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Tokarz-Deptuła B, Kulus J, Baraniecki Ł, Stosik M, Deptuła W. Characterisation of Lagovirus europaeus GI-RHDVs (Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Viruses) in Terms of Their Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5342. [PMID: 38791380 PMCID: PMC11120834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease viruses (RHDV) belong to the family Caliciviridae, genus Lagovirus europaeus, genogroup GI, comprising four genotypes GI.1-GI.4, of which the genotypes GI.1 and GI.2 are pathogenic RHD viruses, while the genotypes GI.3 and GI.4 are non-pathogenic RCV (Rabbit calicivirus) viruses. Among the pathogenic genotypes GI.1 and GI.2 of RHD viruses, an antigenic variant of RHDV, named RHDVa-now GI.1a-RHDVa, was distinguished in 1996; and in 2010, a variant of RHDV-named RHDVb, later RHDV2 and now GI.2-RHDV2/b-was described; and recombinants of these viruses were registered. Pathogenic viruses of the genotype GI.1 were the cause of a disease described in 1984 in China in domestic (Oryctolagus (O.) cuniculus domesticus) and wild (O. cuniculus) rabbits, characterised by a very rapid course and a mortality rate of 90-100%, which spread in countries all over the world and which has been defined since 1989 as rabbit haemorrhagic disease. It is now accepted that GI.1-RHDV, including GI.1a-RHDVa, cause the predetermined primary haemorrhagic disease in domestic and wild rabbits, while GI.2-RHDV2/b cause it not only in rabbits, including domestic rabbits' young up to 4 weeks and rabbits immunised with rabbit haemorrhagic disease vaccine, but also in five various species of wild rabbits and seven different species of hares, as well as wild ruminants: mountain muskoxen and European badger. Among these viruses, haemagglutination-positive, doubtful and harmful viruses have been recorded and described and have been shown to form phylogenogroups, immunotypes, haematotypes and pathotypes, which, together with traits that alter and expand their infectious spectrum (rabbit, hare, wild ruminant, badger and various rabbit and hare species), are the determinants of their pathogenicity (infectivity) and immunogenicity and thus shape their virulence. These relationships are the aim of our consideration in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Kulus
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.K.); (W.D.)
| | - Łukasz Baraniecki
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Michał Stosik
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.K.); (W.D.)
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Yu J, Li Y, Xiao L, Xie J, Guo Z, Ye Y, Lin Y, Cao Y, Wu X, Mao C, Li X, Pan M, Ye J, Zhou L, Huang J, Yang J, Wei Y, Zhang X, Zhang B, Kang R. Neglected Spleen Transcriptional Profile Reveals Inflammatory Disorder Conferred by Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:495. [PMID: 38675838 PMCID: PMC11054208 DOI: 10.3390/v16040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is an acute fatal disease caused by the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Since the first outbreaks of type 2 RHDV (RHDV2) in April 2020 in China, the persistence of this virus in the rabbit population has caused substantial economic losses in rabbit husbandry. Previous failures in preventing RHDV2 prompted us to further investigate the immune mechanisms underlying the virus's pathogenicity, particularly concerning the spleen, a vital component of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). For this, a previous RHDV2 isolate, CHN/SC2020, was utilized to challenge naive adult rabbits. Then, the splenic transcriptome was determined by RNA-Seq. This study showed that the infected adult rabbits had 3148 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were associated with disease, signal transduction, cellular processes, and cytokine signaling categories. Of these, 100 upregulated DEGs were involved in inflammatory factors such as IL1α, IL-6, and IL-8. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway, which may play a vital role in CHN/SC2020 infection. At the same time, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were significantly increased in the spleen at the late stages of infection. These findings suggested that RHDV2 (CHN/SC2020) might induce dysregulation of the cytokine network and compromise splenic immunity against viral infection, which expanded our understanding of RHDV2 pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Lu Xiao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yonggang Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yi Lin
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ye Cao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuejing Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Congjian Mao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xingyu Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Meng Pan
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Long Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Junyan Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yong Wei
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (J.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Runmin Kang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China; (J.Y.); (L.X.); (J.X.); (Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); (Y.C.); (X.W.); (C.M.); (X.L.); (M.P.); (J.Y.); (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
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Ostrycharz E, Fitzner A, Kęsy A, Siennicka A, Hukowska-Szematowicz B. MicroRNAs participate in the regulation of apoptosis and oxidative stress-related gene expression in rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus GI.1 and GI.2 genotypes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1349535. [PMID: 38516020 PMCID: PMC10955125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1349535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are a group of small, 17-25 nucleotide, non-coding RNA that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. To date, little is known about the molecular signatures of regulatory interactions between miRs and apoptosis and oxidative stress in viral diseases. Lagovirus europaeus is a virus that causes severe disease in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) called Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) and belongs to the Caliciviridae family, Lagovirus genus. Within Lagovirus europaeus associated with RHD, two genotypes (GI.1 and GI.2) have been distinguished, and the GI.1 genotype includes four variants (GI.1a, GI.1b, GI.1c, and GI.1d). The study aimed to assess the expression of miRs and their target genes involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress, as well as their potential impact on the pathways during Lagovirus europaeus-two genotypes (GI.1 and GI.2) infection of different virulences in four tissues (liver, lung, kidneys, and spleen). The expression of miRs and target genes related to apoptosis and oxidative stress was determined using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In this study, we evaluated the expression of miR-21 (PTEN, PDCD4), miR-16b (Bcl-2, CXCL10), miR-34a (p53, SIRT1), and miRs-related to oxidative stress-miR-122 (Bach1) and miR-132 (Nfr-2). We also examined the biomarkers of both processes (Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Caspase-3, PARP) and HO-I as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Our report is the first to present the regulatory effects of miRs on apoptosis and oxidative stress genes in rabbit infection with Lagovirus europaeus-two genotypes (GI.1 and GI.2) in four tissues (liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen). The regulatory effect of miRs indicates that, on the one hand, miRs can intensify apoptosis (miR-16b, miR-34a) in the examined organs in response to a viral stimulus and, on the other hand, inhibit (miR-21), which in both cases may be a determinant of the pathogenesis of RHD and tissue damage. Biomarkers of the Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio promote more intense apoptosis after infection with the Lagovirus europaeus GI.2 genotype. Our findings demonstrate that miR-122 and miR-132 regulate oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of RHD, which is associated with tissue damage. The HO-1 biomarker in the course of rabbit hemorrhagic disease indicates oxidative tissue damage. Our findings show that miR-21, miR-16b, and miR-34a regulate three apoptosis pathways. Meanwhile, miR-122 and miR-132 are involved in two oxidative stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ostrycharz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Fitzner
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, National Veterinary Research Institute-State Research Institute, Zduńska Wola, Poland
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD), Zduńska Wola, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kęsy
- Department of Foot and Mouth Disease, National Veterinary Research Institute-State Research Institute, Zduńska Wola, Poland
- National Reference Laboratory for Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD), Zduńska Wola, Poland
| | - Aldona Siennicka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Hukowska-Szematowicz B, Ostrycharz E, Dudzińska W, Roszkowska P, Siennicka A, Wojciechowska-Koszko I. Digital PCR (dPCR) Quantification of miR-155-5p as a Potential Candidate for a Tissue Biomarker of Inflammation in Rabbits Infected with Lagovirus europaeus/Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). Viruses 2023; 15:1578. [PMID: 37515264 PMCID: PMC10386091 DOI: 10.3390/v15071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are a group of small, 17-25 nucleotide, non-coding RNA sequences that, in their mature form, regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They participate in many physiological and pathological processes in both humans and animals. One such process is viral infection, in which miR-155 participates in innate and adaptive immune responses to a broad range of inflammatory mediators. Recently, the study of microRNA has become an interesting field of research as a potential candidate for biomarkers for various processes and disease. To use miRNAs as potential biomarkers of inflammation in viral diseases of animals and humans, it is necessary to improve their detection and quantification. In a previous study, using reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), we showed that the expression of ocu-miR-155-5p in liver tissue was significantly higher in rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus/Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) compared to healthy rabbits. The results indicated a role for ocu-miR-155-5p in Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV infection and reflected hepatitis and the impairment/dysfunction of this organ during RHD. MiR-155-5p was, therefore, hypothesized as a potential candidate for a tissue biomarker of inflammation and examined in tissues in Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV infection by dPCR. The objective of the study is the absolute quantification of ocu-miR-155-5p in four tissues (liver, lung, kidney, and spleen) of rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV by digital PCR, a robust technique for the precise and direct quantification of small amounts of nucleic acids, including miRNAs, without standard curves and external references. The average copy number/µL (copies/µL) of ocu-miRNA-155-5p in rabbits infected with Lagovirus europaeus GI.1a/Rossi in the liver tissue was 12.26 ± 0.14, that in the lung tissue was 48.90 ± 9.23, that in the kidney tissue was 16.92 ± 2.89, and that in the spleen was 25.10 ± 0.90. In contrast, in the tissues of healthy control rabbits, the average number of copies/µL of ocu-miRNA-155-5p was 5.07 ± 1.10 for the liver, 23.52 ± 2.77 for lungs, 8.10 ± 0.86 for kidneys, and 42.12 ± 3.68 for the spleen. The increased expression of ocu-miRNA-155-5p in infected rabbits was demonstrated in the liver (a fold-change of 2.4, p-value = 0.0003), lung (a fold-change of 2.1, p-value = 0.03), and kidneys (a fold-change of 2.1, p-value = 0.01), with a decrease in the spleen (a fold-change of 0.6, p-value = 0.002). In the study of Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV infection and in the context of viral infections, this is the first report that shows the potential use of dPCR for the sensitive and absolute quantification of microRNA-155-5p in tissues during viral infection. We think miR-155-5p may be a potential candidate for a tissue biomarker of inflammation with Lagovirus europaeus/RHDV infection. Our report presents a new path in discovering potential candidates for the tissue biomarkers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Ostrycharz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wioleta Dudzińska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paulina Roszkowska
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aldona Siennicka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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O'Toole AD, Mohamed FM, Zhang J, Brown CC. Early pathogenesis in rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The Interplay between Autophagy and Virus Pathogenesis—The Significance of Autophagy in Viral Hepatitis and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050871. [PMID: 35269494 PMCID: PMC8909602 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process focused on maintaining the homeostasis of organisms; nevertheless, the role of this process has also been widely documented in viral infections. Thus, xenophagy is a selective form of autophagy targeting viruses. However, the relation between autophagy and viruses is ambiguous—this process may be used as a strategy to fight with a virus, but is also in favor of the virus’s replication. In this paper, we have gathered data on autophagy in viral hepatitis and viral hemorrhagic fevers and the relations impacting its viral pathogenesis. Thus, autophagy is a potential therapeutic target, but research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which the virus interacts with the autophagic machinery. These studies must be performed in specific research models other than the natural host for many reasons. In this paper, we also indicate Lagovirus europaeus virus as a potentially good research model for acute liver failure and viral hemorrhagic disease.
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Zhu J, Wang X, Qi R, Tan Y, Li C, Miao Q, Wang F, Liu G. Hemoglobin subunit beta interacts with the capsid, RdRp and VPg proteins, and antagonizes the replication of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109143. [PMID: 34098254 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) causes a highly contagious disease in rabbits that is associated with high mortality. Because of the lack of a suitable cell culture system for RHDV, its pathogenic mechanism and replication remain unclear. This study found that the expression level of host protein rabbit hemoglobin subunit beta (HBB) was significantly downregulated in RHDV-infected cells. To investigate the role of HBB in RHDV replication, small interfering RNAs for HBB and HBB eukaryotic expression plasmids were used to change the expression level of HBB in RK-13 cells and the results showed that the RHDV replication level was negatively correlated with the expression level of HBB. It was also verified that HBB inhibited RHDV replication using constructed HBB stable overexpression cell lines and HBB knockout cell lines. The interaction of HBB with viral capsid protein VP60, replicase RdRp, and VPg protein was confirmed, as was the activation of the expression of interferon γ by HBB. The results of this study indicated that HBB may be an important host protein in host resistance to RHDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ruibin Qi
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yonggui Tan
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chuanfeng Li
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiuhong Miao
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Innovation Team of Small Animal Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Fukui H, Shimoda H, Kadekaru S, Henmi C, Une Y. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus type 2 epidemic in a rabbit colony in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:841-845. [PMID: 33828005 PMCID: PMC8182317 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-three of 42 European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), belonging to the same rabbit colony, died in March 2020 (55% mortality) in Chiba prefecture, Japan. The disease course was extremely acute without indicators of death or hemorrhage. Necropsy revealed liver swelling, discoloration, cloudiness and fragility, and pulmonary edema. Histologically, severe hepatocellular necrosis (mainly peripheral) and intra-glomerular capillary hyalin thrombi were observed. On molecular-biological examination, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNA from tissues detected a rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, confirmed as a RHDV-2 VP60 fragment, which shared 99.42% nucleotide identity with the homologous fragment of RHDV-2 German isolate by nucleotide sequence analysis. This report shows the outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease caused by RHDV-2, an emerging infectious disease, in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Fukui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Sho Kadekaru
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Chizuka Henmi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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Müller C, Hrynkiewicz R, Bębnowska D, Maldonado J, Baratelli M, Köllner B, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. Immunity against Lagovirus europaeus and the Impact of the Immunological Studies on Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030255. [PMID: 33805607 PMCID: PMC8002203 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 1980s, a highly contagious viral hemorrhagic fever in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) emerged, causing a very high rate of mortality in these animals. Since the initial occurrence of the rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), several hundred million rabbits have died after infection. The emergence of genetically-different virus variants (RHDV GI.1 and GI.2) indicated the very high variability of RHDV. Moreover, with these variants, the host range broadened to hare species (Lepus). The circulation of RHDV genotypes displays different virulences and a limited induction of cross-protective immunity. Interestingly, juvenile rabbits (<9 weeks of age) with an immature immune system display a general resistance to RHDV GI.1, and a limited resistance to RHDV GI.2 strains, whereas less than 3% of adult rabbits survive an infection by either RHDV GI.1. or GI.2. Several not-yet fully understood phenomena characterize the RHD. A very low infection dose followed by an extremely rapid viral replication could be simplified to the induction of a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), a severe loss of lymphocytes—especially T-cells—and death within 36 to 72 h post infection. On the other hand, in animals surviving the infection or after vaccination, very high titers of RHDV-neutralizing antibodies were induced. Several studies have been conducted in order to deepen the knowledge about the virus’ genetics, epidemiology, RHDV-induced pathology, and the anti-RHDV immune responses of rabbits in order to understand the phenomenon of the juvenile resistance to this virus. Moreover, several approaches have been used to produce efficient vaccines in order to prevent an infection with RHDV. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about anti-RHDV resistance and immunity, RHDV vaccination, and the further need to establish rationally-based RHDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Müller
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
| | | | | | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.N.-R.)
| | - Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.N.-R.)
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Skelton JK, Purcell R. Preclinical models for studying immune responses to traumatic injury. Immunology 2021; 162:377-388. [PMID: 32986856 PMCID: PMC7968398 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury initiates a large and complex immune response in the minutes after the initial insult, comprising of simultaneous pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. In patients that survive the initial injury, these immune responses are believed to contribute towards complications such as the development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. These post-traumatic complications affect a significant proportion of patients and are a major contributing factor for poor outcomes and an increased burden on healthcare systems. Therefore, understanding the immune responses to trauma is crucial for improving patient outcomes through the development of novel therapeutics and refining resuscitation strategies. In order to do this, preclinical animal models must mimic human immune responses as much as possible, and as such, we need to understand the constraints of each species in the context of trauma. A number of species have been used in this field; however, these models are limited by their genetic background and their capacity for recapitulating human immune function. This review provides a brief overview of the immune response in critically injured human patients and discusses the most commonly used species for modelling trauma, focusing on how their immune response to serious injury and haemorrhage compares to that of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Purcell
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
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Hukowska-Szematowicz B, Maciejak-Jastrzębska A, Blatkiewicz M, Maciak K, Góra M, Janiszewska J, Burzyńska B. Changes in MicroRNA Expression during Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV) Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090965. [PMID: 32878241 PMCID: PMC7552042 DOI: 10.3390/v12090965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) infection and the pathogenesis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is still limited. RHDV replicates in the liver, causing hepatic necrosis and liver failure. MiRNAs are a class of short RNA molecules, and their expression profiles vary over the course of diseases, both in the tissue environment and in the bloodstream. This paper evaluates the expression of miRNAs in the liver tissue (ocu-miR-122-5p, ocu-miR-155-5p, and ocu-miR-16b-5p) and serum (ocu-miR-122-5p) of rabbits experimentally infected with RHDV. The expression levels of ocu-miR-122-5p, ocu-miR-155-5p, and ocu-miR-16b-5p in liver tissue were determined using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and the expression level of circulating ocu-miR-122-5p was established using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The expression levels of ocu-miR-155-5p and ocu-miR-16b-5p were significantly higher in the infected rabbits compared to the healthy rabbits (a fold-change of 5.8 and 2.5, respectively). The expression of ocu-miR-122-5p was not significantly different in the liver tissue from the infected rabbits compared to the healthy rabbits (p = 0.990), while the absolute expression level of the circulating ocu-miR-122-5p was significantly higher in the infected rabbits than in the healthy rabbits (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, a functional analysis showed that ocu-miR-155-5p, ocu-miR-16b-5p, and ocu-miR-122-5p can regulate the expression of genes involved in processes correlated with acute liver failure (ALF) in rabbits. Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins (STRING) analysis showed that the potential target genes of the three selected miRNAs may interact with each other in different pathways. The results indicate the roles of these miRNAs in RHDV infection and over the course of RHD and may reflect hepatic inflammation and impairment/dysfunction in RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914441592
| | - Agata Maciejak-Jastrzębska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | | | - Karolina Maciak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (M.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Monika Góra
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (M.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Joanna Janiszewska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Beata Burzyńska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (M.G.); (B.B.)
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Changes in innate and adaptive immune response to Lagovirus europaeus GI.1 (Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus -RHDV) infection. ACTA BIOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.18276/ab.2020.27-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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