1
|
Dhakal P, Dhakal M, Dhakal D, Shakya P, Singh B, Gupta Kalwar R, Shahi R, Pandey S, Niraula D, Karki A, Mahato MK, Tamang S, Chhetri B, Thapa M, Parajuli R, Subedi JR, Pandey K, Maharjan M, Parajuli RP. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in humans and domestic animals in Jirel community, Dolakha, Nepal. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:3408-3414. [PMID: 39228571 PMCID: PMC11368370 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_197_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are major health concerns in both humans and domestic animals. Livestock farming is one of the common livelihood practices in rural Nepal. The proximity at human and domestic animal interface increases the chances of dissemination of enteric parasites, especially those of zoonotic importance. This study was aimed at finding the parasite prevalence and risk factors in both humans and their domestic animals in Jirel community. Materials and Methods A field survey was conducted on the Jirel ethnic people and their domestic animals in Dolakha district, where a total of 152 fresh fecal samples from humans and domestic animals (cow, pigs, goats, chickens, ducks, and pigeons) were collected. The feces were examined by wet mounts and concentration techniques. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out among the local people and owners of the domestic animals to gather sociodemographic information, awareness, and hygienic practices in relation to parasite transmission. Results The enteric parasite prevalence was found to be highest in goats (80.0%;12/15), followed by pigs (55.55%;5/9), cows (45.45%;6/11), chickens (11.7%;4/34), and humans (1.41%;1/71), while the fecal samples of ducks and pigeons did not contain any parasites. The only parasite identified in humans was Ascaris lumbricoides. Similarly, three genera of GI parasites (Eimeria sp., Strongyloides sp, and Trichuris sp.) from goats, two genera each from cow (Eimeria sp. and Strongyloides sp.), pigs (Entamoeba sp. and A. suum), and chickens (Eimeria sp. and Ascaridia galli), were detected. Conclusions Based on the direct field observation, questionnaire survey and laboratory analysis, it is concluded that the Jirel community people are aware of health and hygiene; however, intervention measures are necessary to prevent parasitic infection in their domestic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pitambar Dhakal
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Medhavi Dhakal
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Dipa Dhakal
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Pramita Shakya
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Barsha Singh
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - Rekha Shahi
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Sophiya Pandey
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Darwin Niraula
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Anita Karki
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - Semsal Tamang
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Basanti Chhetri
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Muna Thapa
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - Janak Raj Subedi
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Mahendra Maharjan
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Rajendra Prasad Parajuli
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego (UCSD), California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Portugaliza HP, Tocmo IL, Fernandez TJ. Periodicity of Ascaridia galli egg excretion in experimentally infected chicken in the Philippines. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:53-58. [PMID: 38440763 PMCID: PMC10908931 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The periodicity of parasite egg excretion refers to variations in the number of eggs produced across time, with significant implications in optimizing diagnostic procedures and conducting the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). Here, we explore whether Ascaridia galli egg excretion varies across time under Philippine conditions, thus informing the best time to collect fecal samples during flock health examination. A time-course analysis was performed in chickens (N = 12) experimentally infected with A. galli, isolated from a naturally infected Philippine native chicken. We examined the fecal egg per gram (EPG) count at 3-h intervals for 3 days, starting from 5:00-6:00 h AM to the following day at 1:00-2:00 h AM. Our results showed a consistent daily egg excretion pattern with a peak EPG count in the morning that abruptly declined in the afternoon and lowest in the evening. The EPG counts correlated with the amount of excreta produced, suggesting that A. galli fecundity corresponds to the timing of host defecation. Our results imply that the best time to collect fecal samples for A. galli diagnosis and FECRT in Philippine conditions should be from sunrise until late morning when parasite EPG count and host excreta production are at their highest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harvie P. Portugaliza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Visca, 6521 Baybay City, Leyte Philippines
| | - Irvin L. Tocmo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Visca, 6521 Baybay City, Leyte Philippines
| | - Tomas J. Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Visayas State University, Visca, 6521 Baybay City, Leyte Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Torralba CAV, Gamalinda EF, Estaño LA. Parasitic helminths of alien invasive anurans in Butuan City, Northeastern Mindanao, Philippines. Helminthologia 2023; 60:385-392. [PMID: 38222484 PMCID: PMC10787635 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the helminth parasites of invasive anuran species in selected barangays in Butuan City, Philippines. In urbanized areas, invasive species dominate anuran diversity, and one of the primary threats they pose to native wildlife is the transmission of diseases and parasites. Out of the 91 collected individuals of invasive anuran species, Rhinella marina was the most abundant (88 %), followed by Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (12 %) and Kaloula pulchra (3 %). The study identified five species of parasites, with Spirometra sp. being the most prevalent (17.58 %), followed by Echinostoma sp. (16.5 %), Rhabdias bufonis (14.3 %), Cosmocerca sp. (6.6 %), and Strongyloides stercoralis (3.30 %), respectively. Spirometra sp. also had the highest intensity (7.67), followed by Cosmocerca sp. (5), Strongyloides stercoralis (3.33), Rhabdias bufonis (3.30), and Echinostoma sp. (2.73). This parasitological survey revealed that H. rugulosus had the highest prevalence and infection of parasites, and residential areas had the highest parasite prevalence among the habitat types. Adult hosts were found to harbor a higher prevalence and intensity, and male hosts had a higher prevalence. The results highlight the high risk of parasite transmission from anurans to other animals and emphasize the need for the community to control the population of invasive anuran species for the safety of native anurans and to prevent zoonotic transmission to other animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CA. V. Torralba
- Department of Biology, College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Philippines, 8600
| | - E. F. Gamalinda
- Department of Biology, College of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Caraga State University, Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Philippines, 8600
| | - L. A. Estaño
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte, Philippines, 9200
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paller VGV, Macalinao-Ramirez CA, Bandal MZ. Environmental contamination with parasites in selected rural farms in the Philippines: impacts of farming practices on leafy greens food safety. Parasitology 2022; 149:482-489. [PMID: 35331354 PMCID: PMC11010475 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fresh vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet, however, they can also be agents of transmission of intestinal parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of parasite contamination in vegetable farms as a source of transmission in selected rural communities in Laguna, Philippines. A total of 168 vegetable, 55 soil and 15 water samples collected from four selected farms and a reference farm were processed through various standard parasitological techniques. Of these, 17.3% of vegetables, 47.3% soil and 73.3% water samples were found contaminated with parasites’ eggs or cysts. Interestingly, leafy vegetables, such as lettuce, were found to be more contaminated. Results showed that strongylids/hookworms (egg/larva) showed the highest prevalence in farm soil (38.2%) and vegetable (13.1%); other helminth parasite eggs were also recovered such as Toxocara sp., Ascaris sp., Trichiuris, Trichostrongylus sp. and protozoan cysts of Balantidium coli. Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts of and Giardia sp. cysts were observed in all water samples in the farms. Furthermore, results revealed that some farming practices such as the use of improperly treated animals manure as fertilizers, unhygienic practice of farmers and sanitation issues were factors that contribute to parasite contamination in the farms. These findings have implications on food safety in poor-resource communities posing public health risks. Recommendations were discussed in the study for the control and prevention of parasite contamination at the farm level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vachel Gay V. Paller
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baňos, College 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Constance Aurelle Macalinao-Ramirez
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baňos, College 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Modesto Z. Bandal
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baňos, College 4031, Laguna, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ara I, Khan H, Syed T, Bhat B. Prevalence and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes of domestic fowls ( Gallus gallus domesticus) in Kashmir, India. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:448-453. [PMID: 34722743 PMCID: PMC8520155 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the seasonal dependency and prevalence of gastrointestinal roundworms (nematodes) infecting domestic fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Kashmir. Materials and Methods: From August 2017 through July 2019, the investigation was undertaken during each of the four seasons. We tested 400 guts obtained from varied places around the Kashmir valley for nematode infestation. The nematodes found within the digestive tract were collected and identified using a variety of identification keys under the microscope. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to analyze the data (version 20). Chi-square (χ2) test was carried out to analyze the sample data. Results: 196 hosts were infected with various nematodes, indicating an overall prevalence of 49% (196/400). The findings revealed that the prevalence of Ascaridia galli was 32.97% (61/185) in the first year and 35.34% (76/215) in the second year. Heterakis gallinarum had a prevalence rate of 20.80% (38/185) in the first year and 24.18% (52/215) in the second year, whereas Capillaria spp. had a prevalence rate of 10.81% (20/185) in the first year and 12.55% (27/215) in the second year. The overall prevalence of A. galli was determined to be 34.25% in both years (August 2017–July 2019), with a mean intensity of 4.86. Summer months had the highest parasitic load. Heterakis gallinarum had a prevalence rate of 22.5% and a mean intensity of 26.83. Summer was shown to have the most considerable parasitic burden. Capillaria spp. had an overall prevalence of 11.75% and a mean intensity of 4.59; autumn had the highest parasite load. The most abundant species was identified as A. galli. It was shown that there is a significant (p < 0.01) link between seasonality and helminth parasite prevalence. Conclusion: The study’s findings indicate that these gastrointestinal nematodes are ubiquitous throughout the year, but are particularly abundant in the summer and fall seasons among domestic poultry in the study area. This study on the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in Gallus gallus domesticus demonstrates the seasonality of infection rates and also offers various methods and techniques for framing effective strategies for controlling these helminthes to maximize profit from backyard chicken farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Ara
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Humira Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Tanveer Syed
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Bilal Bhat
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Van NTB, Cuong NV, Yen NTP, Nhi NTH, Kiet BT, Hoang NV, Hien VB, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas JJ, Ribas A. Characterisation of gastrointestinal helminths and their impact in commercial small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:53-62. [PMID: 31267344 PMCID: PMC6969868 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Commercial small-scale chicken farms managed as all-in-all-out but operating with low standards of hygiene/biosecurity are increasingly common in Vietnam. These conditions facilitate the transmission of gastrointestinal helminths. However, there are no published data on helminths in these systems. We aimed (1) to determine the prevalence/burden of gastrointestinal helminths in small-scale commercial flocks in the Mekong Delta region and (2) to investigate the association between worm burdens and birds' weight and disease status. Randomly selected chickens (n = 120) from 'normal' flocks were investigated at the end of their production cycle (~ 18 weeks), as well as 90 chickens from 'diseased' flocks with signs of respiratory and/or severe disease. The gastrointestinal tract of chickens was dissected and all visible helminths were identified and counted. A total of 54.2% and 54.4% normal and diseased chickens contained helminths. Among colonised birds, the diseased ones harboured a higher mass of helminth worms than normal (healthy) birds (3.8 ± SD 8.6 g vs. 1.9 ± SD 6.3 g, respectively). Eight species were identified, including nematodes (Ascaridia galli, Cheilospirura hamulosa and Heterakis gallinarum), cestodes (Hymenolepis, Raillietina cesticillus, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona,) and one trematode (Echinostomatidae). Heterakis gallinarum was the most prevalent helminth (43.3% and 42.2% in normal and sick chickens, respectively), followed by A. galli (26.7% and 41.1%). Colonised chickens weighed 101.5 g less than non-colonised birds. Colonisation was higher during the rainy months (May-November) for both H. gallinarum and A. galli. Anthelminthic usage was not associated with reduced helminth burdens. We recommend upgrading cleaning and disinfection and limiting access to ranging areas to control helminths in small-scale chicken flocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen T B Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen V Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T P Yen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T H Nhi
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, 326-328 Dien Bien Phu, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Bach Tuan Kiet
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, 326-328 Dien Bien Phu, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen V Hoang
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, 326-328 Dien Bien Phu, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Vo B Hien
- Sub-Department of Animal Health and Production, 326-328 Dien Bien Phu, Cao Lanh, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764, Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alexis Ribas
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feleke BE, Beyene MB, Feleke TE, Jember TH, Abera B. Intestinal parasitic infection among household contacts of primary cases, a comparative cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221190. [PMID: 31589618 PMCID: PMC6779256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal parasitic infection affects 3.5 billion people in the world and mostly affecting the low socio-economic groups. The objectives of this research works were to estimate the prevalence and determinants of intestinal parasitic infection among family members of known intestinal parasite infected patients. Methods and materials A comparative cross-sectional study design was implemented in the urban and rural settings of Mecha district. The data were collected from August 2017toMarch 2019 from intestinal parasite infected patient household members. Epi-info software was used to calculate the sample size, 4531 household members were estimated to be included. Data were collected using interview technique, and collecting stool samples from each household contact of intestinal parasite patients. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among known contacts of intestinal parasite patients/family members. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinant factors of intestinal parasitic infection among family members. Results The prevalence of intestinal parasite among household contacts of intestinal parasite-infected family members was 86.14% [95% CI: 86.14% - 87.15%]. Hookworm infection was the predominant type of infection (18.8%). Intestinal parasitic infection was associated with sex, environmental sanitation, overcrowding, personal hygiene, residence, substandard house, role in the household, source of light for the house, trimmed fingernails, family size, regular handwashing practice. Protozoa infection was associated with habit of ingesting raw vegetable, playing with domestic animals, water source and the presence of household water filtering materials. Conclusion High prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was observed among household contacts of primary cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Elfu Feleke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Melkamu Bedimo Beyene
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tadesse Hailu Jember
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia
| | - Bayeh Abera
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030091. [PMID: 31252665 PMCID: PMC6789455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides spp. are parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through the environment and are capable of causing disease. These nematodes affect an estimated 3–300 million humans worldwide. Identifying the environmental reservoirs of Strongyloides spp. is essential for the development of appropriate control strategies. This systematic literature review examined all published studies that identified Strongyloidesstercoralis, Strongyloidesfuelleborni, Strongyloidesfuellebornikellyi, and Strongyloides spp. from an environmental source. Most studies detected the nematode from dog and primate fecal samples. Other environmental sources identified were ruminants, cats, rodents, insects, water, soil, as well as fruit and vegetables. Most studies used microscopy-based identification techniques; however, several employed molecular-based techniques, which have become increasingly popular for the detection of Strongyloides spp. A limitation identified was a lack of studies that comprehensively screened all potential environmental samples in a region. Future research should undertake this holistic screening process to identify which environmental reservoirs pose the greatest significance to human health. Potential controls can be identified through the identification of environmental sources. Understanding where Strongyloides spp. is commonly found within the environment of endemic areas will inform environmental control strategies to reduce this neglected disease.
Collapse
|