25% reduction in systolic blood pressure (BP, 110 +/- 4 vs. 147 +/- 3 mmHg, P < 0.001) compared with WT mice. Aldosterone levels were unchanged, whereas the plasma potassium concentration was elevated by 14% (P < 0.05) in GHR KO. Relative left ventricular weight was 14% lower in GHR KO mice (P < 0.05), and cardiac dimensions as analyzed by echocardiography were similarly reduced. Myograph studies revealed a reduced maximum contractile response in the aorta to norepinephrine (NE) and K(+) (P < 0.05), and aorta media thickness was decreased in GHR KO (P < 0.05). However, contractile force was normal in mesenteric arteries, whereas sensitivity to NE was increased (P < 0.05). Maximal acetylcholine-mediated dilatation was similar in WT and GHR KO mice, whereas the aorta of GHR KO mice showed an increased sensitivity to acetylcholine (P < 0.05). In conclusion, loss of GHR leads to low BP and decreased levels of renin in plasma as well as increase in aortic eNOS expression. Furthermore, GHR deficiency causes functional and morphological changes in both heart and vasculature that are beyond the observed alterations in body size. These data suggest an important role for an intact GH/IGF-I axis in the maintenance of a normal cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Egecioglu
- Departments of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Gothenberg, Sweden.
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Ricken AM, Traenkner A, Merkwitz C, Hummitzsch K, Grosche J, Spanel-Borowski K. The short prolactin receptor predominates in endothelial cells of micro- and macrovascular origin. J Vasc Res 2006; 44:19-30. [PMID: 17164560 DOI: 10.1159/000097892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversial reports on prolactin receptors (PRL-R), the long and short form, on endothelial cells (EC) may be explained by the choice of EC derived from the micro- and macrovascular bed of either endocrine and non-endocrine organs. METHODS We studied here PRL-R expression in organs [bovine corpus luteum (CL), umbilical vein, aorta] and in organ-derived EC cultures. RESULTS In the intact CL, both PRL-R forms were present at mRNA and protein level throughout the oestrous cycle stages. The short form prevailed as protein. PRL-R-positive EC were noted by immunofluorescent staining in arterial blood vessels of CL septa, in the umbilical vein and the aorta. In EC cultures of micro- and macrovascular origin, transcripts of both PRL-R forms were shown; again the short-form protein prevailed. Blocking experiments with anti-prolactin (PRL) antibody led to a 60% decrease in cell growth. Treatment with PRL had no effect. CONCLUSION PRL-R expression in micro- and macrovascular EC is associated with the predominant short form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Ricken
- Department of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 13, DE-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Patel OV, Yamada O, Kizaki K, Todoroki J, Takahashi T, Imai K, Schuler LA, Hashizume K. Temporospatial expression of placental lactogen and prolactin-related protein-1 genes in the bovine placenta and uterus during pregnancy. Mol Reprod Dev 2005; 69:146-52. [PMID: 15293215 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The anatomical location of binucleate cells (BNC) influences protein expression but not steroid synthesis in ruminants. In order to determine if BNC in disparate locations differentially express bovine placental lactogen (bPL) and prolactin-related protein-1 (bPRP-1), we quantitated bPL and bPRP-1 transcripts in placentomal (cotyledonary, caruncular) and interplacentomal (intercotyledonary, intercaruncular) tissues throughout pregnancy in the bovine using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Levels of both bPL and bPRP-1 transcripts at peri-implantation were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the fetal membrane than in caruncular and intercaruncular tissues. Thereafter, mRNA for these related proteins demonstrated different spatial as well as temporal patterns of expression. Levels of bPRP-1 transcripts peaked at day 60 of pregnancy. Between day 60 and 100, bPRP-1 transcripts fell by approximately sevenfold (P < 0.01) in cotyledonary and intercotyledonary tissues, and fourfold in caruncular (P < 0.01) tissue. Levels of bPRP-1 transcripts remained low in the cotyledonary, intercotyledonary, and caruncular tissues until peripartum. In contrast, bPL expression in placentomes increased with progression of gestation (P < 0.01), but decreased in interplacentomal tissue around peripartum. To conclude, disparate patterns of bPRP-1 and bPL genes are transcribed in the placentomal and interplacentomal tissues during gestation in the bovine, suggesting that these prolactin-like hormones serve distinct functions and are regulated differently in the uteroplacental unit in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Patel
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
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Goldhar AS, Vonderhaar BK, Trott JF, Hovey RC. Prolactin-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor via Egr-1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 232:9-19. [PMID: 15737464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a dynamic process regulated by both local and systemic factors. Among these is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent effector of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Previously we showed that VEGF is temporally and spatially regulated in the mouse mammary gland during development and lactation. Given the functions of prolactin (PRL) during these stages and the supporting role of the vasculature, we investigated the regulation of VEGF by PRL. Treatment of HC11 mouse mammary epithelial and Nb2 rat lymphoma cells with PRL induced VEGF expression. Deletion and mutation analysis identified a GC-rich region in the proximal region of the VEGF promoter that constitutively bound Sp1 and PRL-induced Egr-1. These sites conferred PRL-responsiveness leading to increased VEGF transcription. The induction of VEGF by PRL was PRL receptor-, Jak2- and MAP kinase kinase-dependent. Our results indicate that PRL induces VEGF expression through Egr-1, and implicates VEGF as an intermediary of PRL-regulated angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Goldhar
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1402, USA
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel development from preexisting vasculature. Although vascular endothelium is usually quiescent in the adult, active angiogenesis has been shown to be an important process for new vessel formation, tumor growth, progression, and spread. The angiogenic phenotype depends on the balance of proangiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibitors, as well as interactions with the extracellular matrix, allowing for endothelial migration. Endocrine glands are typically vascular organs, and their blood supply is essential for normal function and tight control of hormone feedback loops. In addition to metabolic factors such as hypoxia, the process of angiogenesis is also regulated by hormonal changes such as increased estrogen, IGF-I, and TSH levels. By measuring microvascular density, differences in angiogenesis have been related to differences in tumor behavior, and similar techniques have been applied to both benign and malignant endocrine tumors with the aim of identification of tumors that subsequently behave in an aggressive fashion. In contrast to other tumor types, pituitary tumors are less vascular than normal pituitary tissue, although the mechanism for this observation is not known. A relationship between angiogenesis and tumor size, tumor invasiveness, and aggressiveness has been shown in some pituitary tumor types, but not in others. There are few reports on the role of microvascular density or angiogenic factors in adrenal tumors. The mechanism of the vascular tumors, which include adrenomedullary tumors, found in patients with Von Hippel Lindau disease has been well characterized, and clinical trials of antiangiogenic therapy are currently being performed in patients with Von Hippel Lindau disease. Thyroid tumors are more vascular than normal thyroid tissue, and there is a clear correlation between increased VEGF expression and more aggressive thyroid tumor behavior and metastasis. Although parathyroid tissue induces angiogenesis when autotransplanted and PTH regulates both VEGF and MMP expression, there are few studies of angiogenesis and angiogenic factors in parathyroid tumors. An understanding of the balance of angiogenesis in these vascular tumors and mechanisms of vascular control may assist in therapeutic decisions and allow appropriately targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Turner
- Department of Endocrinology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
An experimental pilot study was conducted to investigate the effects of preoperative massage and music therapy on patients' preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative experiences. Participants were assigned randomly to one of four groups--a group that received massage with music therapy, a group that received massage only, a group that received music therapy only, or a control group. Hemodynamics, serum cortisol and prolactin levels, and anxiety were measured preoperatively and postoperatively. Postoperative anxiety levels were significantly lower and postoperative prolactin levels were significantly higher for all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D McRee
- University of Arizona College of Nursing, Tucson, USA
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Miller EJ, Nelson GM, Shultz JJ, Davis GG. Diagnosis of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy by immunohistochemical staining for prolactin in cerebral vessels. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2003; 24:28-31. [PMID: 12604994 DOI: 10.1097/01.paf.0000052105.95371.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy occurs when epilepsy patients die suddenly and unexpectedly in the absence of recent tonic-clonic seizure activity. There is currently no known reliable indicator of acutely lethal seizure activity. Clinical studies record a relationship between recent (within 10-40 minutes) seizure activity and elevated serum prolactin levels, and postictal elevation of prolactin within peripheral vessels has proved clinically useful in determining recent seizure activity. The authors hypothesized that elevated prolactin could be detected in cerebral vessels by immunohistochemical stains, serving as a marker for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. They conducted a retrospective study of individuals who died in their jurisdiction during the 14 years from 1986 through 1999. The study contained one group of individuals who died of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, a group with epilepsy who died of some other cause, and a control group whose members died rapidly of a gunshot wound of the torso. Sections of hippocampus and neocortex were obtained and stained with a polyclonal prolactin antibody. No significant difference in the level of immunostaining for prolactin in cerebral vessels was found between the experimental and control groups. A review of the protocols used indicates that revision of certain aspects may provide better immunostaining and more conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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