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Di Bari M, Reale M, Di Nicola M, Orlando V, Galizia S, Porfilio I, Costantini E, D'Angelo C, Ruggieri S, Biagioni S, Gasperini C, Tata AM. Dysregulated Homeostasis of Acetylcholine Levels in Immune Cells of RR-Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122009. [PMID: 27916909 PMCID: PMC5187809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to the modulation of central and peripheral inflammation. We studied the homeostasis of the cholinergic system in relation to cytokine levels in immune cells and sera of relapsing remitting-MS (RR-MS) patients. We demonstrated that lower ACh levels in serum of RR-MS patients were inversely correlated with the increased activity of the hydrolyzing enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Interestingly, the expression of the ACh biosynthetic enzyme and the protein carriers involved in non-vesicular ACh release were found overexpressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients. The inflammatory state of the MS patients was confirmed by increased levels of TNFα, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-18. The lower circulating ACh levels in sera of MS patients are dependent on the higher activity of cholinergic hydrolyzing enzymes. The smaller ratio of ACh to TNFα, IL-12/IL-23p40 and IL-18 in MS patients, with respect to healthy donors (HD), is indicative of an inflammatory environment probably related to the alteration of cholinergic system homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Bari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Viviana Orlando
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Galizia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Italo Porfilio
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Chiara D'Angelo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Neurology and Psichiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Biagioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Research, Center of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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