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Singh N, Batra K, Chaudhary D, Punia M, Kumar A, Maan NS, Maan S. Prevalence of porcine viral respiratory diseases in India. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1642-1654. [PMID: 35112631 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2032117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pig industry is growing rapidly in India and contributes a major share of growth in the livestock sector. Over the last few years, there is a gradual increase in the adoption of pigs for production by economically weaker sections of the country. However, this production is affected by many respiratory diseases which are responsible for significant economic loss. The occurrence and impact of these diseases are still under-documented. The four important pathogens including porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza A viruses (SIV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are documented here. These diseases are highly devastating in nature and frequent outbreaks have been reported from different parts of the country. The rapid and specific diagnosis, effective prevention and control measures are required for the eradication of these diseases which is urgently required for the growth of the pig industry. This review highlights the prevalence, epidemiology, diagnostics and information gaps on important respiratory viral pathogens of pigs reported from different parts of India. This review also emphasizes the importance of these viral diseases and the urgent need to develop vaccines and effective measures for the eradication of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Monika Punia
- Department of Biotechnology, Ch. Devi Lal University, Sirsa, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Narender Singh Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
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Sah V, Kumar A, Dhar P, Upmanyu V, Tiwari AK, Wani SA, Sahu AR, Kumar A, Badasara SK, Pandey A, Saxena S, Rai A, Mishra BP, Singh RK, Gandham RK. Signature of genome wide gene expression in classical swine fever virus infected macrophages and PBMCs of indigenous vis-a-vis crossbred pigs. Gene 2020; 731:144356. [PMID: 31935504 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of differential host immune response vis-à-vis transcriptome profile was explored in PBMCs of indigenous (Ghurrah) and crossbred pigs after classical swine fever vaccination and in monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) challenged with virulent classical swine fever (CSF) virus. The humoral immune response (E2 antibody) was higher (74.87%) in crossbred than indigenous pigs (58.20%) at 21st days post vaccination (21dpv). The rate of reduction of ratio of CD4+/CD8+ was higher in crossbred pigs than indigenous pigs at 7th days post vaccination (7dpv). The immune genes IFIT1, IFIT5, RELA, NFKB2, TNF and LAT2 were up regulated at 7dpv in RNA seq data set and was in concordance during qRT-PCR validation. The Laminin Subunit Beta 1 (LAMB1) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) down-regulated in MDMs of indigenous pigs and consequently a significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher copy number of virulent CSF virus was evidenced in macrophages of crossbred pigs than indigenous pigs. Activation of LXR:RXR pathway at 60 h post infection (60hpi) in MDMs of indigenous versus crossbred pigs inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB, resulted into transrepression of proinflammatory genes. But it helped in maintenance of HDL level by lowering down cholesterol/LDL level in MDMs of indigenous pigs. The key immune genes (TLR2, TLR4, IL10, IL8, CD86, CD54, CASP1) of TREM1 signaling pathway were upregulated at 7dpv in PBMCs but those genes were downregulated at 60hpi in MDMs indigenous pigs. Using qRT-PCR, the validation of differentially expressed, immunologically important genes (LAMB1, OAS1, TLR 4, TLR8 and CD86) in MDMs revealed that expression of these genes were in concordance with RNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Sah
- Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India.
| | - P Dhar
- Standardization Division, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - V Upmanyu
- Standardization Division, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - A K Tiwari
- Standardization Division, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | | | - A R Sahu
- Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Animal Biochemistry, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - S K Badasara
- Immunology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Aruna Pandey
- Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Bioinformatics, ICAR-IASRI, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - B P Mishra
- Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - R K Singh
- Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Bhaskar N, Ravishankar C, Rajasekhar R, Sumod K, Sumithra TG, John K, Mini M, Ravindran R, Shaji S, Aishwarya J. Molecular typing and phylogenetic analysis of classical swine fever virus isolates from Kerala, India. Virusdisease 2015; 26:260-6. [PMID: 26645036 PMCID: PMC4663717 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important disease of pigs caused by CSF virus (CSFV) belonging to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. The disease is endemic in many countries including India. A comprehensive study was carried out to assess the type of CSFV circulating in the South Indian state of Kerala. During the period 2013-2014, clinical samples were collected from 19 suspected CSF outbreaks of domestic pigs in different districts of Kerala. The samples were tested using nested reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the E2 gene and RT-PCR for 5'UTR of the virus. Partial 5' UTR and E2 gene regions of six CSFV isolates were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the CSFV isolates belonged to subgroup 2.2. The isolates showed close resemblance to the other CSFV isolates circulating in India. It was also observed that the CSFV viruses from Kannur district were distinct from those circulating in the other districts as evidenced by their divergence from other Kerala isolates in the phylogenetic tree. Close relationship was seen to the CSFV isolates from South East Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Bhaskar
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576 India
| | - R. Rajasekhar
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576 India
| | - K. Sumod
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576 India
| | - T. G. Sumithra
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680651 India
| | - Koshy John
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576 India
| | - M. Mini
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680651 India
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- />Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Shiju Shaji
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576 India
| | - J. Aishwarya
- />Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad, Kerala 673576 India
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