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Maduabuchi WO, Tansi FL, Faenger B, Southern P, Pankhurst QA, Steiniger F, Westermann M, Hilger I. Local Magnetic Hyperthermia and Systemic Gemcitabine/Paclitaxel Chemotherapy Triggers Neo-Angiogenesis in Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors without Involvement of Auto/Paracrine Tumor Cell VEGF Signaling and Hypoxia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:33. [PMID: 38201461 PMCID: PMC10778317 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in exploring the therapeutically mediated modulation of tumor vascularization of pancreatic cancer, which is known for its poorly perfused tumor microenvironment limiting the delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor site. Here, we assessed how magnetic hyperthermia in combination with chemotherapy selectively affects growth, the vascular compartment of tumors, and the presence of tumor cells expressing key regulators of angiogenesis. To that purpose, a orthotopic PANC-1 (fluorescent human pancreatic adenocarcinoma) mouse tumor model (Rj:Athym-Foxn1nu/nu) was used. Magnetic hyperthermia was applied alone or in combination with systemic chemotherapy (gemcitabine 50 mg per kg body weight, nab-pacitaxel 30 mg/kg body weight) on days 1 and 7 following magnetic nanoparticle application (dose: 1 mg per 100 mm3 of tumor). We used ultrasound imaging, immunohistochemistry, multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT), and hematology to assess the biological parameters mentioned above. We found that magnetic hyperthermia in combination with gemcitabine/paclitaxel chemotherapy was able to impact tumor growth (decreased volumes and Ki67 expression) and to trigger neo-angiogenesis (increased small vessel diameter) as a result of the therapeutically mediated cell damages/stress in tumors. The applied stressors activated specific pro-angiogenic mechanisms, which differed from those seen in hypoxic conditions involving HIF-1α, since (a) treated tumors showed a significant decrease of cells expressing VEGF, CD31, HIF-1α, and neuropilin-1; and (b) the relative tumor blood volume and oxygen level remained unchanged. Neo-angiogenesis seems to be the result of the activation of cell stress pathways, like MAPK pathways (high number of pERK-expressing tumor cells). In the long term, the combination of magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy could potentially be applied to transiently modulate tumor angiogenesis and to improve drug accessibility during oncologic therapies of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisdom O. Maduabuchi
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany (F.L.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Felista L. Tansi
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany (F.L.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bernd Faenger
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany (F.L.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Paul Southern
- Resonant Circuits Limited, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK; (P.S.); (Q.A.P.)
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle St., London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Quentin A. Pankhurst
- Resonant Circuits Limited, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK; (P.S.); (Q.A.P.)
- Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle St., London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany (F.L.T.); (B.F.)
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Assessment of tissue perfusion of pancreatic cancer as potential imaging biomarker by means of Intravoxel incoherent motion MRI and CT perfusion: correlation with histological microvessel density as ground truth. Cancer Imaging 2021; 21:13. [PMID: 33468259 PMCID: PMC7816417 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-021-00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives The aim of this study was to compare intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion weighted (DW) MRI and CT perfusion to assess tumor perfusion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods In this prospective study, DW-MRI and CT perfusion were conducted in nineteen patients with PDAC on the day before surgery. IVIM analysis of DW-MRI was performed and the parameters perfusion fraction f, pseudodiffusion coefficient D*, and diffusion coefficient D were extracted for tumors, upstream, and downstream parenchyma. With a deconvolution-based analysis, the CT perfusion parameters blood flow (BF) and blood volume (BV) were estimated for tumors, upstream, and downstream parenchyma. In ten patients, intratumoral microvessel density (MVDtumor) and microvessel area (MVAtumor) were analyzed microscopically in resection specimens. Correlation coefficients between IVIM parameters, CT perfusion parameters, and histological microvessel parameters in tumors were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed for differentiation of tumors and upstream parenchyma. Results ftumor significantly positively correlated with BFtumor (r = 0.668, p = 0.002) and BVtumor (r = 0.672, p = 0.002). There were significant positive correlations between ftumor and MVDtumor/ MVAtumor (r ≥ 0.770, p ≤ 0.009) as well as between BFtumor and MVDtumor/ MVAtumor (r ≥ 0.697, p ≤ 0.025). Correlation coefficients between ftumor and MVDtumor/ MVAtumor were not significantly different from correlation coefficients between BFtumor and MVDtumor/ MVAtumor (p ≥ 0.400). Moreover, f, BF, BV, and permeability values (PEM) showed excellent performance in distinguishing tumors from upstream parenchyma (area under the ROC curve ≥0.874). Conclusions The study shows that IVIM derived ftumor and CT perfusion derived BFtumor similarly reflect vascularity of PDAC and seem to be comparably applicable for the evaluation of tumor perfusion for tumor characterization and as potential quantitative imaging biomarker. Trial registration DRKS, DRKS00022227, Registered 26 June 2020, retrospectively registered. https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial. HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00022227. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40644-021-00382-x.
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Ferdoushi A, Li X, Griffin N, Faulkner S, Jamaluddin MFB, Gao F, Jiang CC, van Helden DF, Tanwar PS, Jobling P, Hondermarck H. Schwann Cell Stimulation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells: A Proteomic Analysis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1601. [PMID: 32984024 PMCID: PMC7477957 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs), the glial component of peripheral nerves, have been identified as promoters of pancreatic cancer (PC) progression, but the molecular mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we aimed to identify proteins released by SCs that could stimulate PC growth and invasion. Proteomic analysis of human primary SC secretome was performed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and a total of 13,796 unique peptides corresponding to 1,470 individual proteins were identified. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment were conducted using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. Metabolic and cell–cell adhesion pathways showed the highest levels of enrichment, a finding in line with the supportive role of SCs in peripheral nerves. We identified seven SC-secreted proteins that were validated by western blot. The involvement of these SC-secreted proteins was further demonstrated by using blocking antibodies. PC cell proliferation and invasion induced by SC-conditioned media were decreased using blocking antibodies against the matrix metalloproteinase-2, cathepsin D, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and galectin-1. Blocking antibodies against the proteoglycan biglycan, galectin-3 binding protein, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 decreased only the proliferation but not the invasion of PC cells. Together, this study delineates the secretome of human SCs and identifies proteins that can stimulate PC cell growth and invasion and therefore constitute potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Ferdoushi
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan Griffin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Sam Faulkner
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - M Fairuz B Jamaluddin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Fangfang Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Chen Chen Jiang
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk F van Helden
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Pradeep S Tanwar
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip Jobling
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
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Mapping transient hypoxia from in situ activation of 15O by photon beams: A simulation study. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roger M, Martínez J, Peiró G, Aparicio JR, Ruiz F, Compañy L, Casellas JA. EUS-FNA cytological material from pancreatic lesions: the expression of cathepsins and its predictive value of malignancy. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2018; 110:446-450. [PMID: 29893579 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2018.4200/2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the expression of cathepsins in pancreatic samples obtained by endoscopic ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and to investigate their relationship with the staging of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS We prospectively included patients with solid pancreatic masses, in which EUS-FNA were performed. Cathepsins B, L, S and H expression was determined in FNA samples. RESULTS Seventeen FNA were performed. All cytological material was from PDAC. Expression of cathepsins was predominantly low (B 65%, L 23%, S 76%, and H 41%). We found no correlation between the expression levels and the extension of the neoplasm. CONCLUSION Expression of cathepsins in the cytological material of PDAC is diverse but still poor to be useful in the pre-operative diagnosis. There is no correlation between the expression levels of cathepsins and the extension of the PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Roger
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Juan Martínez
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante
| | - Gloria Peiró
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante
| | | | - Francisco Ruiz
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Luís Compañy
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
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6
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Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases belonging to the papain family, and based on their catalytic sites, these enzymes can be divided into serine, cysteine and aspartic proteases. The studies conducted to date have identified, 15 types of cathepsins that are widely distributed in intracellular and extracellular spaces. These proteases participate in various pathological activities, including the occurrence and development of human cancers. Several recent studies suggest that cathepsins, particularly cathepsins B, D, E and L, contribute to digestive tumorigenesis. Cathepsins were found to promote the development of most digestive cancers except liver cancer, in which they might have the opposite effects. Due to their important roles in digestive tumors, cathepsins might be therapeutic targets for the treatment of digestive cancers.
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Liu L, Zhi Q, Shen M, Gong FR, Zhou BP, Lian L, Shen B, Chen K, Duan W, Wu MY, Tao M, Li W. FH535, a β-catenin pathway inhibitor, represses pancreatic cancer xenograft growth and angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47145-47162. [PMID: 27323403 PMCID: PMC5216931 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin pathway plays an important role in pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis. We evaluated the correlation between aberrant β-catenin pathway activation and the prognosis pancreatic cancer, and the potential of applying the β-catenin pathway inhibitor FH535 to pancreatic cancer treatment. Meta-analysis and immunohistochemistry showed that abnormal β-catenin pathway activation was associated with unfavorable outcome. FH535 repressed pancreatic cancer xenograft growth in vivo. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of microarray data indicated that target genes responding to FH535 participated in stemness maintenance. Real-time PCR and flow cytometry confirmed that FH535 downregulated CD24 and CD44, pancreatic cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, suggesting FH535 impairs pancreatic CSC stemness. GO analysis of β-catenin chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data identified angiogenesis-related gene regulation. Immunohistochemistry showed that higher microvessel density correlated with elevated nuclear β-catenin expression and unfavorable outcome. FH535 repressed the secretion of the proangiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and also inhibited angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Protein and mRNA microarrays revealed that FH535 downregulated the proangiogenic genes ANGPT2, VEGFR3, IFN-γ, PLAUR, THPO, TIMP1, and VEGF. FH535 not only represses pancreatic CSC stemness in vitro, but also remodels the tumor microenvironment by repressing angiogenesis, warranting further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiaoming Zhi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei-Ran Gong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Binhua P Zhou
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lian Lian
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Suzhou Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Suzhou Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weiming Duan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,PREMED Key Laboratory for Precision Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,PREMED Key Laboratory for Precision Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, Suzhou, China
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8
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Wang Z, Sun Y, Fu X, Yu G, Wang C, Bao F, Yue Z, Li J, Sun L, Irwanto A, Yu Y, Chen M, Mi Z, Wang H, Huai P, Li Y, Du T, Yu W, Xia Y, Xiao H, You J, Li J, Yang Q, Wang N, Shang P, Niu G, Chi X, Wang X, Cao J, Cheng X, Liu H, Liu J, Zhang F. A large-scale genome-wide association and meta-analysis identified four novel susceptibility loci for leprosy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13760. [PMID: 27976721 PMCID: PMC5172377 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease, results from the uncultivable pathogen Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), and usually progresses to peripheral neuropathy and permanent progressive deformity if not treated. Previously published genetic studies have identified 18 gene/loci significantly associated with leprosy at the genome-wide significant level. However as a complex disease, only a small proportion of leprosy risk could be explained by those gene/loci. To further identify more susceptibility gene/loci, we hereby performed a three-stage GWAS comprising 8,156 leprosy patients and 15,610 controls of Chinese ancestry. Four novel loci were identified including rs6807915 on 3p25.2 (P=1.94 × 10−8, OR=0.89), rs4720118 on 7p14.3 (P=3.85 × 10−10, OR=1.16), rs55894533 on 8p23.1 (P=5.07 × 10−11, OR=1.15) and rs10100465 on 8q24.11 (P=2.85 × 10−11, OR=0.85). Altogether, these findings have provided new insight and significantly expanded our understanding of the genetic basis of leprosy.
Previous studies have shown genetic associations between leprosy and 18 different genes/loci. Here, Wang and colleagues perform genome-wide association study in Han Chinese leprosy patients and describe four novel loci to be associated to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Yonghu Sun
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xi'an Fu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Gongqi Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine and Life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Fangfang Bao
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Zhenhua Yue
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jianke Li
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Lele Sun
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Astrid Irwanto
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Yongxiang Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Mingfei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Pengcheng Huai
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Yi Li
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Tiantian Du
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Hailu Xiao
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jiabao You
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Na Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Panpan Shang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Guiye Niu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xiaojun Chi
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xiuhuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xiujun Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine and Life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,National Clinical Key Project of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
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9
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Martínez JF, Aparicio JR, Peiró G, Cabezas A, Roger M, Ruiz F, Compañy L, Casellas JA. Study of the expression of cathepsins in histological material from pancreatic lesions. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2016; 108:780-784. [PMID: 27855482 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2016.3749/2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To assess the expression levels of cathepsins in malignant and premalignant lesions. METHODS We retrospectively included patients who underwent pancreatic surgery on pancreatic solid or cystic masses. The expression of cathepsin H, L, B and S was determined in both types of samples. Lesions were divided into three categories: malignant (pancreatic adenocarcinoma and malignant mucinous neoplasms), premalignant (mucinous neoplasms) and benign (other lesions). RESULTS Thirty-one surgical resection samples were studied. The expression of cathepsins was significantly higher in malignant lesions than in premalignant and benign lesions (H 75%, 27%, 37% p = 0.05; L 92%, 36%, 37% p = 0.011; B 83%, 36%, 62% p = 0.069; S 92%, 36%, 25% p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Cathepsins are overexpressed in histological samples of malignant lesions compared to premalignant and benign lesions. However, the expression of cathepsins is similar in both premalignant and benign lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martínez
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - José Ramón Aparicio
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Gloria Peiró
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Antonio Cabezas
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Manuela Roger
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Francisco Ruiz
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
| | - Luís Compañy
- Unidad de Endoscopia Digestiva, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, España
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10
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Absence of CD66a expression is associated with high microvessel density and high histologic grade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:306-12. [PMID: 27377843 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver. Patients with HCC usually have poor prognosis and high mortality. It has been shown that carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD66a) regulates cell signaling, proliferation, and tumor growth. The aim of this study is to analyze the expression and possible role of CD66a in HCC. Immunohistochemical staining of CD66a was performed on 86 HCC cases, and microvessel density was evaluated by CD34 immunostaining. The results were further correlated with clinicopathological parameters. For 47 of 86 HCC cases, the CD66a expression showed diffuse membrane or cytoplasmic staining. The other 39 HCC cases revealed loss of CD66a expression. Loss of CD66a expression was statistically significantly associated with large tumor size (p=0.016), fatty change (p=0.039), patients with transcatheter arterial embolization (p=0.007), and high microvessel density (p=0.036). CD34 expression had no significant association with tumor size, virus infection, histological grade, and capsular invasion. The diffuse and cytoplasmic expression of CD66a may involve the early stage of the HCC, and the loss of CD66a expression indicates tumor progression.
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11
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Singh N, Das P, Gupta S, Sachdev V, Srivasatava S, Datta Gupta S, Pandey RM, Sahni P, Chauhan SS, Saraya A. Plasma cathepsin L: A prognostic marker for pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17532-17540. [PMID: 25516668 PMCID: PMC4265615 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the prognostic significance of cathepsin L, a cysteine protease that degrades the peri-tumoral tissue, in patients with pancreatic cancer.
METHODS: Plasma samples from 127 pancreatic cancer patients were analyzed for cathepsin L levels by ELISA. Out of these patients, 25 underwent surgery and their paraffin-embedded tissue was analyzed for cathepsin L expression by immunohistochemistry. Survival of patients and clinicopathological parameters was correlated with cathepsin L expression in plasma and tissue using appropriate statistical analysis.
RESULTS: The mean (± SD) cathepsin L in plasma samples of pancreatic cancer patients was 5.98 ± 2.5 ng/mL that was significantly higher compared to the levels in healthy controls (3.83 ± 0.45) or chronic pancreatitis patients (3.97 ± 1.06). Using ROC curve, a cut-off level of 5.0 ng/mL was decided for survival analysis. Elevated plasma levels of cathepsin L were found to be associated with poor prognosis (P = 0.01) in multivariate analysis. The plasma levels of the protease decreased after surgery. Though no significant correlation was seen between plasma and tissue expression of this protease, a trend did emerge that high cathepsin L expression in tissue correlated with its high levels in plasma.
CONCLUSION: Cathepsin L levels in plasma of pancreatic cancer patients may be used as a potential prognostic marker for the disease.
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12
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Osayi SN, Bloomston M, Schmidt CM, Ellison EC, Muscarella P. Biomarkers as predictors of recurrence following curative resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:468959. [PMID: 25050350 PMCID: PMC4094702 DOI: 10.1155/2014/468959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth most common cancer causing death in the United States. Early tumor recurrence is an important contributor to the dismal prognosis. The availability of an accurate prognostic biomarker for predicting disease recurrence following curative resection will be beneficial for patient care. Most of the currently studied biomarkers remain in the investigational phase, with CA 19-9 being the only biomarker currently approved by the FDA. Herein, we review the utility of CA 19-9 and other investigational cellular, gene, and molecular tumor markers for predicting PDA recurrence following curative surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester N. Osayi
- Department of Surgery and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mark Bloomston
- Department of Surgery and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Carl M. Schmidt
- Department of Surgery and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - E. Christopher Ellison
- Department of Surgery and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter Muscarella
- Department of Surgery and Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Singh N, Das P, Datta Gupta S, Sahni P, Pandey RM, Gupta S, Chauhan SS, Saraya A. Prognostic significance of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes-cathepsin L and matrix metalloproteases-2 [MMP-2] in human pancreatic cancer. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:461-71. [PMID: 23915070 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.820318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading proteases-cathepsin L and matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) in pancreatic cancer tissue and correlated their levels with clinicopathological parameters and survival. Both the proteases were expressed in the majority of the tumor tissues examined. Staining intensity of cathepsin L was significantly higher in the tumor stroma compared to tumor epithelium while MMP-2 staining showed no such difference. Both proteases showed correlation with some of the clinicopathological parameters but only cathepsin L expression in tumor epithelium predicted a poor prognosis for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology & Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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14
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Wang WQ, Liu L, Xu HX, Luo GP, Chen T, Wu CT, Xu YF, Xu J, Liu C, Zhang B, Long J, Tang ZY, Yu XJ. Intratumoral α-SMA enhances the prognostic potency of CD34 associated with maintenance of microvessel integrity in hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71189. [PMID: 23940715 PMCID: PMC3734294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvessel density (MVD) as an angiogenesis predictor is inefficient per se in cancer prognosis. We evaluated prognostic values of combining intratumoral alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive stromal cell density and MVD after curative resection in hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and hypovascular pancreatic cancer (PC). Tissue microarrays were constructed from tumors of 305 HCC and 57 PC patients who underwent curative resection and analyzed for α-SMA and CD34 expression by immunostaining. Prognostic values of these two proteins and other clinicopathological features were examined. Both low α-SMA density and high MVD-CD34 were associated in HCC with the presence of intrahepatic metastasis and microvascular invasion, and they were related to lymph node involvement and microvascular invasion in PC (p<0.05). Although CD34 alone, but not α-SMA, was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and recurrence-free survival, the combination of low α-SMA and high CD34 was a predictor of worst prognosis for both types of tumors and had a better power to predict patient death and early recurrence (p<0.01). Furthermore, the results show that distribution of most of the α-SMA-positive cells and vascular endothelial cells overlap, showing major colocalization on vascular walls. Poor microvessel integrity, as indicated by high MVD, together with low perivascular α-SMA-positive cell coverage is associated with early recurrence, unfavorable metastasis, and short survival after tumor resection. This finding highlights the significance of vascular quality in tumor progression, which provides an optimized complement to vascular quantity in prognosis of postoperative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Pei Luo
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Tao Wu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Feng Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis & Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; and Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Matsuda Y, Hagio M, Ishiwata T. Nestin: A novel angiogenesis marker and possible target for tumor angiogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:42-8. [PMID: 23326161 PMCID: PMC3545228 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal vasculature, termed tumor vessels, is a hallmark of solid tumors. The degree of angiogenesis is associated with tumor aggressiveness and clinical outcome. Therefore, exact quantification of tumor vessels is useful to evaluate prognosis. Furthermore, selective detection of newly formed tumor vessels within cancer tissues using specific markers raises the possibility of molecular targeted therapy via the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Nestin, an intermediate filament protein, is reportedly expressed in repair processes, various neoplasms, and proliferating vascular endothelial cells. Nestin expression is detected in endothelial cells of embryonic capillaries, capillaries of the corpus luteum, which replenishes itself by angiogenesis, and proliferating endothelial progenitor cells, but not in mature endothelial cells. Therefore, expression of nestin is relatively limited to proliferating vascular endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Nestin expression is also reported in blood vessels within glioblastoma, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer, and its expression is more specific for newly formed blood vessels than other endothelial cell markers. Nestin-positive blood vessels form smaller vessels with high proliferation activity in tumors. Knockdown of nestin in vascular endothelial cells suppresses endothelial cell growth and tumor formation ability of pancreatic cancers in vivo. Using nestin to more accurately evaluate microvessel density in cancer specimens may be a novel prognostic indicator. Furthermore, nestin-targeted therapy may suppress tumor proliferation via inhibition of angiogenesis in numerous malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. In this review article, we focus on nestin as a novel angiogenesis marker and possible therapeutic target via inhibition of tumor angiogenesis.
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16
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Cathepsins and pancreatic cancer: the 2012 update. Pancreatology 2012; 12:395-401. [PMID: 23127526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the result of distinctive genetic and epigenetic disturbances. This multistep process is in part well-defined and includes alterations in oncogenes and suppressor genes that control proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and cell migration. Cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes and represent potential therapeutic targets in human tumors. Cathepsins predominantly function as endopeptidases within endolysosomal vesicles of normal cells and they are involved in physiological processes such as protein turnover, differentiation and apoptosis. In various types of malignancies, cathepsins have been associated with tumor progression and metastasis. Growing evidence and direct proofs suggest that cathepsins are highly up-regulated in pancreatic cancer and contribute to the development and progression of the cancer phenotype. In this review, the role of cathepsins in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis is reported and discussed. Some critical aspects will be underlined such as specificity of cathepsin activity in pancreatic cancer and in its precursor lesions; the genetic perturbation and the intracellular signaling pathway activated by cathepsins as reported in preclinical models and in human tissues; the preliminary results and the oncological effects of cathepsin inhibitors currently tested on pancreatic cancer cells; the role of combined therapy based on chemotherapeutic agents and cathepsin inhibition. Although mounting evidences indicate that cysteine cathepsins are potential therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer, as suggested by their functional role in controlling invasiveness and metastasis, it remains to be seen whether the promising benefits of pharmacological inhibitors observed in preclinical study might be translated to the current clinical practice.
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17
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Benckert C, Thelen A, Cramer T, Weichert W, Gaebelein G, Gessner R, Jonas S. Impact of microvessel density on lymph node metastasis and survival after curative resection of pancreatic cancer. Surg Today 2011; 42:169-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-011-0045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Ansari D, Rosendahl A, Elebro J, Andersson R. Systematic review of immunohistochemical biomarkers to identify prognostic subgroups of patients with pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg 2011; 98:1041-55. [PMID: 21644238 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) carries a dismal prognosis. There is a need to identify prognostic subtypes of PDAC to predict clinical and therapeutic outcomes accurately, and define novel therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review was to provide a systematic summary and review of available data on immunohistochemical (IHC) prognostic and predictive markers in patients with PDAC. METHODS Relevant articles in English published between January 1990 and June 2010 were obtained from PubMed searches. Other articles identified from cross-checking references and additional sources were reviewed. The inclusion was limited to studies evaluating IHC markers in a multivariable setting. RESULTS Database searches identified 76 independent prognostic and predictive molecular markers implicated in pancreatic tumour growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and resistance to chemotherapy. Of these, 11 markers (Ki-67, p27, p53, transforming growth factor β1, Bcl-2, survivin, vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclo-oxygenase 2, CD34, S100A4 and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1) provided independent prognostic or predictive information in two or more separate studies. CONCLUSION None of the molecular markers described can be recommended for routine clinical use as they were identified in small cohorts and there were inconsistencies between studies. Their prognostic and predictive values need to be validated further in prospective multicentre studies in larger patient populations. A panel of molecular markers may become useful in predicting individual patient outcome and directing novel types of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden
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19
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Smith RA, Tang J, Tudur-Smith C, Neoptolemos JP, Ghaneh P. Meta-analysis of immunohistochemical prognostic markers in resected pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1440-51. [PMID: 21448172 PMCID: PMC3101928 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential prognostic value of several commonly investigated immunohistochemical markers in resected pancreatic cancer is variably reported. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of literature evaluating p53, p16, smad4, bcl-2, bax, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression as prognostic factors in resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma and to conduct a subsequent meta-analysis to quantify the overall prognostic effect. METHODS Relevant literature was identified using Medline, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science. The primary end point was overall survival assessed on univariate analysis. Only studies analysing resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma were eligible for inclusion and the summary log(e) hazard ratio (logHR) and variance were pooled using an inverse variance approach. Evidence of heterogeneity was evaluated using the χ(2) test for heterogeneity and its impact on the meta-analysis was assessed by the I(2) statisic. Hazard ratios greater than one reflect adverse survival associated with positive immunostaining. RESULTS Vascular endothelial growth factor emerged as the most potentially informative prognostic marker (11 eligible studies, n=767, HR=1.51 (95% confidence interval, CI=1.18-1.92)) with no evidence of any significant publication bias (Egger's test, P=0.269). Bcl-2 (5 eligible studies, n=314, HR=0.51 (95% CI=0.38-0.68)), bax (5 studies, n=274, HR=0.63 (95% CI=0.48-0.83)) and p16 (3 studies, n=229, HR=0.63 (95% CI=0.43-0.92)) also returned significant overall survival differences, but in smaller patient series due to a lack of evaluable literature. Neither p53 (17 studies, n=925, HR=1.22 (95% CI=0.96-1.56)), smad4 (5 studies, n=540, HR=0.88 (95% CI=0.61-1.27)) nor EGFR (4 studies, n=250, HR=1.35 (95% CI=0.80-2.27)) was found to represent significant prognostic factors when analysing the pooled patient data. There was evidence of significant heterogeneity in four of the seven study groups. CONCLUSION These results support the case for immunohistochemical expression of VEGF representing a significant and reproducible marker of adverse prognosis in resected pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Smith
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, School of Cancer Studies, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, 5th Floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - J Tang
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, School of Cancer Studies, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, 5th Floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - C Tudur-Smith
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, School of Cancer Studies, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, 5th Floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - J P Neoptolemos
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, School of Cancer Studies, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, 5th Floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - P Ghaneh
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, School of Cancer Studies, University of Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, 5th Floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer represents a major challenge for research studies and clinical management. No specific tumor marker for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer exists. Therefore, extensive genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies are being developed to identify candidate markers for use in high-throughput systems capable of large cohort screening. Understandably, the complex pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer requires sensitive and specific biomarkers that can improve both early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. The lack of a single diagnostic marker makes it likely that only a panel of biomarkers is capable of providing the appropriate combination of high sensitivity and specificity. Biomarker discovery using novel technology can improve prognostic upgrading and pinpoint new molecular targets for innovative therapy.
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21
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Debily MA, Marhomy SE, Boulanger V, Eveno E, Mariage-Samson R, Camarca A, Auffray C, Piatier-Tonneau D, Imbeaud S. A functional and regulatory network associated with PIP expression in human breast cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4696. [PMID: 19262752 PMCID: PMC2650800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PIP (prolactin-inducible protein) gene has been shown to be expressed in breast cancers, with contradictory results concerning its implication. As both the physiological role and the molecular pathways in which PIP is involved are poorly understood, we conducted combined gene expression profiling and network analysis studies on selected breast cancer cell lines presenting distinct PIP expression levels and hormonal receptor status, to explore the functional and regulatory network of PIP co-modulated genes. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Microarray analysis allowed identification of genes co-modulated with PIP independently of modulations resulting from hormonal treatment or cell line heterogeneity. Relevant clusters of genes that can discriminate between [PIP+] and [PIP-] cells were identified. Functional and regulatory network analyses based on a knowledge database revealed a master network of PIP co-modulated genes, including many interconnecting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, half of which were detected as differentially expressed through high-precision measurements. The network identified appears associated with an inhibition of proliferation coupled with an increase of apoptosis and an enhancement of cell adhesion in breast cancer cell lines, and contains many genes with a STAT5 regulatory motif in their promoters. CONCLUSIONS Our global exploratory approach identified biological pathways modulated along with PIP expression, providing further support for its good prognostic value of disease-free survival in breast cancer. Moreover, our data pointed to the importance of a regulatory subnetwork associated with PIP expression in which STAT5 appears as a potential transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Debily
- Array s/IMAGE, Genexpress, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology for Health, LGN-UMR 7091-CNRS and Pierre & Marie Curie University, Paris VI, Villejuif, France.
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Serum cathepsin B and plasma urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels in gastrointestinal tract cancers. Eur J Cancer Prev 2008; 17:438-45. [PMID: 18714186 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e328305a130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CATB) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (UPA) play an important part in cancer invasion and metastasis. The behavior of CATB and UPA has not been evaluated in the same experimental setting in different gastrointestinal tumors and in precancerous lesions. Serum CATB and plasma UPA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and their sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy have been calculated in patients with colorectal (n=72), gastric (n=30), hepatocellular (n=28), and pancreatic cancer (n=15) as well as in gastric epithelial dysplasia (n=25), colorectal adenomas (n=30), and tumor-free control patients (n=44). Serum CATB and plasma UPA antigen concentrations were significantly higher in patients with cancer than in controls. When all tumors were considered, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of CATB (89, 86, and 89%) were higher than that of UPA (76, 70, and 74%). CATB demonstrated in all types of tumors a better diagnostic accuracy than UPA. The positive predictive values of CATB (95%) and UPA (89%) may suggest their use in the evaluation of patients with a suspicion of malignancy. CATB and UPA were significantly higher in patients with gastric epithelial dysplasia and colorectal adenomas than in controls. Antigen levels of CATB and UPA were significantly correlated in both cancers and precancerous lesions. At the time of clinical presentation, serum CATB and plasma UPA antigen levels are sensitive indicators of gastrointestinal malignancies. Determination of serum CATB and plasma UPA levels may be useful to identify patients at a higher risk for progression to cancer, who could be subjected to a more strict follow-up protocol.
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Wang J, Shi YQ, Yi J, Ye S, Wang LM, Xu YP, He M, Kong XM. Suppression of growth of pancreatic cancer cell and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by gene silencing with RNA interference. J Dig Dis 2008; 9:228-37. [PMID: 18959596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2008.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the anti-angiogenesis and tumor cell growth suppressive effects resulted from gene silencing by RNAi in BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS The designation and transfection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-siRNA lentivirus was carried out in vitro. Real-time PCR and western blot were conducted to measure the expression levels of VEGF mRNA and protein. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate cell apoptosis and cell death. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of VEGF-siRNA. A 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to picture the cellular growth. For the in vivo study, BxPC-3 cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice to form xenografts. The mice were divided into three groups according to the intervention used. The control group, the negative control group and the knockdown group of mice were injected with saline, an empty lentivirus vehicle and lentivirus carrying VEGF-siRNA, respectively. None of the mice died during the study. When these mice were killed, the xenografts were collected and the tumor sizes of the different groups were compared. Finally, immunohistochemistry was used to assess the VEGF expression level and microvascular density. RESULTS After the transfection of VEGF-siRNA lentivirus, the cellular expression of VEGF mRNA decreased to 50% of the control and the VEGF protein in the BxPC-3 cells decreased to 30% of the control. Apoptosis and cell death increased after transfection of the VEGF-siRNA lentivirus. The LDH assay showed high cytotoxicity induced by VEGF-siRNA lentivirus transfection. The MTT assay showed slower cellular growth in the knockdown cells. Tumor growth suppression was observed in nude mice that had received the VEGF-siRNA lentivirus transfection, and the tumor sizes of the xenografts in this group were clearly smaller than those in other two groups. VEGF expression and microvascular density were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Vascular endothelial growth factor gene silencing via VEGF-siRNA can effectively inhibit the production of VEGF and exert an anti-angiogenesis and tumor cell growth suppressive effect both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Division of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Ardito CM, Briggs CD, Crawford HC. Targeting of extracellular proteases required for the progression of pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:605-19. [PMID: 18410243 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.5.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Its lethality is due, in large part, to its resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. As a result, there is an enormous effort being put into basic research to identify proteins that are required for PDA progression so that they may be specifically targeted for therapy. OBJECTIVE To compile and analyze the evidence that suggests that extracellular proteases are significant contributors to PDA progression. METHODS We focus on three different extracellular protease subclasses expressed in PDA: metalloproteases, serine proteases and cathepsins. Based on data from PDA and other cancers, we suggest their probable roles in PDA. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Of the proteases expressed in PDA, many appear to have overlapping functions, based on the substrates they process, making therapeutics complicated. Two protease families most likely to have unique, critical functions during tumor progression, and therefore strong potential as therapeutic targets, are the a disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) and the cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Ardito
- Stony Brook University, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, BST 8-140, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
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Aho U, Zhao X, Löhr M, Andersson R. Molecular mechanisms of pancreatic cancer and potential targets of treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:279-96. [PMID: 17354106 DOI: 10.1080/00365520601106384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Aho
- Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal of all solid tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive local invasion, early metastasis and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Increasing knowledge regarding the molecular events behind the growth and invasion of pancreatic cancer may lead to new targets for intervention. METHODS A search of Pubmed and Medline databases was undertaken using the keywords pancreatic cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, hypoxia, angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis therapy. RESULTS Hypoxia is the driving force behind angiogenesis in pancreatic cancers. Research into angiogenesis has shown many different sites that can be targeted by agents such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSION Anti-angiogenic therapy could be an important adjunct to conventional chemotherapy treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Garcea
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK.
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Garcea G, Neal CP, Pattenden CJ, Steward WP, Berry DP. Molecular prognostic markers in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2213-36. [PMID: 16146690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. The ability to predict which patients would benefit most from surgical intervention and/or chemotherapy would be a great clinical asset. Considerable research has focused on identifying molecular events in pancreatic carcinogenesis, and their correlation with clinicopathological variables of pancreatic tumours and survival. This systematic review examined evidence from published manuscripts looking at molecular markers in pancreatic cancer and their correlation with tumour stage and grade, response to chemotherapy and long-term survival. A literature search was undertaken using PubMed and MEDLINE search engines, using the keywords p53, p21, p16, p27, SMAD4, K-ras, cyclin D1, Bax, Bcl-2, EGFR, EGF, c-erbB2, HB-EGF, TGFbeta, FGF, MMP, uPA, cathepsin, heparanase, E-cadherin, laminins, integrins, TMSF, CD44, cytokines, angiogenesis, VEGF, IL-8, beta-catenin, DNA microarray, and gene profiling. A bewildering number of biomarkers are currently under evaluation. For the most part, the evidence regarding their application as prognostic indicators is conflicting. The advent of gene microarray and mass spectrometric protein profiling offers the potential to examine many different biomarkers simultaneously. This 'protein/gene signature' could revolutionise work in this field and allow researchers to develop accurate and reproducible predictions of survival based on protein or gene profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Garcea
- Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, The Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, The Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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Yoshida D, Kim K, Yamazaki M, Teramoto A. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and cathepsin D in pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 2005; 16:123-31. [PMID: 16199897 DOI: 10.1385/ep:16:2:123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha is a crucial transcription factor involved in the adaptive response to hypoxia, whereas cathepsin D, which regulates angiostatin in several cancer cell lines, has been reported to be upregulated by HIF-1alpha. In order to determine the involvement of angiogenesis in pituitary adenomas, we studied the expression of both HIF-1alpha and cathepsin D in tissues from 58 patients (39 women, 19 men, ranging in age from 20 to 78 yr), sorted by histological group, and assayed by double immunohistochemistry. HIF-1alpha immunoreactivity, confined to the nucleoplasm, was present in both tumor and vascular endothelial cells. There was no difference in microvascular density (p = 0.7761) by histotype. ACTH-producing adenomas showed the lowest level of HIF-1alpha, whereas prolactin (PRL)-producing adenomas and HIF-1alpha-positive microvessels showed the highest (p < 0.001). In contrast, the lowest expression of cathepsin D was observed in PRL-producing adenomas, whereas the highest expression was detected in ACTH-producing adenomas (p < 0.0001). Imaging analysis with fluorescence double immunohistochemistry showed that HIF-1alpha-negative tumor cells did not express significantly higher levels of cathepsin D. In these poorly vascularized tumors, the hypoxic marker HIF-1alpha may not downregulate cathepsin D. The mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and cell invasion in pituitary adenomas may differ from those in other tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daizo Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Bruns CJ, Koehl GE, Guba M, Yezhelyev M, Steinbauer M, Seeliger H, Schwend A, Hoehn A, Jauch KW, Geissler EK. Rapamycin-induced endothelial cell death and tumor vessel thrombosis potentiate cytotoxic therapy against pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2109-19. [PMID: 15041732 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite current chemotherapies, pancreatic cancer remains an uncontrollable, rapidly progressive disease. Here, we tested an approach combining a recently described antiangiogenic drug, rapamycin, with standard gemcitabine cytotoxic therapy on human pancreatic tumor growth. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor growth was assessed in rapamycin and gemcitabine-treated nude mice orthotopically injected with metastatic L3.6pl human pancreatic cancer cells. H&E staining was performed on tumors, along with Ki67 staining for cell proliferation and immunohistochemical terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling and CD31 analysis. Rapamycin-treated tumor vessels were also directly examined in dorsal skin-fold chambers for blood flow after thrombosis induction. Cell death in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was assessed by flow cytometry after annexin-V staining. RESULTS Rapamycin therapy alone inhibited tumor growth and metastasis more than gemcitabine, with remarkable long-term tumor control when the drugs were combined. Mechanistically, H&E analysis revealed tumor vessel endothelium damage and thrombosis with rapamycin treatment. Indeed, dorsal skin-fold chamber analysis of rapamycin-treated tumors showed an increased susceptibility of tumor-specific vessels to thrombosis. Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling/CD31 double staining of orthotopic tumors demonstrated apoptotic endothelial cells with rapamycin treatment, which also occurred with human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. In contrast, gemcitabine was not antiangiogenic and, despite its known cytotoxicity, did not reduce proliferation in orthotopic tumors; nevertheless, rapamycin did reduce tumor proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a novel mechanism whereby rapamycin targets pancreatic tumor endothelium for destruction and thrombosis. We propose that rapamycin-based vascular targeting not only reduces tumor vascularization, it decreases the number of proliferating tumor cells to be destroyed by gemcitabine, thus introducing a new, clinically feasible strategy against pancreatic cancer.
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Yang LY, Wang W, Peng JX, Yang JQ, Huang GW. Differentially expressed genes between solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma and nodular hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:3569-73. [PMID: 15534908 PMCID: PMC4611994 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i24.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the difference in gene expression between solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma (SLHCC) and nodular hepatocellular carcinoma (NHCC).
METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of 8464 human genes were spotted on a chip in array. DNAs were then fixed on a glass plate. Total RNA was isolated from freshly excised human SLHCC (n = 7) and NHCC (n = 15) tissues, and was reversely transcribed to cDNAs with the incorporation of fluorescent dUTP for preparation of hybridization probes. The mixed probes were then hybridized to the cDNA microarray. After highly stringent washing, cDNA microarray was scanned for the fluorescent signals to display the difference between the two kinds of HCC. In addition, the expression of RhoC and protocadherin LKC was also detected with the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.
RESULTS: Among the 8464 human genes, 668 (7.89%) genes were expressed differentially at the mRNA levels between SLHCC and NHCC. Three hundred and fifty five (4.19%) genes, including protocadherin LKC, were up-regulated, whereas 313 (3.70%) genes, including RhoC, were down-regulated. The mRNA expression levels of RhoC and protocadherin LKC were confirmed by RT-PCR. Analysis of differentially expressed genes confirmed that our molecular data obtained by cDNA microarray were consistent with the published biochemical and clinical observations of SLHCC and NHCC.
CONCLUSION: cDNA microarray is an effective technique in screening the difference in gene expression between SLHCC and NHCC. Many of these differentially expressed genes are involved in the invasion and metastasis of HCC. Further analysis of these genes will help to understand the different molecular mechanisms of SLHCC and NHCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Yue Yang
- Liver Cancer Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China.
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31
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Harima Y, Togashi A, Horikoshi K, Imamura M, Sougawa M, Sawada S, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y, Katagiri T. Prediction of outcome of advanced cervical cancer to thermoradiotherapy according to expression profiles of 35 genes selected by cDNA microarray analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 60:237-48. [PMID: 15337562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify a set of genes related to thermoradiosensitivity of cervical carcinoma and to establish a predictive method. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 19 patients with cervical cancer (1 with Stage IIIA, 11 with Stage IIIB, 5 with Stage IVA, and 2 with Stage IVB) who underwent definitive thermoradiotherapy between May 1995 and August 2001 were included in this study. We compared the expression profiles of 8 thermoradiosensitive and 11 thermoradioresistant tumors obtained by punch biopsy before treatment using a cDNA microarray consisting of 23,040 human genes. RESULTS We selected 35 genes on the basis of a clustering analysis and confirmed the validity of these genes with a cross-validation test. Some of these genes were already known to be associated with apoptosis (BIK, TEGT, SSI-3), hypoxia-inducible genes (HIF1A, CA12), and tumor cell invasion and metastasis (CTSL, CTSB, PLAU, CD44). We developed a "predictive score" system that could clearly separate the thermoradiosensitive group from the thermoradioresistant group. CONCLUSION These results from the treatment program between May 1995 and August 2001 showed that by using gene-expression profiles we can predict the outcome of thermoradiotherapy for advanced cervical carcinoma. A "predictive score" system was developed that could clearly separate the thermoradiosensitive group from the thermoradioresistant group. These results may eventually lead to the achievement of "personalized therapy" for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Harima
- Department of Radiology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8507, Japan.
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Niedergethmann M, Wostbrock B, Sturm JW, Willeke F, Post S, Hildenbrand R. Prognostic impact of cysteine proteases cathepsin B and cathepsin L in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2004; 29:204-11. [PMID: 15367886 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200410000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cysteine proteases cathepsin B (CTSB) and L (CTSL) have been implicated in tumor spread and metastatic formation. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the role of these proteases is not very well defined. To find out which cell types produce CTSB and CTSL and to evaluate the prognostic impact of these proteases, 70 specimens from curatively resected patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were examined by in situ hybridization and immunohisto-chemistry. METHODS Seventy patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were studied after R0 resection with a follow-up of at least 3 years. CTSB and CTSL expression was performed immunohisto-chemically using polyclonal anti-CTSB and CTSL antibodies. To detect cell types involved in producing CTSB and CTSL as well as the intracellular localization of specific mRNA sequences, nonisotopic in situ hybridization was performed. The correlations among CTSB and CTSL expression, clinicopathologic parameters, and clinical outcome were analyzed. RESULTS The immunoreactivity was 96% for CTSB and 90% for CTSL. Positive mRNA signals were obtained in the cytoplasm tumor cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts in 77% for CTSB and 81% for CTSL, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between CTSB/CTSL expression and tumor grading (P < 0.05) and between CTSB and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed statistical significance for CTSB/CTSL expression with the survival after curative resection (P < 0.05). Both proteases are strong prognostic markers in multivariate analysis (P = 0.0001) beside UICC stage, nodal status, tumor size, and grading (P < 0.05). Furthermore, CTSB expression is an independent prognostic marker for cancer recurrence within 6 months after curative surgery in multivariate analysis (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS CTSB and CTSL are strong and independent prognostic markers in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma rather than UICC stage, TNM classification, or tumor grading. Furthermore, CTSB is a predictor for early recurrence after curative resection. These data underline the significance of tumor-associated proteolysis for cancer invasion and metastasis and may lead to defining subgroups of patients with early recurrence and poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Niedergethmann
- Department of Surgery, University-Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Chen X, Higgins J, Cheung ST, Li R, Mason V, Montgomery K, Fan ST, van de Rijn M, So S. Novel endothelial cell markers in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:1198-210. [PMID: 15154008 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is characterized by hypervascularity and a propensity for vascular invasion. Detailed analysis of complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray global gene expression data and further validation on a smaller independent sample set by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction established the presence of two endothelial gene clusters in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cluster I, consists of 20 cDNA clones, representing 15 unique genes. Cluster II consists of nine unique genes. The expression of the cluster I genes appeared to be significantly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma compared with normal liver, cirrhotic liver, or nontumor liver tissues adjacent to the hepatocellular carcinoma. The pattern of gene expression of cluster I genes correlated positively with the 'proliferation gene cluster' and 'stromal cells cluster 2'. Expression of cluster II genes, in contrast, was not significantly different between hepatocellular carcinoma and non-neoplastic liver tissues. Studies conducted to localize the protein products of these genes by immunohistochemical staining of tissue arrays with up to 350 cores of tissues, and by in situ hybridization led to the discovery of novel sinusoidal endothelial cell markers in hepatocellular carcinoma: podocalyxin-like and regulator of G protein signaling-5. Our results underscore fundamental differences not only between neoplastic vs non-neoplastic liver cells but also between the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium of hepatocellular carcinoma and normal liver.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cluster Analysis
- Endothelial Cells/chemistry
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RGS Proteins/analysis
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sialoglycoproteins
- von Willebrand Factor/analysis
- von Willebrand Factor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, USA
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Tzanakakis GN, Margioris AN, Tsatsakis AM, Vezeridis MP. The metastatic potential of human pancreatic cell lines in the liver of nude mice correlates well with cathepsin B activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 34:27-38. [PMID: 15235133 DOI: 10.1385/ijgc:34:1:27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has a major role in the mechanisms of tumor metastasis. The aim of the present work was to examine the correlation between cathepsin B activity and the metastatic potential of human pancreatic cancer. METHODS The primary cell line COLO 357 and the derivative tumor cell lines FG, L3.1, L3.2, L3.3, L3.4, and L3.5, which are characterized by progressively increasing metastatic potential, were injected intrasplenically in the athymic mice. Cathepsin B activity, metastasis, and ultrastructural characteristics were assessed. RESULTS An increased number of liver tumor nodules was observed with each subsequent intrasplenic inoculation (p = 0.001), associated with lymph node, splenic, and pancreatic involvement. Cathepsin B activity progressively increased (p = 0.001) and was strongly positively correlated with the metastatic potential. However, no correlation was found between the metastatic potential and ultrastructural characteristics. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support the central role of cathepsin B in metastasis in a combined in vitro/in vivo model.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Tzanakakis
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Xu WG, Yang GL, Zhou LX, Xie YQ, Zhang LJ. Prognostic value of VEGF expression in primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-004-0002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Marion-Audibert AM, Barel C, Gouysse G, Dumortier J, Pilleul F, Pourreyron C, Hervieu V, Poncet G, Lombard-Bohas C, Chayvialle JA, Partensky C, Scoazec JY. Low microvessel density is an unfavorable histoprognostic factor in pancreatic endocrine tumors. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:1094-104. [PMID: 14517793 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)01198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In many malignant tumors, intratumoral microvascular density (MVD) has been suggested to be a prognostic parameter. We aimed to provide a quantitative evaluation of intratumoral microvascular density in a large series of resected endocrine tumors of the pancreas and to evaluate the potential prognostic significance of this parameter. METHODS Eighty-two tumors from 77 patients have been studied. MVD was evaluated by 2 observers after CD34 immunostaining and correlated with the following parameters: WHO classification, hormonal profile, tumor size, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, occurrence of metastasis, duration of survival. RESULTS MVD ranged from 5 to 92 vessels/field. MVD was significantly higher in well-differentiated benign endocrine tumors than in tumors of uncertain behavior and in carcinomas. No close correlation was found between MVD and the hormonal profile. MVD was significantly higher in tumors characterized by the following histoprognostic parameters: size <2 cm, proliferation index <2%, no evidence of metastasis. No close correlation was observed between MVD and VEGF expression. Finally, a MVD <30 vessels/field was associated with the occurrence of metastasis in tumors <2 cm and/or with a proliferation index <2% and with a significantly shorter survival after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative analysis of microvessel density in pancreatic endocrine tumors may identify patients who, despite favorable conventional histoprognostic factors, are at risk of unfavorable evolution.
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Clinical significance of angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers: a target for novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches. Ann Surg 2003. [PMID: 12832961 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200307000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current data on the prognostic and therapeutic implications of tumor angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Numerous studies have evaluated the prognostic value of tumor angiogenesis and the potential role of antiangiogenic therapy in various gastrointestinal cancers. METHODS A Medline literature search was conducted using "angiogenesis" or the names of various angiogenic factors in combination with the names of gastrointestinal cancers as the key words. RESULTS Several studies have demonstrated a significant prognostic impact of tumor microvessel density and tumor expression of angiogenic factors, in particular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in various gastrointestinal cancers. A few studies have suggested that circulating VEGF might be a useful prognostic marker. However, results were not consistent across all studies and were limited by the retrospective nature of most studies. Antiangiogenic therapy has been shown to be effective against all common gastrointestinal cancers in preclinical studies, but currently there are few clinical data with regard to antiangiogenic therapy in gastrointestinal cancers. CONCLUSIONS There is mounting evidence to suggest that assessment of tumor angiogenesis might provide a novel approach of prognostication in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. However, current results from retrospective studies need to be validated by prospective studies. Antiangiogenic therapy is a promising strategy of cancer treatment that might be particularly useful in combination therapy for unresectable cancers or as an adjuvant therapy for resectable tumors.
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Poon RTP, Fan ST, Wong J. Clinical significance of angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers: a target for novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches. Ann Surg 2003; 238:9-28. [PMID: 12832961 PMCID: PMC1422670 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000075047.47175.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current data on the prognostic and therapeutic implications of tumor angiogenesis in gastrointestinal cancers. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Numerous studies have evaluated the prognostic value of tumor angiogenesis and the potential role of antiangiogenic therapy in various gastrointestinal cancers. METHODS A Medline literature search was conducted using "angiogenesis" or the names of various angiogenic factors in combination with the names of gastrointestinal cancers as the key words. RESULTS Several studies have demonstrated a significant prognostic impact of tumor microvessel density and tumor expression of angiogenic factors, in particular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in various gastrointestinal cancers. A few studies have suggested that circulating VEGF might be a useful prognostic marker. However, results were not consistent across all studies and were limited by the retrospective nature of most studies. Antiangiogenic therapy has been shown to be effective against all common gastrointestinal cancers in preclinical studies, but currently there are few clinical data with regard to antiangiogenic therapy in gastrointestinal cancers. CONCLUSIONS There is mounting evidence to suggest that assessment of tumor angiogenesis might provide a novel approach of prognostication in patients with gastrointestinal cancers. However, current results from retrospective studies need to be validated by prospective studies. Antiangiogenic therapy is a promising strategy of cancer treatment that might be particularly useful in combination therapy for unresectable cancers or as an adjuvant therapy for resectable tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Tung-Ping Poon
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong Medical Centre, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Karayiannakis AJ, Bolanaki H, Syrigos KN, Asimakopoulos B, Polychronidis A, Anagnostoulis S, Simopoulos C. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels in pancreatic cancer patients correlate with advanced and metastatic disease and poor prognosis. Cancer Lett 2003; 194:119-24. [PMID: 12706865 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The serum concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in 51 healthy controls and in 58 patients with pancreatic cancer before and 30 days after surgery. Pancreatic cancer patients had significantly higher serum VEGF levels compared with healthy controls with a significant association between serum VEGF levels, disease stage and the presence of both lymph node and distant metastases. Serum levels of VEGF decreased significantly after radical resection of the tumor. Elevated preoperative serum VEGF level was a significant prognostic factor, although not independent of stage, for patient survival. These findings suggest that serum VEGF concentrations may reflect pancreatic cancer progression and that their determination may be clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios J Karayiannakis
- Second Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, 6 I. Kaviri Street, Alexandroupolis 68 100, Greece.
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40
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Duffy JP, Eibl G, Reber HA, Hines OJ. Influence of hypoxia and neoangiogenesis on the growth of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer 2003; 2:12. [PMID: 12605718 PMCID: PMC150383 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-2-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2002] [Accepted: 01/22/2003] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As with other solid tumors, the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer is critically dependent on tumor angiogenesis. A major stimulus for a tumor's recruitment of additional blood vessels is cellular hypoxia, a condition which is especially pronounced in this neoplasm. Hypoxia induces transcriptional activation of genes that alter cellular metabolism and promote neoangiogenesis. Pancreatic cancer cells have demonstrated activation of such adaptive pathways even in the absence of hypoxia. A highly-angiogenic response in this neoplasm correlates with increased tumor growth, increased metastasis, and decreased survival. Pancreatic cancers expressing high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, a potent pro-angiogenic cytokine, also have a higher incidence of metastasis and poorer prognosis. Pancreatic cancer cells uniquely express receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor, indicating a role for an autocrine loop in tumor proliferation and invasion. Multiple experimental anti-angiogenic strategies, many of which target vascular endothelial growth factor, reduce pancreatic cancer growth, spread, and angiogenesis. Anti-angiogenic treatments for pancreatic cancer will likely be most effective when used as an integral part of a combination chemotherapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Duffy
- Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 72-215 CHS; MC 690418, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6904, USA
| | - Guido Eibl
- Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 72-215 CHS; MC 690418, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6904, USA
| | - Howard A Reber
- Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 72-215 CHS; MC 690418, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6904, USA
| | - Oscar J Hines
- Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 72-215 CHS; MC 690418, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6904, USA
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Bruns CJ, Shrader M, Harbison MT, Portera C, Solorzano CC, Jauch KW, Hicklin DJ, Radinsky R, Ellis LM. Effect of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antibody DC101 plus gemcitabine on growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of human pancreatic cancer growing orthotopically in nude mice. Int J Cancer 2002; 102:101-8. [PMID: 12385004 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the major pro-angiogenic factor for most tumors. VEGF expression has been shown to be associated with a poor prognosis in human pancreatic cancer. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of blockade of VEGF receptor-2 activity with or without gemcitabine on tumor growth and metastasis in an orthotopic model of human pancreatic cancer in nude mice. Therapy with gemcitabine or DC101, a VEGF receptor-2 antibody, resulted in a significant reduction of primary pancreatic tumor growth compared to untreated controls. The combination of DC101 and gemcitabine inhibited primary pancreatic tumor growth and lymphatic metastasis to a greater degree than either agent alone. Treatment with DC101 decreased vessel counts and increased the area of hypoxic tumor tissue compared to controls. Immunofluorescent double staining for apoptotic endothelial cells demonstrated a significant increase in the number apoptotic endothelial cells 24 days after initiation of therapy with DC101 plus gemcitabine. DC101 plus gemcitabine also increased tumor cell death and decreased tumor cell proliferation in pancreatic tumors. These findings indicate that blockade of VEGF receptor activation interferes with the survival of tumor endothelial cells, resulting in a reduction of primary pancreatic tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that anti-VEGF receptor-2 therapy potentiates the tumoricidal effect of gemcitabine in this model. Anti-VEGF receptor-2 therapy in combination with gemcitabine may be a novel therapeutic approach for advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane J Bruns
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hansen T, Burg J, Kirkpatrick CJ, Kriegsmann J. Osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the pancreas with ductal adenocarcinoma: case report with novel data on histogenesis. Pancreas 2002; 25:317-20. [PMID: 12370546 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200210000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hansen
- Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Niedergethmann M, Hildenbrand R, Wostbrock B, Hartel M, Sturm JW, Richter A, Post S. High expression of vascular endothelial growth factor predicts early recurrence and poor prognosis after curative resection for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Pancreas 2002; 25:122-9. [PMID: 12142733 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200208000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Only curative resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma is related to a favorable prognosis, but the overall survival after surgery still remains poor, and early recurrence is frequently observed. Because recurrence is the limiting factor and the main cause of death after curative resection, the identification of markers that predict early postoperative recurrence is of paramount importance. Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastases; therefore, we set out to clarify whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and microvessel density (MVD) correlate with early recurrence and poor prognosis after curative resection. A second goal was to characterize the VEGF-producing cells and the subcellular distribution. METHODOLOGY Seventy patients with ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were studied after curative resection with a follow-up of at least 2 years. The MVD quantification was performed immunohistochemically with use of a monoclonal antibody to CD34. The VEGF expression was studied with use of polyclonal antibody. To detect the intracellular localization of specific VEGF mRNA sequences, nonisotopic in situ hybridization was performed. The correlations among VEGF expression and MVD, clinicopathologic parameters, and clinical outcome were then statistically analyzed. RESULTS The VEGF immunoreactivity was 88.6%, and positive mRNA signals were obtained in the cytoplasm of carcinoma and endothelial cells in 81.4%. Furthermore, we observed tumor-associated macrophages close to infiltrating carcinoma cells. All endothelial cells showed positive immunoreactivity to the anti-CD34 antibody, and a median distribution of 85 vessels/x200 field was observed. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between the MVD and the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) stage. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between VEGF expression and the height of MVD (p < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that VEGF expression and MVD had a statistically significant correlation with survival after curative resection (p < 0.05). Furthermore, multivariate analysis indicated that VEGF expression is an independent prognostic marker for cancer recurrence within 8 months after curative surgery (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the VEGF expression and the height of MVD are closely correlated, and both-rather than UICC stage and TNM classification (tumor size and nodal involvement)-are markers of prognostic relevance after curative resection. Furthermore, VEGF is a predictor of early recurrence after curative resection. The current study indicates that VEGF may promote the distribution of metastases, leading to early cancer recurrence and poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Niedergethmann
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. marco.niedergethmann@ chir.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
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Poon RTP, Ng IOL, Lau C, Yu WC, Yang ZF, Fan ST, Wong J. Tumor microvessel density as a predictor of recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:1775-85. [PMID: 11919234 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study prospectively evaluated the correlation of tumor microvessel density (MVD) with clinicopathologic features and postoperative recurrence in patients undergoing resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumor MVD was assessed in 100 patients with resection of HCC using a computer image analyzer after immunostaining for CD34 (MVD-CD34) and von Willebrand factor (MVD-vWF), respectively. Patients were prospectively followed for recurrence. RESULTS Mean tumor MVD-CD34 (236/0.74 mm(2)) was higher than mean tumor MVD-vWF (87/0.74 mm(2)) (P <.001). By multiple regression analysis, tumor size was the only pathologic feature significantly related to tumor MVD-CD34. The median MVD-CD34 was 316/0.74 mm(2) in HCCs < or = 5 cm (n = 46) and 146/0.74 mm(2) in HCCs more than 5 cm (n = 54) (P <.001). Among patients with HCCs < or = 5 cm, those with higher than median MVD-CD34 had worse disease-free survival (at 3 years, 13%) than those with a lower MVD-CD34 (at 3 year, 74%) (P =.002). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor MVD-CD34 was the only significant factor predictive of disease-free survival in patients with HCC < or = 5 cm. For HCCs more than 5 cm, MVD-CD34 did not have a significant prognostic influence. MVD-vWF did not have a significant prognostic influence on disease-free survival in either HCCs < or = 5 cm or more than 5 cm. CONCLUSION This study shows that a high MVD-CD34 was predictive of early postresection recurrence in patients with HCCs < or = 5 cm and, therefore, may be a novel prognostic marker in this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Tung-Ping Poon
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Hong Kong Medical Center, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Hotz HG, Gill PS, Masood R, Hotz B, Buhr HJ, Foitzik T, Hines OJ, Reber HA. Specific targeting of tumor vasculature by diphtheria toxin-vascular endothelial growth factor fusion protein reduces angiogenesis and growth of pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2002; 6:159-66; discussion 166. [PMID: 11992800 DOI: 10.1016/s1091-255x(01)00040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumor vessels abundantly express receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a mediator of neoangiogenesis. The aim of this study was to specifically target and damage the vasculature of pancreatic cancer (PaCa) by fusing VEGF to diphtheria toxin (DT), which inhibits protein synthesis of target cells. DT-VEGF fusion protein was produced in vector pGEX-KG and expressed in E. coli SG12036. Human PaCa cell lines (HPAF-2 and AsPC-1) and human endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to DT-VEGF (10 ng/ml - 10,000 ng/ml). Proliferation was assessed after 3 days. One mm(3) fragments of subcutaneous PaCa donor tumors were implanted into the pancreas of nude mice that received either DT-VEGF (200 microg/kg, every other day) or phosphate-buffered saline intraperitoneally for 14 weeks. Tumor volume, metastatic spread, and animal weight were determined at autopsy. Microvessel density was analyzed in CD31-stained tumor sections. Proliferation of PaCa cells was inhibited at high concentrations of DT-VEGF (>1000 ng/ml). DT-VEGF decreased the growth of HUVEC at 10 ng/ml. In vivo, DT-VEGF reduced tumor volume (HPAF-2, 76%; AsPC-1, 53%), microvessel density (HPAF-2, 54%; AsPC-1, 62%), and tumor spread (HPAF-2, 89%; AsPC-1, 50%). Survival was increased (HPAF-2, 7/8 vs. 4/8 animals; AsPC-1, 6/8 vs. 1/8 animals). Weight was not influenced by DT-VEGF. The DT-VEGF effect is due to its toxic action on the tumor vasculature rather than to direct inhibition of PaCa cell growth. DT-VEGF therapy was not associated with systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert G Hotz
- Department of Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Magee CJ, Greenhalf W, Howes N, Ghaneh P, Neoptolemos JP. Molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and clinical implications. Surg Oncol 2001; 10:1-23. [PMID: 11719025 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-7404(01)00016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a significant cause of cancer death worldwide. PDAC is also one of the best-studied cancers with regard to molecular pathogenesis. The chief risk factors associated with PDAC are smoking and pancreatitis, in addition genetic predisposition seems to play a major role. This genetic predisposition may in some cases be indirect, for example via the elevated risk of pancreatitis seen in patients with hereditary pancreatitis (HP). The elucidation of the molecular causes of PDAC has enabled the provision of secondary screening for PDAC in conditions such as HP. This review is concerned with the molecular pathogenesis of PDAC and the application of this basic scientific understanding into state-of-the-art clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Magee
- University of Liverpool, Department of Surgery, 5th Floor UCD Building, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK.
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