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Adelusi OA, Oladeji OM, Gbashi S, Njobeh PB. Influence of geographical location on the distribution of heavy metals in dairy cattle feeds sourced from two South African provinces. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:4223-4232. [PMID: 38873466 PMCID: PMC11167146 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The contamination of feed and food by heavy metals represents a significant concern for the health of both animals and humans. This study investigates the impact of geographical location on heavy metal distribution in dairy cattle feeds sourced from Free State and Limpopo, South Africa (SA). A total of 70 feed samples (40 from Free State and 30 from Limpopo) were collected from 2018 to 2019 and analyzed for heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our findings revealed the presence of Cr, Cu, and Zn in the feeds, but at levels below the FAO/WHO permissible limits. Additionally, As, Cd, and Pb concentrations in the feeds were below the Limit of Detections (LODs). Generally, Cr concentrations (0.032-0.454 mg/kg) identified in the Free State samples were lower than those found in Limpopo (0.038-1.459 mg/kg), while the levels of Cu (0.092-4.898 mg/kg) and Zn (0.39-13.871 mg/kg) recorded in the Free State samples were higher than those from Limpopo [(0.126-3.467 mg/kg) and (0.244-13.767 mg/kg), respectively]. According to independent sample t-tests, Cu and Zn levels were substantially higher (p ≤ .05) in Free State feeds compared to Limpopo, while Limpopo feeds exhibited significantly higher (p ≤ .05) Cr concentrations than Free State feeds. Despite the low recorded heavy metal levels, regular monitoring of these elements in cow diets across all SA provinces is essential for ensuring the well-being of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwasola Abayomi Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Oluwaseun Mary Oladeji
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of ScienceSefako Makgatho Health Sciences UniversityPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Sefater Gbashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
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Magdas TM, David M, Hategan AR, Filip GA, Magdas DA. Geographical Origin Authentication-A Mandatory Step in the Efficient Involvement of Honey in Medical Treatment. Foods 2024; 13:532. [PMID: 38397509 PMCID: PMC10887874 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, in people's perceptions, the return to roots in all aspects of life is an increasing temptation. This tendency has also been observed in the medical field, despite the availability of high-level medical services with many years of research, expertise, and trials. Equilibrium is found in the combination of the two tendencies through the inclusion of the scientific experience with the advantages and benefits provided by nature. It is well accepted that the nutritional and medicinal properties of honey are closely related to the botanical origin of the plants at the base of honey production. Despite this, people perceive honey as a natural and subsequently a simple product from a chemical point of view. In reality, honey is a very complex matrix containing more than 200 compounds having a high degree of compositional variability as function of its origin. Therefore, when discussing the nutritional and medicinal properties of honey, the importance of the geographical origin and its link to the honey's composition, due to potential emerging contaminants such as Rare Earth Elements (REEs), should also be considered. This work offers a critical view on the use of honey as a natural superfood, in a direct relationship with its botanical and geographical origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Mihai Magdas
- Department of Anatomy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.M.M.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Maria David
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Ariana Raluca Hategan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Gabriela Adriana Filip
- Department of Anatomy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.M.M.); (G.A.F.)
| | - Dana Alina Magdas
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.D.); (A.R.H.)
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3
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Hashami Z, Chabook N, Javanmardi F, Mohammadi R, Bashiry M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The concentration and prevalence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in cheese: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:479-498. [PMID: 36469799 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2153810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to systematically review the concentration of different PTEs, including Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), and Cadmium (Cd) in cheese among some databases between 2000 and 2021 (from 57 included studies). Estimated concentrations of 160.78 (95% CI = 119.24-202.28), 15.68 (95% CI = 11.88-19.48), 16.94 (95% CI = 13.29-20.59), and 2.47 (95% CI = 1.70-3.23) µg/kg were calculated for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg, respectively. Most of the studies for PTEs are related to Pb, about 40% of the studies, compared to As, which has fewer studies. The results showed that As and Hg concentrations were lower than the Codex Alimentarius Commission standard limits. Nevertheless, Cd and Pb concentrations were higher than the standard limit values. Results showed that cheese making, the ripening period, fat content, and texture are influential factors in a high level of Pb and Cd in cheese samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hashami
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Negar Chabook
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fardin Javanmardi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Moein Bashiry
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Ungureanu EL, Mocanu AL, Stroe CA, Duță DE, Mustățea G. Assessing Health Risks Associated with Heavy Metals in Food: A Bibliometric Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:3974. [PMID: 37959095 PMCID: PMC10649142 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bibliometric analysis is an effective method used to identify research trends based on historical publications that involves combining different frameworks, tools and methods, leading to the creation of different metrics. This study employed bibliometric analysis to investigate the global health risk assessment of heavy metals in food from 2000 to 2022 using Web of Science and VOSviewer. We explore publication trends, affiliations, countries, journals, citations, keywords and author collaborations. Of the 573 publications on this topic, there has been a notable increase in recent years. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (China) and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Iran) are the most prolific affiliations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research is the top journal. Notably, "heavy metals", "risk assessment", "cadmium", "lead", and "trace elements" are frequently used keywords. A study by Miraglia et al. in 2009 received the most citations. Amin Mousavi Khaneghah (Poland) is the most prolific author, with 24 papers. Articles mainly focus on contamination levels in fish, seafood, cereals, dairy, meat, and fruit/vegetables. Some studies highlight potential risks, necessitating stricter food product controls for consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel Mustățea
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (E.L.U.); (A.L.M.); (C.A.S.); (D.E.D.)
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de Oliveira Filho EF, López-Alonso M, Vieira Marcolino G, Castro Soares P, Herrero-Latorre C, Lopes de Mendonça C, de Azevedo Costa N, Miranda M. Factors Affecting Toxic and Essential Trace Element Concentrations in Cow's Milk Produced in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2465. [PMID: 37570274 PMCID: PMC10417244 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide information on the levels of toxic (Cd and Pb) and essential (Cu, Fe, and Zn) elements in cow's milk produced in the State of Pernambuco (Brazil). A total of 142 samples of raw milk were collected, and the concentrations of essential and toxic elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. In almost 30% of the samples analyzed, the Pb content exceeded the maximum level established in the Brazilian legislation (0.05 mg/L). By contrast, in all the samples, the Cd content was below the maximum allowable level (0.02 mg/L). The essential trace elements Cu, Fe, and Zn were generally present at lower concentrations than reported in other studies and can be considered within the deficient range for cow's milk. Statistical and chemometric procedures were used to evaluate the main factors influencing the metal concentrations (proximity to major roads, presence of effluents, and milking method). The study findings demonstrate that the proximity of the farms to major roads influences the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cu and that this is the main factor explaining the Pb content of milk. In addition, the presence of effluents influenced the concentrations of Cu, while no relationship between the metal content and the milking method was observed. Thus, in accordance with the study findings, the consumption of cow's milk produced in the region can be considered a risk to public health due to the high concentrations of Pb and the low concentrations of other essential minerals such as Cu, Zn, and Fe in some of the milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Felipe de Oliveira Filho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Brazil; (E.F.d.O.F.); (P.C.S.)
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Marta López-Alonso
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | | | - Pierre Castro Soares
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Brazil; (E.F.d.O.F.); (P.C.S.)
| | - Carlos Herrero-Latorre
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Carla Lopes de Mendonça
- Clinic of Cattle of Garanhuns/UFRPE, Campus Garanhuns, Av. Bom Pastor–Boa Vista, Garanhuns 55292-270, Brazil; (C.L.d.M.); (N.d.A.C.)
| | - Nivaldo de Azevedo Costa
- Clinic of Cattle of Garanhuns/UFRPE, Campus Garanhuns, Av. Bom Pastor–Boa Vista, Garanhuns 55292-270, Brazil; (C.L.d.M.); (N.d.A.C.)
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Alipour A, Akrami Mohajeri F, Javdan G, Pourramezani F, Fallahzadeh H, Khalili Sadrabad E. Concentration of mineral and heavy metals in raw mare (horse) milk consumed in Yazd, Iran: A risk assessment study. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37067509 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the mare's milk has been introduced as a rich source of nutrients with hypoallergic characteristics which is widely used for Iranian infants. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the heavy metal concentration of mare's milk and its consumption risk assessment. METHODS About 88 mare's milk was collected from Yazd, the centre of Iran, during the summer of 2020. The raw mare's milk was digested and analysed for mineral and heavy metal content (As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Zn) by ICP-OES. To estimate the health hazard for consumers the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) of heavy metals were determined. RESULTS The Ca ranged from 260.52 to 201.43 mg/L, which was the highest mineral in mare's milk followed by P and Mg. By increasing the age, P and Ca content was increased. The obtained ranges of Cu, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn were 72.12-75.11, 1.12-9.3, 180.69-230.21, 31.24-47.13 and 1060-1200 μg/L, respectively. The Cd and Arsenic content of mares' 8-11 years of age had higher concentrations. The highest Pb content was reported in mares 4-7 years old (10 μg/L). Although, Pb, Cd and As content of the mare's milk was evaluated lower than the permissible limit. Also, the HQ value was As > Cd > Pb > Zn > Ni > Cu for infants, toddlers and adults. The HI of mare's milk was 0.16, 0.15 and 0.022 for infants, toddlers and adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Mare's milk could be an effective nutrition source for infants and children suffering from milk protein allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Alipour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fateme Akrami Mohajeri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholamali Javdan
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourramezani
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elham Khalili Sadrabad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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AL‐Saffar AM. Validating the preeminence of biochemical properties of camel over cow and goat milk during the Covid-19. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2786-2793. [PMID: 35959268 PMCID: PMC9361446 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak, and the need-of-the-hour to boost immunity to residents, especially those residing in an arid environment, a comparative study was made on the physical and biochemical properties of dairy milk. This novel study in Kuwait revealed the lesser consumed pseudoruminant camel milk as a better potential source of dietary inclusion and an immune booster over true ruminants-cow's and goat's milk. Analysis using a wide array of instruments determining the physical characteristics in camel's milk (pH, conductivity, specific gravity, moisture, and total solids), biochemical constituents (crude protein (CP), nonprotein (NP), and fat), and inorganic constituents (K-919; Ca-907; Zn-4.2 mg/100 mg) revealed conducive properties that validate immunity to consumers when compared to the regularly used cow's milk (K-841; Ca-776; Zn-2.43 mg/100 mg) and goat's milk (K-914; Ca-849; Zn-2.45 mg/100 mg). Log-transformed results revealed high vitamin C in camel's milk (0.42 mg/100 g), indicating high antioxidant properties compared to those of goat's milk (0.12 mg/100 g) and cow's milk (0.04 mg/100 g). Statistical tests by analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences and the correlation coefficient between the three milk samples validating the multiple reasons to use camel's milk over the cow's and goat's milk. Furthermore, this study recommends the consumption of camel's milk due to its low concentrations of contaminants as well, their status below permissible limits in Kuwait, set by global standards over the other sampled milks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M. AL‐Saffar
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, Kuwait UniversityKuwaitSafatKuwait
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Chirinos-Peinado D, Castro-Bedriñana J, Ríos-Ríos E, Mamani-Gamarra G, Quijada-Caro E, Huacho-Jurado A, Nuñez-Rojas W. Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow's Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health. TOXICS 2022; 10:317. [PMID: 35736925 PMCID: PMC9227626 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The dairy basin of the Mantaro River located in the centre of Peru faces serious anthropogenic disturbances as it receives emissions and discharges from the metallurgical mining activity located in the headwaters of the basin and milk contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) endangers the environmental and human health, especially children. To measure the concentrations of Pb and Cd in milk and the dangers of their consumption in the Peruvian population, 40 milk samples were collected and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of Pb in milk was 15 ± 2.6 µg/kg, which represented 75% of the Maximum Limit (ML), and that of Cd was 505 ± 123 µg/kg, which exceeded the ML by more than 194 times. The estimated weekly intake of Pb for people aged 2−85 years was below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) references, determining risk coefficients (CRD) < 1. Weekly Cd intake was much higher than the PTWIs and CRDs were between 14 and 34, indicating that consumers would experience carcinogenic health effects, with children being at higher risk than adults, therefore, milk from the area is not safe for consumption. Cd would be transferred mainly through the soil (water)-grass-milk pathway, due to its presence in irrigation water and in fertilizers that contain Cd. The main pathway for Pb entry would be air-soil (water)-milk grass, from the fine particles emitted into the air by the mining-metallurgical activity, developed approximately 90 km from the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Chirinos-Peinado
- Food and Nutritional Security Research Centre, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, Peru;
| | - Jorge Castro-Bedriñana
- Food and Nutritional Security Research Centre, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, Peru;
| | - Elva Ríos-Ríos
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru;
| | | | - Elías Quijada-Caro
- Faculty of Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, Peru; (E.Q.-C.); (A.H.-J.)
| | - Analí Huacho-Jurado
- Faculty of Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, Peru; (E.Q.-C.); (A.H.-J.)
| | - Wilfredo Nuñez-Rojas
- Specialized Research Institute, Faculty of Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, Peru;
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Zyambo G, Yabe J, Muzandu K, M’kandawire E, Choongo K, Kataba A, Chawinga K, Liazambi A, Nakayama SMM, Nakata H, Ishizuka M. Human Health Risk Assessment from Lead Exposure through Consumption of Raw Cow Milk from Free-Range Cattle Reared in the Vicinity of a Lead-Zinc Mine in Kabwe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084757. [PMID: 35457623 PMCID: PMC9032925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) contamination in the environment affects both humans and animals. Chronic exposure to Pb via dietary intake of animal products such as milk from contaminated areas poses a health risk to consumers; therefore, the present study investigated Pb contamination in cow milk and its health risk impact on humans through consumption of milk from cattle reared in the proximity of a Pb−Zn mine in Kabwe, Zambia. Fresh milk samples were collected from cows from Kang’omba (KN), Kafulamse (KF), Mpima (MP), Mukobeko (MK), and Munga (MN) farming areas. Pb determination was performed using Graphite Flame Absorption Atomic Spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Cow milk Pb levels showed different concentration patterns according to season, distance, and location of the farms from the Pb−Zn mine. The overall mean Pb levels were ranged 0.60−2.22 µg/kg and 0.50−4.24 µg/kg in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The mean Pb concentration, chronic daily intake (CDIs), target hazard quotients (THQs), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results obtained were all within the permissible limits of 20 µg/kg, 3 and 12.5 µg/kg-BW/day, <1 and 10−4 to10−6, respectively. In conclusion, although Pb was detected in milk from cows reared in Kabwe, the health risk effects of Pb exposure associated with the consumption of milk in both adults and children were negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golden Zyambo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
| | - John Yabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, P.O. Box 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (M.I.); Tel./Fax: +81-11-706-5105 (M.I.)
| | - Kaampwe Muzandu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
| | - Kennedy Choongo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
| | - Andrew Kataba
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
| | - Kenneth Chawinga
- Central Province Veterinary Office, 53 Pauling Street, Kabwe P.O. Box 80285, Zambia; (K.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Allan Liazambi
- Central Province Veterinary Office, 53 Pauling Street, Kabwe P.O. Box 80285, Zambia; (K.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Shouta M. M Nakayama
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.Z.); (K.M.); (E.M.); (K.C.); (A.K.); (S.M.M.N.)
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
| | - Hokuto Nakata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (M.I.); Tel./Fax: +81-11-706-5105 (M.I.)
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Boudebbouz A, Boudalia S, Bousbia A, Habila S, Boussadia MI, Gueroui Y. Heavy metals levels in raw cow milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141830. [PMID: 33182002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review presents the potential toxicity of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), aluminum (Al), and copper (Cu) in raw cow milk, focusing on their contamination sources and on the assessment of the related human health risk. Multiple keywords such as "raw cow milk, heavy metals, and human health" were used to search in related databases. A total of 60 original articles published since 2010 reporting the levels of these metals in raw cow's milk across the world were reviewed. Data showed that the highest levels of Ni (833 mg/L), Pb (60 mg/L), Cu (36 mg/L) were noticed in raw cow milk collected in area consists of granites and granite gneisses in India, while the highest level of Cd (12 mg/L) was reported in barite mining area in India. Fe values in raw cow milk samples were above the WHO maximum limit (0.37 mg/L) with highest values (37.02 mg/L) recorded in India. The highest Al level was (22.50 mg/L) reported for raw cow's milk collected close to food producing plants region in Turkey. The Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) values of Hg were below 1 suggesting that milk consumers are not at a non-carcinogenic risk except in Faisalabad province (Pakistan) where THQ values = 7.7. For the other heavy metals, the THQ values were >1 for Pb (10 regions out of 70), for Cd (6 regions out of 59), for Ni (3 out of 29), and for Cu (3 out of 54). Exposure to heavy metals is positively associated with diseases developments. Moreover, data actualization and continuous monitoring are necessary and recommended to evaluate heavy metals effects in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Boudebbouz
- Département d'Écologie et Génie de l'Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma 24000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau et Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Sofiane Boudalia
- Département d'Écologie et Génie de l'Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma 24000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau et Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma 24000, Algeria.
| | - Aissam Bousbia
- Département d'Écologie et Génie de l'Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma 24000, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biologie, Eau et Environnement, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Safia Habila
- Laboratoire de Pharmocologie et de Phytochimie, Université Mohammed Seddik Benyahia Jijel, Algeria
| | - Meriem Imen Boussadia
- Département de Biologie, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Yassine Gueroui
- Département de Biologie, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 4010, Guelma 24000, Algeria
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