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Chevez ZR, Dunn LL, da Silva ALBR, Rodrigues C. Prevalence of STEC virulence markers and Salmonella as a function of abiotic factors in agricultural water in the southeastern United States. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1320168. [PMID: 38832116 PMCID: PMC11144861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1320168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fresh produce can be contaminated by enteric pathogens throughout crop production, including through contact with contaminated agricultural water. The most common outbreaks and recalls in fresh produce are due to contamination by Salmonella enterica and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Thus, the objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of markers for STEC (wzy, hly, fliC, eaeA, rfbE, stx-I, stx-II) and Salmonella (invA) in surface water sources (n = 8) from produce farms in Southwest Georgia and to determine correlations among the prevalence of virulence markers for STEC, water nutrient profile, and environmental factors. Water samples (500 mL) from eight irrigation ponds were collected from February to December 2021 (n = 88). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen for Salmonella and STEC genes, and Salmonella samples were confirmed by culture-based methods. Positive samples for Salmonella were further serotyped. Particularly, Salmonella was detected in 6/88 (6.81%) water samples from all ponds, and the following 4 serotypes were detected: Saintpaul 3/6 (50%), Montevideo 1/6 (16.66%), Mississippi 1/6 (16.66%), and Bareilly 1/6 (16.66%). Salmonella isolates were only found in the summer months (May-Aug.). The most prevalent STEC genes were hly 77/88 (87.50%) and stx-I 75/88 (85.22%), followed by fliC 54/88 (61.63%), stx-II 41/88 (46.59%), rfbE 31/88 (35.22%), and eaeA 28/88 (31.81%). The wzy gene was not detected in any of the samples. Based on a logistic regression analysis, the odds of codetection for STEC virulence markers (stx-I, stx-II, and eaeA) were negatively correlated with calcium and relative humidity (p < 0.05). A conditional forest analysis was performed to assess predictive performance (AUC = 0.921), and the top predictors included humidity, nitrate, calcium, and solar radiation. Overall, information from this research adds to a growing body of knowledge regarding the risk that surface water sources pose to produce grown in subtropical environmental conditions and emphasizes the importance of understanding the use of abiotic factors as a holistic approach to understanding the microbial quality of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoila R. Chevez
- Department of Horticulture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Laurel L. Dunn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Camila Rodrigues
- Department of Horticulture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Delgado E, Katchman B, Stice S, Calle A. Independent evaluation of a DNA microarray system for Salmonella detection in ground beef. Food Microbiol 2024; 118:104406. [PMID: 38049268 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
A new DNA microarray test kit has been developed to detect foodborne pathogens in various food matrices. This study focuses on evaluating the PathogenDx microarray-based system to detect Salmonella in ground beef and verify critical parameters that could interfere with the method's effectiveness, such as enrichment incubation time, ground beef fat content, inclusivity, exclusivity, and analytical sensitivity. Sample preparation protocols were evaluated at 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 h enrichment times at varying bacterial levels to identify optimal conditions to detect the invA gene using the PathogenDx microarray. An 8 h enrichment step was selected based on 100% detection when initial inoculum levels were ≥5 CFU/g, and fractional detection was achieved when the concentration was as low as 1 CFU/g. Thus, the detection of Salmonella using the PathogenDx microarray system can be conducted in 12.5 h, including sample preparation, labeling PCR, hybridization, and analysis. Regarding fat content, there was no significant difference in detection rates of PathogenDx protocol among the highest and lowest commercially sold lean-to-fat ratios of ground beef. Inclusivity and exclusivity experiments showed that Salmonella was correctly identified 100% of the time. Using the ground beef matrix, PathogenDx method is comparable to the United States Department of Agriculture's Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook methodology for detection, which correctly identified Salmonella in 100% of the samples. Salmonella was detected between 93.33 and 100% when ground beef was inoculated with 1 and 5 CFU/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Delgado
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra Calle
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Kasputis T, He Y, Ci Q, Chen J. On-Site Fluorescent Detection of Sepsis-Inducing Bacteria using a Graphene-Oxide CRISPR-Cas12a (GO-CRISPR) System. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2676-2683. [PMID: 38290431 PMCID: PMC10867801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is an extremely dangerous medical condition that emanates from the body's response to a pre-existing infection. Early detection of sepsis-inducing bacterial infections can greatly enhance the treatment process and potentially prevent the onset of sepsis. However, current point-of-care (POC) sensors are often complex and costly or lack the ideal sensitivity for effective bacterial detection. Therefore, it is crucial to develop rapid and sensitive biosensors for the on-site detection of sepsis-inducing bacteria. Herein, we developed a graphene oxide CRISPR-Cas12a (GO-CRISPR) biosensor for the detection of sepsis-inducing bacteria in human serum. In this strategy, single-stranded (ssDNA) FAM probes were quenched with single-layer graphene oxide (GO). Target-activated Cas12a trans-cleavage was utilized for the degradation of the ssDNA probes, detaching the short ssDNA probes from GO and recovering the fluorescent signals. Under optimal conditions, we employed our GO-CRISPR system for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) with a detection sensitivity of as low as 3 × 103 CFU/mL in human serum, as well as a good detection specificity toward other competing bacteria. In addition, the GO-CRISPR biosensor exhibited excellent sensitivity to the detection of S. Typhimurium in spiked human serum. The GO-CRISPR system offers superior rapidity for the detection of sepsis-inducing bacteria and has the potential to enhance the early detection of bacterial infections in resource-limited settings, expediting the response for patients at risk of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kasputis
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yawen He
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Qiaoqiao Ci
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Juhong Chen
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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4
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Mlangeni LN, Ramatla T, Lekota KE, Price C, Thekisoe O, Weldon C. Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Profiles of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Wild Reptiles in South Africa. Int J Microbiol 2024; 2024:5213895. [PMID: 38222969 PMCID: PMC10787053 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5213895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are carriers of an array of microorganisms, including significant zoonotic bacteria of the genus Salmonella, which cause a disease referred to as salmonellosis that affects both animals and humans. This study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella serovars in wild reptiles at Timbavati Private Game Reserve in Limpopo Province, South Africa, and examined their virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. A total of 19 wild reptiles were sampled, which resulted in 30 presumptive Salmonella isolates. The isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplifying the invA gene and were further confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Salmonella serovars were detected in chameleons (36.8%), lizards (31.6%), snakes (15.8%), and tortoises (15.8%). The use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Salamae (30%), S. enterica subsp. enterica (16.7%), S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (13.3%), and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Indiana (13.3%) were the four most common subspecies among the investigated 30 isolates. Detected virulence genes included pagN (100%), hilA (96.7%), ssrB (96.7%), prgH (86.7%), and marT (86.7%). The isolates exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid (43.3%) and kanamycin (43.3%), followed by streptomycin (16.7%) and ciprofloxacin (3.3%). Antibiotic-resistant genes were detected as follows: strA, strB, qnrA, qnrS, parC, aadA, aac(6')-Ib, and aac(6')-Ib-cr at 33.3%, 6.7%, 16.7, 13.3%, 10%, 23.3%, 6.7%, and 10%, respectively. The findings highlight the necessity of educational initiatives aimed at reducing reptile-related infections. Effective antibiotic treatment appears promising for infection, given the minimal drug resistance observed in reptile Salmonella serovars in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lungile N. Mlangeni
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Kgaugelo E. Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Cormac Price
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Che Weldon
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Rodrigues J, Rosa-Silva M, Tercya H, Jesus P, Miranda S, Oliveira H, Lima B, Santos L, Maximino C, Siqueira-Silva D. Oogenesis and in vitro reproduction of the twospot astyanax Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to conspecific alarm substance. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 253:107252. [PMID: 37209522 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stress situations can be essential to trigger reproduction in fish; however, it may also inhibit it. One of those situations involves the release of the conspecific alarm substance (CAS), a natural stressor, into the water by specific fish epidermal cells after a predator attack. Little is known about the effects of that substance on fish reproduction. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of CAS exposure on the oogenesis and reproduction of the twospot astyanax Astyanax bimaculatus before the hormonal induction for artificial reproduction. No macroscopic or cellular changes in the ovaries were observed for the females exposed to CAS, and the oocyte stages show all females in the same phase of maturation (Spawning Capable). Females exposed to CAS spawned 20 min before the females without exposure. On the other hand, they ovulated only once, whereas the females from the control group ovulated multiple times for approximately two hours after hormonal induction. Moreover, the precocious ovulation of the females submitted to CAS did not generate offspring, since all generated zygotes did not develop. In contrast, the control group females produced more than 11 thousand healthy larvae. Exposing the female fish to CAS during their reproductive management in captivity may reduce breeding success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane Rodrigues
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction in the Amazon (ReproAmazon) of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon (Ufra) and Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, Nº 2501, Terra Firme, 66.077-830 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa-Silva
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Hadda Tercya
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Paulo Jesus
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Saynara Miranda
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction in the Amazon (ReproAmazon) of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon (Ufra) and Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, Nº 2501, Terra Firme, 66.077-830 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Hingrid Oliveira
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Bianca Lima
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Ludmylla Santos
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Diógenes Siqueira-Silva
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty (FACBIO), Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory "Frederico Guilherme Graeff" (LANEC), Psychology University, Institute of Healthy and Biologics Studies, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará, Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil; Graduate Program in Animal Reproduction in the Amazon (ReproAmazon) of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon (Ufra) and Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, Nº 2501, Terra Firme, 66.077-830 Belém, PA, Brazil.
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6
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Song D, He X, Chi Y, Zhang Z, Shuai J, Wang H, Li Q, Du M. Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Subspecies Isolated from Raised Reptiles in Beijing, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020315. [PMID: 36670855 PMCID: PMC9854948 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reptiles are asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella spp. Reptile-associated Salmonella infections have been noticed as a significant contributor to overall human salmonellosis. However, it remains unclear regarding the prevalence of reptile-associated Salmonella in China. METHODS Fecal and gastrointestinal mucosal samples were taken from 104 snakes, 21 lizards, and 52 chelonians and cultured on selective medium. The positive clones were validated and annotated by biochemical screening and multiplex PCR verification. In addition, the antibiotic resistance of identified Salmonella isolates was detected and followed by cytotoxic activity detection on human colon cells via co-culturation. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Salmonella in reptiles was 25.99%, with rates of 30.77%, 47.62%, and 7.69% in snakes, lizards, and chelonians, respectively. Further, all isolates showed variable drug-resistant activity to 18 antibiotics, of which 14 strains (30.43%) were resistant to more than eight kinds of antibiotics. More than half of isolated Salmonella strains were more toxic to host cells than the standard strain, SL1344. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) results showed that all lizard-associated strains belong to 4 serovar types, and 7 of them fall into the highly pathogenic serovars "Carmel" and "Pomona." CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the potential threat of zoonotic salmonellosis from captive reptiles in the Beijing area of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingka Song
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuebai He
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yiming Chi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Shuai
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.L.); (M.D.); Tel.: +86-021-63846590 (H.W.); +86-010-80799141 (Q.L.); +86-010-80799149 (M.D.)
| | - Qiuming Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.L.); (M.D.); Tel.: +86-021-63846590 (H.W.); +86-010-80799141 (Q.L.); +86-010-80799149 (M.D.)
| | - Mengze Du
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Animal Education, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (Q.L.); (M.D.); Tel.: +86-021-63846590 (H.W.); +86-010-80799141 (Q.L.); +86-010-80799149 (M.D.)
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Witaningrum AM, Wibisono FJ, Permatasari DA, Effendi MH, Ugbo EN. Multidrug resistance-encoding gene in Citrobacter freundii isolated from healthy laying chicken in Blitar District, Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.161-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The increasing prevalence of resistance (MDR) of Enterobacteriaceae in Indonesia has caused concern regarding human health. Citrobacter freundii reportedly targets the gastrointestinal tract of animals and is a common cause of foodborne diseases associated with diarrhea, peritonitis, meningitis, brain abscess, bacteremia, and urinary tract infection. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of MDR and the presence of Class 1 integron-encoding genes in C. freundii isolates obtained from cloacal swabs of healthy laying chickens in Blitar district, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty-five cloacal swab samples were collected from 33 farms in Blitar over a period of 4 months. Standard microbiological techniques such as bacterial culture in MacConkey agar, Simmons citrate agar, and triple sugar iron agar and biochemical tests such as the indole test were performed to identify the isolates. The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of C. freundii isolates were determined by the disk diffusion method, and MDR-encoding genes (Class 1 integron) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: Out of 165 cloacal swab samples, 7 (4.24%) were positive for C. freundii. Citrobacter freundii was highly resistant to erythromycin (71.43%) and moderately to streptomycin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (all 42.86%); however, it showed low resistance to ampicillin (28.57%). All isolates were found to exhibit MDR. Only 1 (14.29%) of the seven C. freundii isolates harbored a Class 1 integron gene. This study revealed that Class 1 integron-encoding genes have a low prevalence in C. freundii isolated from healthy laying chickens in Blitar, Indonesia.
Conclusion: Poultry animals can play a role in the transmission of resistance genes to humans due to the MDR of Enterobacteriaceae, including C. freundii in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Freshinta Jellia Wibisono
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Jl. DukuhKupang XXV No.54, Surabaya 60225, Indonesia
| | - Dian Ayu Permatasari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
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8
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Chen X, Li W, Ma Y. Real-time and visual detection of viable Salmonella in milk by a competitive annealing mediated isothermal amplification (CAMP) combined with propidium monoazide (PMA). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3773-3779. [PMID: 36112033 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01150f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a common pathogen in raw milk. The conventional isothermal amplification assay cannot distinguish viable bacteria from dead bacteria, which may cause false positive results or overestimate the number of viable bacteria. This study proposed a competitive annealing mediated isothermal amplification (CAMP) combined with propidium monoazide (PMA) for real-time and visual detection of viable Salmonella in milk. Based on the invA gene, specific CAMP primers were constructed. Moreover, the primers for accelerating the CAMP reaction were also designed and added to the reaction system. The real-time PMA-CAMP showed a LOD of 102 CFU mL-1 for quantitative detection of viable Salmonella in spiked milk samples, and the recovery rate was 80-106%. The visual PMA-CAMP can be performed under isothermal conditions using a portable dry bath, and the positive results can be directly observed by the colorimetric change from violet to sky blue. Without enrichment step, viable Salmonella could be detected with a LOD of 102 CFU mL-1. With enrichment step, even if the initial inoculation level is 1 CFU mL-1, the visual PMA-CAMP could still detect the presence of viable Salmonella in milk samples. Therefore, the developed PMA-CAMP assays are suitable for the monitoring of viable Salmonella contamination in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Food Science College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, 110866.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Publication, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, 110866
| | - Yue Ma
- Food Science College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China, 110866.
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9
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Yin HB, Chen CH, Katchman B, Newland C, May M, Patel J. Rapid detection of Salmonella enterica in leafy greens by a novel DNA microarray-based PathogenDx system. Food Microbiol 2022; 107:104086. [PMID: 35953180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The diverse matrices pose great challenges for rapid detection of low Salmonella level (<10 CFU) in fresh produce. The applicability of microarray-based PathogenDx system for detecting low contamination of Salmonella Newport from leafy greens was evaluated. A pre-PCR preparation protocol including enrichment in universal pre-enrichment broth for 3 h followed by sample concentration using an InnovaPrep bio-concentrator or 6 h enrichment without a concentration step was used for detecting S. Newport from leafy greens with initial inoculum level at ∼6 CFU/25 g. Among 205 samples tested, 98%, 93%, 76%, and 60% of Romaine lettuce, Iceberg lettuce, kale, and spinach samples were tested positive after 3 h of enrichment with sample concentration. After 6 h of enrichment, 100%, 98%, 90%, and 82% of Romaine lettuce, Iceberg lettuce, kale, and spinach samples were positive. The samples were parallelly tested by the FDA bacterial analytical manual (BAM) method and 100% of spiked produce samples were tested positive. The overall analysis time of this methodology was between 8 and 11 h, including all pre-enrichment and concentration steps, in contrast to 4-5 days required for BAM method. The system correctly differentiated all 108 Salmonella strains and 35 non-Salmonella strains used in the study. This novel microarray approach provides a rapid method for detecting Salmonella in leafy greens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Bai Yin
- U.S.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Chi-Hung Chen
- U.S.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Research Participation Program, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jitendra Patel
- U.S.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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10
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Abd-Elghany SM, Fathy TM, Zakaria AI, Imre K, Morar A, Herman V, Pașcalău R, Șmuleac L, Morar D, Imre M, Sallam KI. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovars in Buffalo Meat in Egypt. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182924. [PMID: 36141052 PMCID: PMC9498544 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. prevalence in buffalo meat in Egypt, along with studying the antimicrobial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. Salmonella spp. was detected in 25% of tested buffalo meat. A total of 53 (100%) isolates were genetically verified by PCR as Salmonella, based on the detection of the invA gene. The stn and hilA genes were detected in 71.7% (38/53), and 83.0% (44/53) of the recovered isolates, respectively. Salmonella Enteritidis (11/53; 20.7%) was the most commonly isolated serovar, followed by S. Typhimurium (9/53; 17%), S. Montevideo (6/53; 11.3%), meanwhile, S. Chester, S. Derby, S. Papuana, and S. Saintpaul were the least commonly identified serovars (a single strain for each; 1.9%). Among the 16 antimicrobials tested, amikacin, imipenem, gentamicin, cefotaxime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were the most effective drugs, with bacterial susceptibility percentages of 98.1%, 94.3%, 92.5%, 86.8%, 83.0%, 73.6%, and 69.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the least effective ones were erythromycin, streptomycin, clindamycin, cefepime, and nalidixic acid, with bacterial resistance percentages of 100%, 98.1%, 88.7%, 77.4%, and 66%, respectively. Interestingly, the high contamination level of Egyptian buffalo meat with multidrug-resistant Salmonella (79.2%; 42/53) can constitute a problem for public health. Therefore, programs to control Salmonella contamination are needed in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mohammed Abd-Elghany
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.M.A.-E.); or (K.I.); Tel.: +20-100-047-9670 (S.M.A-E.); +40-256-277-186 (K.I.)
| | - Takwa Mohammed Fathy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amira Ibrahim Zakaria
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (S.M.A.-E.); or (K.I.); Tel.: +20-100-047-9670 (S.M.A-E.); +40-256-277-186 (K.I.)
| | - Adriana Morar
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Viorel Herman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Raul Pașcalău
- Department of Agricultural Technologies, Faculty of Agriculture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Laura Șmuleac
- Department of Sustainable Development and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Doru Morar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Mirela Imre
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania”, 300645 Timişoara, Romania
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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11
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Liang T, Long H, Zhan Z, Zhu Y, Kuang P, Mo N, Wang Y, Cui S, Wu X. Simultaneous detection of viable
Salmonella
spp.,
Escherichia coli
, and
Staphylococcus aureus
in bird's nest, donkey‐hide gelatin, and wolfberry using PMA with multiplex real‐time quantitative PCR. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3165-3174. [PMID: 36171769 PMCID: PMC9469859 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are common microbial contaminants within the homology of medicine and food that can cause serious food poisoning. This study describes a highly efficient, sensitive, specific, and simple multiplex real‐time quantitative PCR (mRT‐qPCR) method for the simultaneous detection of viable Salmonella spp., E. coli, and S. aureus. Primers and probes were designed for the amplification of the target genes invA, uidA, and nuc. Dead bacterial genetic material was excluded by propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment, facilitating the detection of only viable bacteria. This method was capable of detecting Salmonella spp., E. coli, and S. aureus at 102, 102, and 101 CFU/ml, respectively, in pure culture. PMA combined with mRT‐qPCR can reliably distinguish between dead and viable bacteria with recovery rates from 95.7% to 105.6%. This PMA‐mRT‐qPCR technique is a highly sensitive and specific method for the simultaneous detection of three pathogens within the homology of medicine and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taobo Liang
- Jiangxi Institute for Food Control Nanchang China
| | - Hui Long
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Nanchang China
| | - Zhongxu Zhan
- Jiangxi Institute for Food Control Nanchang China
| | - Yingfei Zhu
- Jiangxi Institute for Food Control Nanchang China
| | - Peilin Kuang
- Jiangxi Institute for Food Control Nanchang China
| | - Ni Mo
- Jiangxi Institute for Food Control Nanchang China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Food and Drug Control Chengdu China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control Beijing China
| | - Xin Wu
- Jiangxi Institute for Food Control Nanchang China
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12
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Mashayekh Z, Moradi Bidhendi S, Khaki P. Detection of invA, sivH, and agfA Virulence Genes in Salmonella spp. Isolated from Broiler Breeder Farms in Alborz Province, Iran. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2022; 77:607-614. [PMID: 36284959 PMCID: PMC9548246 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.353674.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis, among poultry infectious diseases, not only imposes economic losses in the field of poultry breeding but also is considered a zoonotic disease. This study aimed to investigate the presence of invA, sivH, and agfA virulence genes in Salmonella species. The present study was conducted on 30 Salmonella strains. Samples were cultured on selective and differential media, and afterward, the isolates were serotyped using specific antisera based on the Kauffman-White table. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed to detect invA, sivH, and agfA genes by polymerase chain reaction technique. The results indicated that 30 (100%) isolates had invA and agfA virulence genes and 28 (93.33%) isolates had a sivH virulence gene. The highest frequency of serotypes was related to Salmonella infantis. Among the studied serotypes, Salmonella uno and Salmonella O35 lacked the sivH virulence gene, unlike other serotypes. The findings of this study could pave the way for Salmonella monitoring and be used as a pattern to detect Salmonella bacteria-bearing genes encoding invasion and fimbria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mashayekh
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Moradi Bidhendi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - P Khaki
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
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13
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Wibisono FM, Faridah HD, Wibisono FJ, Tyasningsih W, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Ugbo EN. Detection of invA virulence gene of multidrug-resistant Salmonella species isolated from the cloacal swab of broiler chickens in Blitar district, East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:3126-3131. [PMID: 35153402 PMCID: PMC8829414 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.3126-3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The increasing number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella species on poultry farms in Indonesia has caused concern regarding human health. This study was conducted to determine the presence of the virulence gene invA in MDR Salmonella species isolated from the cloacal swab of broiler chickens in Blitar district, East Java Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Cloacal swab samples were collected by purposive sampling from 15 farms in four districts. Isolation and identification of bacteria were performed using standard microbiological techniques. Confirmation of MDR isolates was done using five different classes of antibiotics, including the beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, and monobactam groups. An antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, and a polymerase chain reaction method was used to screen for the presence of invA. Results: It was observed that 32.26% (50/155) of the samples were positive for Salmonella species. Of these 50 Salmonella isolates, 7 (14%) were identified as MDR strains. An important finding was the detection of invA in all the seven MDR Salmonella strains (100%) isolated from the cloacal swab of broiler chickens in Blitar district, East Java Province. Conclusion: Veterinarians have an extremely important role in monitoring the use of antibiotics in farm animals to mitigate the rapid spread of MDR organisms in our environment, which can otherwise cause serious economic losses and also public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freshindy Marissa Wibisono
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hayyun Durrotul Faridah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Freshinta Jellia Wibisono
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wiwiek Tyasningsih
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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14
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Kristianingtyas L, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Wardhana DK, Ugbo EN. Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in companion dogs in animal clinics, Surabaya, Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.232-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The practice of keeping animals as pets is becoming increasingly common. The upsurge of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms of animal origin is a health threat globally. This study aimed to identify the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in companion dogs in animal clinics in Surabaya, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: A total of 85 rectal swab samples were collected from companion dogs at five animal clinics in different regions of Surabaya, Indonesia. The presence of E. coli was identified from the samples using standard methods, followed by antibiotic sensitivity testing. The resistant isolates were examined for the presence of ESBL using the double-disk synergy test method. The phenotypically identified ESBL-producing E. coli was further confirmed with an automated system using Vitek-2.
Results: The rectal swab samples (n=85) tested were 100% positive for E. coli isolates. Eight (9.41%) out of the 85 E. coli obtained from rectal swabs were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers. All eight ESBL-producing E. coli were identified by automated Vitek-2 confirmatory tests.
Conclusion: This study provides insight into the prevalence of ESBL-producing organisms isolated from companion dogs in Indonesia. This work indicates the need for the general public to be more aware of the role of companion animals in disseminating pathogenic organisms, since they serve as potential reservoirs in the spread of antibiotic resistance affecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luviana Kristianingtyas
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Postgraduate Student on Veterinary Public Health Study, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dhandy Koesoemo Wardhana
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Emmanuel Nnabuike Ugbo
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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15
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Prevalence of invA Gene of Salmonella spp. in Fish and Fishery Resources from Manila Bay Aquaculture Farms Using Real-Time PCR. Appl Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol1030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Manila Bay contributes significantly to the Philippines’ economy through industry, trade, tourism, and agriculture. However, microbiological contamination in the bay is putting it at risk in the present. Pathogen contamination of the water poses a serious threat to food safety, implicating public health. To address these concerns, the present study examined the prevalence of Salmonella in six different aquaculture commodities, Perna viridis (mussel), Crassostrea iridalei (oyster), Scylla serrata (crab), Penaeus spp. (shrimp), Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia), and Chanos chanos (milkfish), as well as in environmental water from growing areas. A tandem approach of culture-based and real-time PCR methods for the isolation and identification of Salmonella was carried out. To accurately identify the isolates, a real-time PCR Taqman assay based on the invA gene was used. Among the fishery resources examined, no positive samples were observed from C. chanos and O. niloticus. In addition, Salmonella was found in twenty (20) samples, representing 16.26% of all aquaculture commodities collected. Furthermore, Salmonella was found in 13.58% of the 81 environmental water samples examined. P. viridis had the highest prevalence of 55.55% out of 18 samples examined. Samples contaminated with Salmonella failed to meet the regulatory limits set by BFAR FAO 210 series 2001 and EC No. 2073/2005. In addition, it was observed that the sample matrix had a significant impact on the presence of Salmonella (p < 0.05). However, the spatial and temporal distribution of Salmonella did not vary greatly (p > 0.05). This study underscores the importance of imposing strict policies by regulatory bodies to prevent diseases, thus avoiding severe health implications.
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16
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Prevalence of enterotoxin genes and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of pathogenic bacteria isolated from traditionally preserved fish products of Sikkim, India. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Muandze-Nzambe JU, Onanga R, Yala JF, Somda NS, Cissé H, Zongo C, Mavoungou JF, Savadogo A. Technological and microbiological characteristics of indigenous food produced in Gabon. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2021; 58:1027-1041. [PMID: 33678886 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide contextual information on indigenous food's technologies and safety from Gabon. The strategic focus being to promote local food with enhanced nutritional value and improved safety. An investigation and monitoring were carried out to elucidate their process flow diagrams and to identify safety failures. Samples were taken for microbiological analysis using conventional culture-based techniques. Detection and identification of Salmonella in samples were confirmed using PCR based method by targeting invasion plasmid antigen B (IpaB) gene. The investigation shows that women play a protagonist role in the technical know-how of Gabonese indigenous foods in a context that is evolving towards the disappearance of this knowledge. The food production process remains archaic, which makes the environment impact on food safety. Indeed, the proximity of food manufacturing environment to animals, waste, or latrines coupled with the lack of hygiene and manufacturing practices affect the quality of these foods. This is reflected in our study's microbiological results, namely, Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria ranged from 3.53 to 11.96 log CFU/g and indicators of fecal contaminations of up to 8.21 log CFU/g. Salmonella is detected in 18.69% of samples. The presence of these bacteria is a risk for consumer health. Although some of these foods can be considered as a fermented food, the producers should be further educated and encouraged to take preventive measures to ensure the quality of these food products. A much more subtle approach based on microbial ecology of these foods should be explored for better exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ulrich Muandze-Nzambe
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, Center for Research in Biological Sciences of Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.,Institute of Technological Research, National Center of Scientific and Technological Research, BP 14070 Libreville, Gabon.,Research Unit in Medical Analysis /Bacteriology, International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Richard Onanga
- Research Unit in Medical Analysis /Bacteriology, International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jean Fabrice Yala
- Research Unit in Medical Analysis /Bacteriology, International Centre for Medical Research in Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agrobiology Research Unit, Masuku University of Science and Technology, BP 067 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Namwin Siourimè Somda
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, Center for Research in Biological Sciences of Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Hama Cissé
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, Center for Research in Biological Sciences of Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Cheikna Zongo
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, Center for Research in Biological Sciences of Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Francois Mavoungou
- Institute of Technological Research, National Center of Scientific and Technological Research, BP 14070 Libreville, Gabon
| | - Aly Savadogo
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology, Center for Research in Biological Sciences of Food and Nutrition, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
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18
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Bhutia MO, Thapa N, Tamang JP. Molecular Characterization of Bacteria, Detection of Enterotoxin Genes, and Screening of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Traditionally Processed Meat Products of Sikkim, India. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:599606. [PMID: 33505372 PMCID: PMC7830132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lesser-known traditionally processed meat products such as beef kargyong, pork kargyong, satchu, and khyopeh are popular food items in the Himalayan state of Sikkim in India. The present study aimed to assess the microbiological safety of traditional meat products by identifying the potential spoilage or pathogenic bacteria, detecting the enterotoxins, and screening the antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The pH and moisture contents of the meat products varied from 5.3 to 5.9 and from 1.5 to 18%, respectively. The microbial loads of aerobic bacteria were 105 to 107 cfu/g, Staphylococcus 103 to 106 cfu/g, Bacillus 104 to 106 cfu/g, and total coliform 102 to 107 cfu/g, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the bacterial species isolated from traditionally processed meat products were Staphylococcus piscifermentans, Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter werkmanii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudocitrobacter anthropi, Citrobacter europaeus, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia fergusonii, Klebsiella grimontii, Burkholderia cepacia, and Bacillus cereus. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests detected Salmonella spp. and enterotoxins produced by B. cereus well as Staphylococcus in a few tested samples. However, the PCR method did not detect the virulence genes of B. cereus and Salmonella in the isolates. Virulence gene (sea) was detected in S. piscifermentans BSLST44 and S. piscifermentans BULST54 isolated from beef kargyong and in S. aureus PSST53 isolated from pork kargyong. No enterotoxins were detected in khyopeh samples. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all bacterial strains were susceptible toward gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, norfloxacin, and trimethoprim. Gram-positive bacteria showed 100% sensitivity against clindamycin and erythromycin; however, 50% of the resistance pattern was observed against oxacillin followed by penicillin (33%) and ampicillin (27%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Ongmu Bhutia
- DAICENTER (DBT-AIST International Centre for Translational and Environmental Research) and Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Namrata Thapa
- Biotech Hub, Department of Zoology, Nar Bahadur Bhandari Degree College, Gangtok, India
| | - Jyoti Prakash Tamang
- DAICENTER (DBT-AIST International Centre for Translational and Environmental Research) and Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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19
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Altaf Hussain M, Wang W, Sun C, Gu L, Liu Z, Yu T, Ahmad Y, Jiang Z, Hou J. Molecular Characterization Of Pathogenic Salmonella Spp From Raw Beef In Karachi, Pakistan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E73. [PMID: 32050654 PMCID: PMC7168182 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and investigate the dominant serovars distribution in raw beef and to screen the isolated serovars for the prescense of beta-lactamases and virulence genes. A total of 150 samples of raw beef sold at butcher shops (n = 75) and supermarkets (n = 75) in Karachi city were collected (50 samples each from muscles, lymph nodes, and minced beef). The samples were cultured according to the ISO-6579-1guidlines. The overall prevalence of Salmonella strains was found to be 21.34%. A total of 56 isolates of Salmonella belonging to four serogroups (Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Choleraesuis) were isolated from beef muscles (12%), lymph nodes (24%) and minced beef (28%) samples collected from butcher shops (av. 21.34%). No Salmonella was detected in beef samples collected from supermarkets. S. Enteritidis contamination was highest (37.5 %), followed by S. Choleraesuis (30.4%), S. Pullorum (19.6%) and S. Typhimurium (12.5 %). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Salmonella isolates were highly resistant to Oxytetracycline (90%), Ampicillin (90.5%), Amoxicillin (81.1%), Tetracycline (76%), Neomycin, (79.8%) and Ciprofloxacin (61.4%). The Salmonella isolates examined were more susceptible to the Cephalosporin antibiotics such as Cefixime (43.2%), Cefepime (48.2) and Cefoxitin (49.8%). PCR based screening of blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV revealed that blaCTX-M and blaTEM were the dominant resistant genes in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium followed by S. Pullorum and S. Choleraesuis whereas blaSHV was the least detected beta-lactamase in Salmonella isolates. Virulence genes screening revealed that at least five genes were present in all the serovars, highest being present in S. Enteritidis (12/17) and S. Typhimurium (12/17). S. Cholerasuis (5/17) carried the least number of virulence genes followed by S. Pullorum (6/17). The present data suggest that beef samples from butcher shops of Karachi city are heavily contaminated with MDR Salmonella. The presence of resistance and virulence genes in MDR strains of Salmonella may play a significant role in transmission and development of Salmonella infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Altaf Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Wan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Changbao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Liya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Tong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Yasin Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45710, Pakistan;
| | - Zhanmei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Juncai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
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Kadry M, Nader SM, Dorgham SM, Kandil MM. Molecular diversity of the invA gene obtained from human and egg samples. Vet World 2019; 12:1033-1038. [PMID: 31528029 PMCID: PMC6702568 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1033-1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne bacterial diseases in the world. The great majority of Salmonella infections in humans are foodborne with Salmonella enterica and Salmonella Typhimurium accounting for a major part of the problem. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of invA gene in strains of Salmonellae isolated from eggs and diarrheal swabs from human cases. In addition, the relationship between invA gene nucleotide sequences from different sources (human stool and egg samples) have been studied through phylogenetic tree. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and seventy eggs (eggshell and its contents) and 160 stool swabs samples were collected from four poultry farms and medical hospital in Giza Governorate. RESULTS The study reported the presence of two Salmonella strains in eggshell surface with an overall isolation rate of 1.2 and 0% of the egg content. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated from eggshell surface with an incidence of 50% for each strain. Six salmonella strains were isolated from human stool with an incidence of 3.75%; the isolated strains are S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, Salmonella Virchow, Salmonella Haifa, and Salmonella Kentucky with an incidence of 33.3%, 16.6%, 16.6%, 16.6%, and 16.6%, respectively. Among eight Salmonella strains, invA gene was detected with percentage of 50%. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences invA gene, from two isolates included in this study and five isolates retrieved from GenBank showed that sequence from human, layer hens, egg, and water in the same clusters. CONCLUSION Close relation between drinking contaminated water and layer hens and contaminated water is one such source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kadry
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Sara Mohamed Nader
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Sohad M. Dorgham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mai M. Kandil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Deguenon E, Dougnon V, Lozes E, Maman N, Agbankpe J, Abdel-Massih RM, Djegui F, Baba-Moussa L, Dougnon J. Resistance and virulence determinants of faecal Salmonella spp. isolated from slaughter animals in Benin. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:317. [PMID: 31174590 PMCID: PMC6556020 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salmonella spp. are one of the leading foodborne pathogens worldwide naturally found in the intestines of many animals. People that are in direct contact with the infected animals or their cages may become ill. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antibiogram and virulence genes associated with Salmonella serovars from fecal samples of animals intended for consumption in Southern Benin. RESULTS Out of a total of 406 samples, 2.46% were positive. The isolates identified were multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. to penicillins, first generation cephalosporins and some aminoglycosides. All Salmonella isolates produced invA gene of 284 bp, fimA of 85 bp and stn of 260 bp. The spvC gene (571 bp) was present in 10% of the isolates whereas the spvR gene (310 bp) was found in 20% of the isolates. The control strain possessed all the tested genes. The invA gene implies that strains are able to invade epithelial cells. The fimA and stn genes present in all isolates show that they are capable of causing gastrointestinal illness in humans. The presence of spvC and spvR genes suggests the possibility of these strains to produce toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Deguenon
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 PO Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin.,Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, UAC, 05 PO Box 1604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Victorien Dougnon
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 PO Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Evelyne Lozes
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 PO Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Nana Maman
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 PO Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jerrold Agbankpe
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 PO Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Roula M Abdel-Massih
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Fidélia Djegui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis and Serosurveillance of Parakou, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Parakou, Benin
| | - Lamine Baba-Moussa
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, UAC, 05 PO Box 1604, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jacques Dougnon
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 PO Box 2009, Cotonou, Benin
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