1
|
Bose B, Kumar SS. Dairy Farmers' Awareness of Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases: A Pilot Study. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:597-599. [PMID: 38775120 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: A quantitative cross-sectional pilot study was conducted to determine dairy farmers' general awareness of vector-borne zoonotic diseases, i.e., dengue fever and chikungunya fever caused by alphavirus and mosquito-borne flavivirus, as well as the relationship between these and other demographic variables such as gender and education level. Materials and Methods: A total of 42 farmers from the Wayanad district of Kerala were surveyed using a well-structured KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practice) questionnaire. Results: The study revealed that farmers have inadequate knowledge and attitudes regarding chikungunya, as well as inadequate practices regarding dengue fever. Similarly, there is a significant correlation between gender and chikungunya fever awareness. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need to increase awareness of these diseases among dairy farmers and emphasizes the significance of conducting additional research on the area and population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibin Bose
- Department of Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - S Siva Kumar
- Department of Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abunna F, Gebresenbet G, Megersa B. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of farmers about transmission of zoonotic diseases in Ada'a district, Oromia, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25713. [PMID: 38384538 PMCID: PMC10878875 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In developing countries like Ethiopia, zoonotic diseases pose a significant health and economic burden, with high exposure of farmers to zoonotic infection given the prevailing traditional husbandry practices. A cross-sectional survey involving 388 farmers in the Ada'a district central Ethiopia was conducted to investigate their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding the transmission of zoonotic diseases. The respondents' mean age was 41.0 ± 10.0 SD years. The majority of respondents (39.4%) were between the ages of 41 and 50, and 90.0% were married. Farmers claimed that conversations with family, colleagues, and friends were the primary sources of zoonoses information. Farmers stated that the primary sources of information on zoonotic diseases as community. They had a relatively low level (66.8%) of knowledge on zoonotic diseases and half of them (54.9%) did not have good information on zoonoses. Three-quarters (75.2%) of the farmers reported that they neither consume meat and milk nor use offal and hide/skin from sick or dead animals. Similarly, 71.1% of them stated that they do not eat meat from regularly aborting sheep/goats, and never consume raw meat and milk. Most of the respondents correctly answered that raw meat (82.7%) and raw milk (79.9%) are means of disease transmission from animals to humans. However, considerable proportions of them were unaware of zoonotic transmission of bovine tuberculosis (61.3%) and brucellosis (74.7%) transmission through raw milk intakes, and risk of taeniasis (71%) due to raw meat consumption. But, considerable proportions had never dewormed (48.7%), or tested their animals for brucellosis (82.7%) and bovine tuberculosis (83.3%), and more than three quarters (77.3%) did not used personal protective equipment when handling sick animals. Farmers who had a secondary education or above (OR = 6.8, CI = 2.4-18.0, p = 0.004), aged between 41 and 50 years (OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.2, p = 0.015), and those having good knowledge (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.3-3.5, p = 0.002), and positive attitude related to zoonotic diseases (OR = 7.8, CI = 4.7-12.9, p < 0.001) had better practices that reduce the risk of exposure to zoonotic infections than their counterparts. This study revealed a knowledge gaps, a low level of the desired attitude, and high-risk behavioral practices which call for awareness creation about zoonotic disease transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Abunna
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Gebresenbet
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bekele Megersa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Durrance-Bagale A, Rudge JW, Singh NB, Belmain SR, Howard N. Drivers of zoonotic disease risk in the Indian subcontinent: A scoping review. One Health 2021; 13:100310. [PMID: 34458546 PMCID: PMC8379342 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature on potential anthropogenic drivers of zoonotic disease risk in the Indian subcontinent is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to identify primary sources, published 2000-2020, to clarify what research exists and on which areas future research should focus. We summarised findings thematically by disease. Of 80 sources included, 78 (98%) were original research articles and two were conference abstracts. Study designs and methods were not always clearly described, but 74 (93%) were quantitative (including one randomised trial), five (6%) were mixed-methods, and one was qualitative. Most sources reported research from India (39%) or Bangladesh (31%), followed by Pakistan (9%), Nepal (9%), Bhutan and Sri Lanka (6% each). Topically, most focused on rabies (18; 23%), Nipah virus (16; 20%) or leptospirosis (11; 14%), while 12 (15%) did not focus on a disease but instead on knowledge in communities. People generally did not seek post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies even when vaccination programmes were available and they understood that rabies was fatal, instead often relying on traditional medicines. Similarly, people did not take precautions to protect themselves from leptospirosis infection, even when they were aware of the link with rice cultivation. Nipah was correlated with presence of bats near human habitation. Official information on diseases, modes of transmission and prevention was lacking, or shared informally between friends, relatives, and neighbours. Behaviour did not correspond to disease knowledge. This review identifies various human behaviours which may drive zoonotic disease risk in the Indian subcontinent. Increasing community knowledge and awareness alone is unlikely to be sufficient to successfully change these behaviours. Further research, using interdisciplinary and participatory methods, would improve understanding of risks and risk perceptions and thus help in co-designing context-specific, relevant interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Durrance-Bagale
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Rudge
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Public Health, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nanda Bahadur Singh
- Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Zoology, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Mid-Western University, Surkhet, Nepal
| | - Steven R. Belmain
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Howard
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yasobant S, Bruchhausen W, Saxena D, Memon FZ, Falkenberg T. Health System Contact and Awareness of Zoonotic Diseases: Can it Serve as One Health Entry Point in the Urban Community of Ahmedabad, India? THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:259-269. [PMID: 34211346 PMCID: PMC8223553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
One Health (OH) is emphasized globally to tackle the (re)emerging issues at the human-animal-ecosystem interface. However, the low awareness about zoonoses remain a challenge in global south, thus this study documented the health system contact and its effect on the awareness level of zoonoses in the urban community of Ahmedabad, India. A community-based household survey was conducted between October 2018 and July 2019. A total of 460 households (HHs) were surveyed from two zones and 23 wards of the city through cluster sampling. A structured, pilot-tested, and researcher-administered questionnaire in the vernacular language was used to collect the information on demographic details, socio-economic details, health-seeking behavior for both the humans and their animals, human and animal health system contact details and the participants' awareness on selected zoonotic diseases based on the prioritization (rabies, brucellosis, swine flu, and bird flu). Out of 460 surveyed households, 69% of HHs and 59% of HHs had a health system contact to the human and animal health system respectively at the community level. There are multiple health workers active on the community level that could potentially serve as One Health liaisons. The investigation of the knowledge and awareness level of selected zoonotic diseases revealed that 58.5%, 47.6%, and 4.6% know about rabies, swine and/or bird flu, and brucellosis, respectively. The mixed-effect linear regression model indicates that there is no significant effect on the zoonotic disease awareness score with the human health system contact; however, a minimal positive effect with the animal health system contact was evident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandul Yasobant
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of
Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Global Health, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health
(IHPH), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Sandul Yasobant, MPH, PhD, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Genscherallee
3, 53113 Bonn, Germany; Tel: +91-98761357331,
; ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-8745
| | - Walter Bruchhausen
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of
Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Global Health, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health
(IHPH), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG),
Gandhinagar, India,Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute
of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | | | - Timo Falkenberg
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of
Bonn, Bonn, Germany,GeoHealth Centre, Institute for Hygiene and Public
Health (IHPH), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200355. [PMID: 34096963 PMCID: PMC8182890 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”. Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally circulated in non-human animal species. This demonstrates that spillover has a fundamental role in the emergence of new human infectious diseases. Understanding the factors that facilitate the transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is essential to establish strategies focused on the reduction of the frequency of spillover events. In this context, this article describes the basic aspects of zoonotic spillover and the main factors involved in spillover events, considering the role of the inter-species interactions, phylogenetic distance between host species, environmental drivers, and specific characteristics of the pathogens, animals, and humans. As an example, the factors involved in the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are discussed, indicating what can be learned from this public health emergency, and what can be applied to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, this article discusses actions to prevent or reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alebie A, Tewachew T. Household Practice Related to Zoonotic Diseases Transmission in Rural Community of Gondar Zuria District. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:109-115. [PMID: 34104631 PMCID: PMC8178743 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s306941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The study was done from October 2019 to April 2020 for the purpose of identifying practices and characterizing the general public knowledge, attitudes and associated risk factors related to animal contact that influence zoonotic disease transmission in the rural household heads of North Gondar area, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Patients and Methods During this study, a cross-sectional type of study was designed and a simple random sampling method was used to choose kebeles. Six kebeles were randomly selected using a lottery method. Systematic random sampling method was employed to select and question 65 household heads from each of the kebeles. In total, 390 structured questionnaires were prepared for those household heads and the data were collected using face to face interviews. Finally, the recorded data were examined using STATA version 16 statistical software and the frequency distribution of both variables was observed using descriptive statistics. Linear regression model was used to see the relation between household practices and the explanatory factors. Results The results showed that there was a gender difference in responsibility for managing livestock and the central aim of rearing livestock was for sale. Among 390 members of households, 38.7% understand a probability of disease transmission in their community between livestock, humans and wildlife, regardless of the fact that household practices related to zoonosis transmission were common. Of the households, 52.3% responded that they permit animals to go into kitchen and sleeping areas (95% CI = 1.15–2.73; P = 0.009). The factors which influence the household practices were agro-ecology activities; livestock management; number of individuals in the household; types of livestock reared; and zoonosis awareness. Conclusion In general, the present study showed that the public had a very low awareness about major zoonotic diseases. This indicates the need for awareness creation through education and an inter-disciplinary health approach with close collaboration among veterinarians, public health practitioners and policymakers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atnaf Alebie
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
| | - Tibeyin Tewachew
- Colleague of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kriegel ER, Cherney DJR, Kiffner C. Conventional knowledge, general attitudes and risk perceptions towards zoonotic diseases among Maasai in northern Tanzania. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07041. [PMID: 34041394 PMCID: PMC8144003 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors influencing conventional medical knowledge (CMK), general attitudes and risk perceptions of zoonotic diseases among rural residents who face risk of exposure to such diseases is important for human, livestock, and wildlife health. Focusing on Maasai from Makame, Kiteto District (Tanzania) who largely maintained a semi-nomadic lifestyle, we evaluated respondents’ CMK of causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevention methods of rabies, brucellosis, and anthrax. In addition, we identified socio-demographic correlates of CMK with respect to the target zoonoses. Finally, we assessed the relative frequency of practices that increase the risk of pathogen transmission, and compared the risk perception of the three diseases. We conducted structured interviews with Maasai respondents (n = 46) in six sub-villages of Makame and considered education, gender, age, and wealth (indicated by standardized number of livestock) as potential correlates of CMK. Respondents had greater CMK of rabies and anthrax, but feared anthrax the most. Receiving formal education increased rabies CMK (p ≤ 0.05). The CMK of anthrax and brucellosis was not associated with any of the tested variables (p > 0.05). Risk perceptions were correlated with knowledge scores for rabies and anthrax (p ≤ 0.05), and multiple interviewees reported engaging in practices that potentially enhance pathogen transmission. Specific socio-demographic attributes (i.e., formal education) may explain the observed variation in CMK of zoonotic diseases. This information can be used to develop and tailor health education programs for specific at-risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Kriegel
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801 USA
| | - D J R Cherney
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801 USA
| | - C Kiffner
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies, PO Box 304, Karatu, Tanzania.,Junior Research Group Human-Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Research Area Land Use and Governance, Müncheberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Siyadatpanah A, Pagheh AS, Daryani A, Sarvi S, Hosseini SA, Norouzi R, Boundenga L, Tabatabaie F, Pereira MDL, Gholami S, Nissapatorn V. Parasitic helminth infections of dogs, wolves, foxes, and golden jackals in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Vet World 2020; 13:2643-2648. [PMID: 33487982 PMCID: PMC7811556 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2643-2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: There is a large amount of information on intestinal parasites in stray dogs and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Mazandaran Province, Iran. However, there is little information about foxes and wolves, which have a potential role in the spread of dangerous parasitic diseases, such as echinococcosis and toxocariasis. The aim of the present study was to identify the genus or species of parasitic worms in stool samples obtained from carnivores in Mazandaran Province, Iran, from August 2017 to April 2018. Materials and Methods: A total of 274 fecal samples were collected from carnivores, including dog, fox, wolf, and C. aureus in three areas of Mazandaran Province, Iran. All specimens were examined by centrifugal fecal flotation using a solution of Sheather’s sugar to detect helminths eggs. Then, all samples were assessed using a light microscope. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 18 (Chicago, IL, USA). Results: In this study, seven genera of helminths were observed, including Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Toxocara, Dipylidium, Toxascaris, Taenia, and Spirocerca. The prevalence of helminth infections was 97.7% (127 out of 130), 56.7% (51 out of 90), 51.4% (18 out of 35), and 52.6% (10 out of 19), among dogs, C. aureus, foxes, and wolves, respectively. The highest prevalence of Ancylostoma and Toxocara infections occurred in the eastern and central areas of the province (42.1% and 35.7%, respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the infection with intestinal zoonotic helminths in carnivores was an important public health factor in Mazandaran. Therefore, these infections can be potentially harmful to humans and other animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Abdol Sattar Pagheh
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Group Evolution and Interspecies Transmission of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP: 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Fatemeh Tabatabaie
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810, Portugal
| | - Shirzad Gholami
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Milton AAP, Das S, Ghatak S. Neglected paths of transmission of milkborne brucellosis and tuberculosis in developing countries: novel control opportunities. Epidemiol Health 2020; 42:e2020073. [PMID: 33285058 PMCID: PMC8137372 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis and tuberculosis are lingering zoonotic infections that are endemic in many developing parts of the world, with considerable economic and health costs. Although guidelines for the control of these diseases exist, we highlight neglected transmission routes of these diseases. We show that informal, door-to-door marketing of unpasteurized milk provides an important route for disease transmission through kitchen cross-contamination. Furthermore, the practice of discarding the first strippings of milk at farms needs adjustment to avoid floor and environmental contamination. Herein, we propose handling guidelines and a design for a milk stripping collection vessel. We believe that taking action to block these hitherto unrecognized transmission routes will complement existing efforts and guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samir Das
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, India
| | - Sandeep Ghatak
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cao Ba K, Kaewkungwal J, Pacheun O, Nguyen Thi To U, Lawpoolsri S. Health Literacy Toward Zoonotic Diseases Among Livestock Farmers in Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2020; 14:1178630220932540. [PMID: 32733124 PMCID: PMC7372606 DOI: 10.1177/1178630220932540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonoses are an increasing concern worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. People with close contact with animals are at high risk for contracting and transmitting the zoonotic diseases. OBJECTIVES To determine health literacy of livestock farmers toward biosecurity to prevent zoonotic diseases. METHODS This cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam, where livestock and farming are the main occupation. The questionnaire survey was submitted to 218 farmers who have close contact with livestock. In addition, 8 farmers were invited to an in-depth interview to further explore the health literacy. RESULTS Half of the participants were men. The average age (standard deviation) of the participants was 49.3(11.5) years. The median years with experience in farming was 15 years. The majority (82.0%) of the participants had moderate health literacy level regarding zoonoses. Improper use of antibiotics was referred by 58.0% of participants, including antibiotic use as feeding supplements (34.0%) and the use of human antibiotics to treat sick animals (24.0%). Many participants were unaware of zoonotic prevention measures and due to this had practices such as not wearing protective equipment (60.0%), an absence of acaricides to prevent vector infestations (52.0%), an absence of disinfection measures (42.0%), low rate of rabies vaccination (54.0%), and do not quarantining sick animals (38.0%). In-depth interviews revealed great concern among farmers about a collective lack of participation from local veterinarians, health workers, and government authorities in zoonoses-prevention efforts. Statistical models showed that farm scale, ethnic groups, and perceived income were associated with the overall health literacy about zoonoses. CONCLUSION Comprehensive health education related to zoonotic diseases is recommended to improve overall knowledge, including routes of transmission, symptoms and consequences of diseases, and antibiotic usage. In addition, guidance should be provided to farmers on how to treat sick animals, the appropriate use of antibiotics, and waste management. Local veterinarians and health workers are important contact points and should work closely with the farmers to prevent zoonotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khuong Cao Ba
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty
of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Public Health, Thai Nguyen
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty
of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranut Pacheun
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat
University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uyen Nguyen Thi To
- Faculty of Public Health, Thai Nguyen
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | - Saranath Lawpoolsri
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty
of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Animal-based food systems are unsafe: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) fosters the debate on meat consumption. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:3250-3255. [PMID: 32633231 PMCID: PMC7503046 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The current pandemic restarts a debate on permanently banning wildlife consumption in an effort to prevent further public health threats. In this commentary, we offer two ideas to enhance the discussion on foodborne zoonotic diseases in food systems. Design: First, we focus on the probable consequences that the loss of access to wildlife could cause to the status of food and nutrition security of many people in developing countries that rely on bushmeat to subsist. Second, we argue that all animal-based food systems, especially the ones based on intensive husbandry, present food safety threats. Conclusion: To ban the access to bushmeat without a rational analysis of all human meat production and consumption in the global animal-based food system will not help us to prevent future outbreaks.
Collapse
|
12
|
Khadayata V, Aggarwal D. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Hygiene among Livestock Keepers in Peri-Urban Area of Vadodara District, Gujarat. Indian J Community Med 2020; 45:S16-S20. [PMID: 32476735 PMCID: PMC7232979 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_362_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Zoonoses are considered as an emerging public health problem. To reduce its prevalence, hygiene of animals as well as personal hygiene during milk production cycle is vital. This study has been conducted in the peri-urban areas of Vadodara district. Objective: The objective was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) about hygiene among livestock keepers in the peri-urban area. Materials and Methods: The study design is cross-sectional descriptive in nature mainly based on pretested questionnaires to answer questions on KAP with regard to hygiene among livestock keepers. A total of 100 livestock keepers were randomly selected from the peri-urban area of Vadodara. Results: Among the selected respondents, 28% of participants know that disease can transmit from animal to human. The majority 72% of all interviewed respondents had no knowledge that disease can transmit from animal to human. Only 33% livestock keepers had awareness that zoonotic disease can be prevented. Among all livestock keepers interviewed, about 52% showed positive attitude and 48% showed negative attitude toward hygiene. There was positive impact of good socioeconomic status on the practices about hygiene, as majority of livestock keepers with good practices belong to the upper middle group. Conclusion: This study indicates that education has impact on knowledge about zoonotic disease, its transmission, and how hygiene is important to prevent zoonotic disease. Further, there is a need to increase the awareness about hygiene among livestock keepers with regard to personal, animal, and milk hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhavi Khadayata
- Department of Academic and Research, International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Aggarwal
- Department of Academic and Research, International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chinchwadkar P, Panda P. An Assessment of Knowledge Regarding the Risk of Zoonoses and Hygiene Practices among Females with Livestock in South-West Delhi, India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Community Med 2020; 45:S38-S42. [PMID: 32476740 PMCID: PMC7232978 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_382_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, India is the largest milk producer with highest population of cattle i.e., 134 million cows and 124 million buffalos, with women accounting for 93 per cent of total employment in dairy production. The Indian subcontinent is one of the four global hot-spots at increased risk for emergence of zoonotic diseases. Health hazards occurring due to lack of awareness about the causes and impact of zoonosis on the public health are significant. In addition, fewer efforts are seen in One-Health programs in India. OBJECTIVE To assess the knowledge level regarding the risk of zoonoses and hygiene practices among rural female population with livestock. And also to assess the actual status of practices adopted in the small holder dairy farm. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 female populations in peri-urban area of Najafgarh, New Delhi. A structured questionnaire and checklist for observing practicing gaps were used for data collection; Knowledge level was calculated with the help of knowledge scores. Snowball sampling was used. The analysis was done with SPSS-(22). Descriptive statistics, one sample t-test, cross tabulation and Chi-square test were used. RESULTS Out of total score (28), the respondents got a maximum mean score of 11. Majority of respondents (75%) had low knowledge of specific zoonotic diseases and there was an observed gap in practice. CONCLUSION 75% of the respondents had low knowledge on specific zoonotic diseases, hence importance should be given on increasing knowledge about the correct handling of the livestock especially in female population through national-programs and strengthening One-Health efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chinchwadkar
- Department of Academic and Research, International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Panda
- Department of Academic and Research, International Institute of Health Management Research, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to anthrax and animal care: A case-control study in Georgia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224176. [PMID: 31626684 PMCID: PMC6799907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anthrax is endemic in Georgia and recent outbreaks prompted a livestock-handler case-control study with a component to evaluate anthrax knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among livestock handlers or owners. Methods Cases were handlers of livestock with confirmed animal anthrax from June 2013-May 2015. Handlers of four matched unaffected animals were selected as controls, two from the same village as the case animal (“village control”) and two from 3–10 km away (“area control”). Descriptive statistics were reported and conditional logistic regression was performed to estimate the magnitude of the association of cases with specific study KAP factors. Results Cases were more likely male, had lower level college education, less animal care experience, and provided more animal care to their cattle. Cases had lower odds of burying a suddenly dead animal compared to all controls (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.32, 95% Confidence interval [CI]:0.12, 0.88) and area controls (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.91). On an 8-point knowledge scale, cases having an animal with anthrax had a 1.31 times greater knowledge score compared to all controls (95% CI: 1.03, 1.67). Cases had higher odds of ever having human anthrax or knowing another person who had anthrax compared to all controls (OR: 4.56, 95% CI: 1.45, 14.30) and area controls (OR: 7.16, 95% CI: 1.52, 33.80). Discussion Cases were more knowledgeable of anthrax and had better anthrax prevention practices, but these are likely a result of the case investigation and ring vaccination following the death of their animal. Conclusions The findings reveal a low level of knowledge and practices related to anthrax control and prevention, and will guide educational material development to fill these gaps.
Collapse
|
15
|
Islam S, Ahmed MS. Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward zoonotic diseases among different professionals at selected coastal areas in Barguna district, Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:284-289. [PMID: 31583224 PMCID: PMC6760511 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study was performed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice among different professionals toward zoonotic diseases in selected coastal areas of Barguna district, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 485 respondents were randomly selected from different upazilas (sub-districts) of Barguna district, Bangladesh. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect data about awareness of zoonosis, hygienic management, zoonotic disease transmission from different species of domestic animals and consumption of their products, consciousness on management of pet animals, disease transmission from wild animals, effects of natural disaster on zoonosis, and extension works on zoonosis provided by government or private sector. Results: Based on the level of knowledge of the different respondents, meat (43.92%) is the prime way for transmission of zoonotic disease followed by egg (18.14%) and milk (13.61%). The awareness regarding management of pet animals (23.71%) and zoonotic disease from wild animals (26.69%) were more or less similar. It has been observed that 33.81% respondents were conscious about natural disaster causing zoonotic infection. The respondents also mentioned that extension services about zoonotic infection provided by government or private sector was 34.22%. Among all the respondents, the awareness of zoonotic infection was high in employee of livestock department followed by employee of health department and teachers. Conclusion: The awareness of zoonoses was high in employee of livestock department followed by the employee of health department, teachers, and other professionals. The present study observed that low educational background of professionals or non-health educated professionals is not conscious on zoonotic diseases. Further work should be taken to assess the prevention and control strategies regarding zoonosis in study area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syidul Islam
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barisal, Bangladesh
| | - Md Selim Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barisal, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang N, Zhou H, Huang DS, Guan P. Brucellosis awareness and knowledge in communities worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 79 observational studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007366. [PMID: 31048848 PMCID: PMC6497230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is regarded as a major zoonotic infection worldwide. Awareness and knowledge of brucellosis among occupational workers is considered an important aspect of brucellosis control in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to explore the distributions of the pooled awareness level and the knowledge level of the disease worldwide. METHODS A meta-analysis was carried out to obtain pooled brucellosis awareness levels and knowledge levels of respondents regarding the zoonotic nature of brucellosis, mode of brucellosis transmission, and brucellosis symptoms in animals and humans. The analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines. RESULTS A total of seventy-nine original articles reporting the brucellosis awareness levels of in populations from 22 countries were assessed. The total pooled awareness level of brucellosis was 55.5%, and the pooled awareness levels regarding the zoonotic nature of brucellosis, mode of brucellosis transmission, signs of human brucellosis and signs of animal brucellosis were 37.6%, 35.9%, 41.6%, and 28.4% respectively. The pooled awareness level was higher than the brucellosis-related knowledge level. Subgroup analyses showed that no obvious differences in brucellosis awareness levels between high-risk populations in Asia and Africa. Health workers (including human health workers and veterinarians) had the greatest overall awareness and knowledge of human brucellosis. The overall awareness levels and knowledge levels of livestock owners (farmers) and herders were higher than those of dairy farmers and abattoir workers. In addition, awareness and knowledge levels were higher among people who were involved in bovine, caprine and ovine animal production or in caprine and ovine animal production than among people who were involved in only bovine animal production. CONCLUSIONS Insufficient awareness and knowledge of brucellosis were observed in the original studies conducted mainly in Asia and Africa. Interventions to improve public knowledge about brucellosis are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Impression Evidence Examination Technology, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Sheng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Mathematics, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rinchen S, Tenzin T, Hall D, van der Meer F, Sharma B, Dukpa K, Cork S. A community-based knowledge, attitude, and practice survey on rabies among cattle owners in selected areas of Bhutan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007305. [PMID: 30933984 PMCID: PMC6459539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains a disease of significant zoonotic and economic concern in rabies endemic areas of Bhutan. Rabies outbreaks in livestock threaten the livelihoods of subsistence farming communities and pose a potential public health threat. As a part of identifying approaches to prevent rabies in cattle, a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) survey was conducted among cattle owners in selected rural areas of the southern rabies high-risk zone and low-risk zone in eastern Bhutan. Between March and April 2017, 562 cattle owners (281 in the east and 281 in the south) were interviewed using a questionnaire. Eighty-eight percent of the participants had heard of rabies but only 39% of the participants who had heard of rabies had adequate knowledge about rabies. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that residing in the south [OR = 9.25 (95% CI: 6.01-14.53)] and having seen a rabies case [OR = 2.46 (95% CI: 1.6-3.82)] were significantly associated with having adequate knowledge about rabies. Based on our scoring criteria, 65% of the total participants who had heard of rabies had a favorable attitude towards rabies control and prevention programs. The participants residing in the east were two times more likely to have a favourable attitude than their counterparts in the south [OR = 2.08 (95% CI: 1.43-3.05)]. More than 70% of the participants reported engaging in farm activities such as examining the oral cavity of sick cattle and assisting cattle during parturition. Only 25% of the participants reported using personal protective equipment while undertaking these activities. Despite a high level of rabies awareness, we observed that there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge about rabies regarding susceptible hosts, transmission routes, the health outcome of rabies infection in humans, and appropriate health-seeking behaviours. This study highlights the need to strengthen rabies education programs in rural communities to address the knowledge gaps that have been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangay Rinchen
- Regional Livestock Development Centre, Department of Livestock, Tsimasham, Chukha Bhutan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tenzin Tenzin
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - David Hall
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Basant Sharma
- Regional Livestock Development Centre, Department of Livestock, Tsimasham, Chukha Bhutan
| | - Kinzang Dukpa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Susan Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chauhan AS, George MS, Lindahl J, Grace D, Kakkar M. Community, system and policy level drivers of bovine tuberculosis in smallholder periurban dairy farms in India: a qualitative enquiry. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:301. [PMID: 30866894 PMCID: PMC6415345 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid urbanization has led to expansion of peri-urban fringes, where intensive, industry-style livestock rearing has led to emerging vulnerabilities at the human-animal-environment interface. This study was undertaken to understand the health system and farm-level factors that influenced the risk of transmission of bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in animals and humans in peri-urban smallholder dairy farms of India. METHODS Thematic guides were developing through literature review and expert consultation. In-depth interviews were conducted till attainment of saturation. Identification of core themes was followed by etiological enquiry and generation of a conceptual model. RESULTS Veterinarians were consulted as a last resort after home-remedies and quacks had failed. Damage control measures, especially with respect to- selling or abandoning sick animals, added to the risk of disease transmission. Although civic authorities believed in the adequacy of a functioning laboratory network, end users were aggrieved at the lack of services. Despite the presence of extension services, knowledge and awareness was limited, promoting risky behaviour. The absence of cogent policies in dealing with bTB was a significant barrier. Stakeholders did not consider bTB to be a major concern. It is possible that they underestimate the problem. CONCLUSION The current study helps to identify gaps which need to be addressed through collaborative research, and OneHealth interventions to build community awareness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Singh Chauhan
- Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122002, India.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège - Hospital District, Hippocrates Avenue 13 - Building 23, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mathew Sunil George
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122002, India.,Centre for Research and Action in Public Health (CeRAPH), University of Canberra, Building 22, Floor B, University Drive, Bruce, ACT 261, Australia
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 30709-00100, Kenya.,Zoonosis Science Laboratory, Uppsala University, Po Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 30709-00100, Kenya
| | - Manish Kakkar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Plot 47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patel K, Saxena D. Self-reported selected zoonotic diseases among animal handlers in Urban Ahmedabad, India. Vet World 2019; 12:176-182. [PMID: 30936673 PMCID: PMC6431797 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.176-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Out of all global microbial pathogens, 61% are zoonoses. Zoonotic diseases (Z/D/S) are responsible for a large burden on the public health, livestock economies, and wildlife of India. Data on burden and knowledge about Z/D/S among animal handlers are limited for urban and peri-urban areas of India. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported selected Z/D/S and knowledge about those diseases among animal handlers in the urban area of Ahmedabad city, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 animal handlers from three zones of Ahmedabad city, India, from February to May 2017. Data were collected on sociodemographic, different exposure, knowledge, practices about animal handling, and self-reported Z/D/S condition. RESULTS Majority of study participants were females. Participants had numbers of animals, and it ranged from 1 to 70. However, the majority of them were cattle. Average experience and hours/day spent for handling animal were reported 22±15 years and 5±2 h, respectively. From all participants, about one-third perceived that handling animal could be a cause of disease. Average knowledge on the mode of transmission of Z/D/S was found 4.1%. Most common high risk and preventive practices found consumption of raw milk (72%) and handwashing (83%). The proportion of self-reported Z/D/S in the past 5 years was found to be 23% among respondents and 17% among family members. However, the proportion of existing self-reported Z/D/S or symptomatic Z/D/S was 17% among respondents and 18% among family members. Most common self-reported Z/D/S were vector-borne, animal bite, and respiratory disorders. CONCLUSION The knowledge and prevalence of Z/D/S were found low as compared to other studies from India. Further awareness and screening of animal handlers can be useful to increase the reporting and prevention and control of Z/D/S among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krupali Patel
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A study to identify the practices of the buffalo keepers which inadvertently lead to the spread of brucellosis in Delhi. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:329. [PMID: 30400899 PMCID: PMC6219203 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background India has the largest Buffalo population in the world, with every household in rural India owning buffaloes depending upon daily milk requirement – dairy farmers can own between 10 to 70 buffaloes. The health of Indian buffaloes is of economic importance since India is one of the largest buffalo meat exporters in the world, and Indian Buffalo semen is sold in the USA for breeding purposes. However, National Control Program on brucellosis is only active in South India and in Panjab (a North Indian state with high human brucellosis incidence). Our aim was to assess the knowledge and practices of the buffalo keepers of Delhi that make them susceptible to brucellosis. Results Amongst all the 11 districts of Delhi, there was 0% awareness about brucellosis and also about the S19 vaccine as the buffalo keepers had never heard of S19 vaccine which is available at minimal cost from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India. Majority of the respondents drink raw milk, sleep in cattle sheds, do not isolate sick cattle, do not test buffaloes blood for any disease before purchasing them, apply intrauterine medication with bare hands to buffalo after abortion of foetus, never clean their cattle sheds with a disinfectant and believe that they can only acquire skin infections from cattle. All of these habits make them prone to brucellosis. While about 20 to 27% of respondents reported a history of abortions and retained placenta, disposed of the placenta with bare hands, and applied raw milk on cracked lips. It was surprising to note that majority of them never reared small ruminants like sheep and goat with buffaloes or Bos species as they were aware of the rapid spread of disease from small to big ruminants. Conclusions We found that buffalo keepers were ignorant of brucellosis, its causative agent, relevant vaccines and that they also involved in high-risk activities. As such, our findings highlight a need for buffalo keepers to be better educated via several awareness camps to minimize human exposure to Brucella in Delhi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1670-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|