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Wang Y, Song Q, Huang W, Lin Y, Wang X, Wang C, Willard B, Zhao C, Nan J, Holvey-Bates E, Wang Z, Taylor D, Yang J, Stark GR. A virus-induced conformational switch of STAT1-STAT2 dimers boosts antiviral defenses. Cell Res 2020; 31:206-218. [PMID: 32759968 PMCID: PMC7405385 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) protect us from viral infections. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) is a key component of interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), which drives gene expression in response to IFN-I. Using electron microscopy, we found that, in naive cells, U-STAT2, lacking the activating tyrosine phosphorylation, forms a heterodimer with U-STAT1 in an inactive, anti-parallel conformation. A novel phosphorylation of STAT2 on T404 promotes IFN-I signaling by disrupting the U-STAT1-U-STAT2 dimer, facilitating the tyrosine phosphorylation of STATs 1 and 2 and enhancing the DNA-binding ability of ISGF3. IKK-ε, activated by virus infection, phosphorylates T404 directly. Mice with a T-A mutation at the corresponding residue (T403) are highly susceptible to virus infections. We conclude that T404 phosphorylation drives a critical conformational switch that, by boosting the response to IFN-I in infected cells, enables a swift and efficient antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Qiaoling Song
- Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation Platform, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Screening, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Chenyao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Laboratory, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Jing Nan
- Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Screening, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Elise Holvey-Bates
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Zhuoya Wang
- Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation Platform, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Derek Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jinbo Yang
- Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation Platform, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
| | - George R Stark
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Carmody AB, Taylor KG, Peterson KE. Lymphocytes have a role in protection, but not in pathogenesis, during La Crosse Virus infection in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:62. [PMID: 28340587 PMCID: PMC5364665 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse Virus (LACV) is a primary cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in the USA and can result in severe clinical outcomes. Almost all cases of LACV encephalitis occur in children 16 years or younger, indicating an age-related susceptibility. This susceptibility is recapitulated in a mouse model where weanling (3 weeks old or younger) mice are susceptible to LACV-induced disease, and adults (greater than 6 weeks) are resistant. Disease in mice and humans is associated with infiltrating leukocytes to the CNS. However, what cell types are infiltrating into the brain during virus infection and how these cells influence pathogenesis remain unknown. METHODS In the current study, we analyzed lymphocytes recruited to the CNS during LACV-infection in clinical mice, using flow cytometry. We analyzed the contribution of these lymphocytes to LACV pathogenesis in weanling mice using knockout mice or antibody depletion. Additionally, we studied at the potential role of these lymphocytes in preventing LACV neurological disease in resistant adult mice. RESULTS In susceptible weanling mice, disease was associated with infiltrating lymphocytes in the CNS, including NK cells, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells. Surprisingly, depletion of these cells did not impact neurological disease, suggesting these cells do not contribute to virus-mediated damage. In contrast, in disease-resistant adult animals, depletion of both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells or depletion of B cells increased neurological disease, with higher levels of virus in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Our current results indicate that lymphocytes do not influence neurological disease in young mice, but they have a critical role protecting adult animals from LACV pathogenesis. Although LACV is an acute virus infection, these studies indicate that the innate immune response in adults is not sufficient for protection and that components of the adaptive immune response are necessary to prevent virus from invading the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Katherine G Taylor
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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Ehling P, Melzer N, Budde T, Meuth SG. CD8(+) T Cell-Mediated Neuronal Dysfunction and Degeneration in Limbic Encephalitis. Front Neurol 2015; 6:163. [PMID: 26236280 PMCID: PMC4502349 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune inflammation of the limbic gray matter structures of the human brain has recently been identified as major cause of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with interictal temporal epileptiform activity and slowing of the electroencephalogram, progressive memory disturbances, as well as a variety of other behavioral, emotional, and cognitive changes. Magnetic resonance imaging exhibits volume and signal changes of the amygdala and hippocampus, and specific anti-neuronal antibodies binding to either intracellular or plasma membrane neuronal antigens can be detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. While effects of plasma cell-derived antibodies on neuronal function and integrity are increasingly becoming characterized, potentially contributing effects of T cell-mediated immune mechanisms remain poorly understood. CD8+ T cells are known to directly interact with major histocompatibility complex class I-expressing neurons in an antigen-specific manner. Here, we summarize current knowledge on how such direct CD8+ T cell–neuron interactions may impact neuronal excitability, plasticity, and integrity on a single cell and network level and provide an overview on methods to further corroborate the in vivo relevance of these mechanisms mainly obtained from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ehling
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster , Münster , Germany ; Institute of Physiology I - Neuropathophysiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University , Münster , Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster , Münster , Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-University , Münster , Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster , Münster , Germany ; Institute of Physiology I - Neuropathophysiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University , Münster , Germany
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Cepeda C, Chang JW, Owens GC, Huynh MN, Chen JY, Tran C, Vinters HV, Levine MS, Mathern GW. In Rasmussen encephalitis, hemichannels associated with microglial activation are linked to cortical pyramidal neuron coupling: a possible mechanism for cellular hyperexcitability. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:152-63. [PMID: 25438677 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare but devastating condition, mainly in children, characterized by sustained brain inflammation, atrophy of one cerebral hemisphere, epilepsy, and progressive cognitive deterioration. The etiology of RE-induced seizures associated with the inflammatory process remains unknown. METHODS Cortical tissue samples from children undergoing surgical resections for the treatment of RE (n = 16) and non-RE (n = 12) were compared using electrophysiological, morphological, and immunohistochemical techniques to examine neuronal properties and the relationship with microglial activation using the specific microglia/macrophage calcium-binding protein, IBA1 in conjunction with connexins and pannexin expression. RESULTS Compared with non-RE cases, pyramidal neurons from RE cases displayed increased cell capacitance and reduced input resistance. However, neuronal somatic areas were not increased in size. Instead, intracellular injection of biocytin led to increased dye coupling between neurons from RE cases. By Western blot, expression of IBA1 and pannexin was increased while connexin 32 was decreased in RE cases compared with non-RE cases. IBA1 immunostaining overlapped with pannexin and connexin 36 in RE cases. CONCLUSIONS In RE, these results support the notion that a possible mechanism for cellular hyperexcitability may be related to increased intercellular coupling from pannexin linked to increased microglial activation. Such findings suggest that a possible antiseizure treatment for RE may involve the use of gap junction blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Conrady CD, Drevets DA, Carr DJJ. Herpes simplex type I (HSV-1) infection of the nervous system: is an immune response a good thing? J Neuroimmunol 2009; 220:1-9. [PMID: 19819030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can induce a robust immune response initially thru the activation of pattern recognition receptors and subsequent type I interferon production that then shapes, along with other innate immune components, the adaptive immune response to the insult. While this response is necessary to quell virus replication, drive the pathogen into a "latent" state, and likely hinder viral reactivation, collateral damage can ensue with demonstrable cell death and foci of tissue pathology in the central nervous system (CNS) as a result of the release of inflammatory mediators including reactive oxygen species. Although rare, HSV-1 is the leading cause of frank sporadic encephalitis that, if left untreated, can result in death. A greater understanding of the contribution of resident glial cells and infiltrating leukocytes within the CNS in response to HSV-1 invasion is necessary to identify candidate molecules as targets for therapeutic intervention to reduce unwarranted inflammation coinciding with the maintenance of the anti-viral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
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Abstract
Neuronal injury and loss are recognized features of neuroinflammatory disorders, including acute and chronic encephalitides and multiple sclerosis; destruction of astrocytes has been demonstrated in cases of Rasmussen encephalitis. Here, we show that innate immune cells (i.e. natural killer [NK] and gammadelta T cells) cause loss of neurons from primary human neuron-enriched cultures by destroying the supporting astrocytes. Interleukin 2-activated NK cells caused loss of astrocytes within 1 hour, whereas neurons were lost at 4 hours. Time-lapse imaging indicated that delayed neuron loss was due to early destruction of supporting astrocytes. Selective blocking of astrocyte death with anti-NKG2D antibodies reduced neuron loss, as did blocking of CD54 on astrocytes. gammadelta T cells also induced astrocyte cytotoxicity, leading to subsequent neuronal displacement. In astrocytes, NK cells caused caspase-dependent fragmentation of the intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin, whereas anti-CD3-activated T cells produced fragmentation to a lesser extent and without measurable cytotoxicity. Glial fibrillary acidic protein fragmentation was also demonstrated in lysates from chronic multiple sclerosis plaques but not from normal control white matter. These data suggest that non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted immune effector cells may contribute to neuron loss in neuroinflammatory disorders indirectly through injury of glia.
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Bien CG, Elger CE. Limbic encephalitis: a cause of temporal lobe epilepsy with onset in adult life. Epilepsy Behav 2007; 10:529-38. [PMID: 17493878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Limbic encephalitis (LE) was described in the 1960s as a clinical-pathological syndrome in adults. Initially, the paraneoplastic form was the center of interest. An increasing number of diagnostically valuable autoantibodies in patients' sera (and cerebrospinal fluid) have been identified. Lately, the impact of non-paraneoplastic LE cases has been acknowledged. In the serum of some of these patients, antibodies against voltage-dependent potassium channels (VGKC antibodies) have been detected. The characteristic MRI course of LE patients has recently been described in detail: hippocampal swelling and T2/FLAIR signal increase are early findings. After a few months, the swelling regresses, followed by hippocampal atrophy with continuous signal increase. A general consensus on formal diagnostic criteria for all LE subsyndromes has not yet been reached. This article proposes such diagnostic criteria and formulates suggestions for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Bien
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
Thirty years ago, antibodies against the muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) were recognized as the cause of myasthenia gravis. Since then, there has been great interest in identifying other neurological disorders associated with autoantibodies. Several other antibody-mediated neuromuscular disorders have been identified, each associated with an antibody against a ligand- or voltage-gated ion channel. The Lambert-Eaton syndrome is caused by antibodies against voltage-gated calcium channels and often occurs in patients with small cell lung cancer. Acquired neuromyotonia is caused by voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies, and autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is caused by antibodies against the neuronal AChR in autonomic ganglia. There is good evidence that antibodies in these disorders cause changes in synaptic function or neuronal excitability by directly inhibiting ion channel function. More recently, studies have identified ion channel antibodies in patients with certain CNS disorders, such as steroid-responsive encephalitis and paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. It remains unclear if antibodies can gain access to the CNS and directly cause ion channel dysfunction. Treatment of autoimmune channelopathies includes drugs that help restore normal neuronal function and treatments to remove pathogenic antibodies (plasma exchange) or modulate the immune response (steroids or immunosuppressants). These disabling neurological disorders may be dramatically responsive to immunomodulatory therapy. Future studies will likely lead to identification of other ion channel antibodies and other autoimmune channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Vernino
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9036, USA.
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