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Railean V, Sobolewski J, Jaśkowski JM. Anthrax in one health in Southern and Southeastern Europe - the effect of climate change? Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:623-632. [PMID: 37863848 PMCID: PMC10998808 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Anthrax is a serious infection caused by Bacillus anthracis. The anthracis spores are highly resistant and can persist in the environment for several decades. Therefore, anthrax is considered a global health threat affecting wildlife, livestock, and the general public. The resistance mechanism is influenced not only by the environment or the ecological niche but also by virulence factors. In the last 10 years the Southern and Southeastern Europe have been confronted with this threat. Recently, there have been 8 human anthrax cases reported in Croatia (2022), and 4 cases in Romania (2023). Moreover, this incident and the COVID situation could be a starting point to encourage researchers to raise the alarm. On the other hand, climate change is causing glaciers to melt and land to thaw, and many wetlands and swampy areas are being drained. It should not be forgotten that epidemiological and epizootic threats significantly affect the country's economic development. The Covid-19 epidemic best illustrates these threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Railean
- Department of Infectious, Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, Toruń, 87-100, Poland.
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wilenska 4, Torun, 87-100, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Sobolewski
- Department of Public Health and Animal Welfare, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, Toruń, 87-100, Poland
| | - Jędrzej M Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, Toruń, 87-100, Poland.
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Elisha IL, Onikisateinba A, Joel GS, Luka PD, Joshua BI, Jagab SH, Ahmed R, Haliru H, Abubakar SA, Makama S, Sati NS, Muhammad M. Unveiling the global reach of African anthrax research: A bibliometric study. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2023; 3:100052. [PMID: 39077387 PMCID: PMC11262261 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2023.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Anthrax is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. It poses significant threat to humans through contact with infected animals or their by-products. Concerns arise from its long-lasting spore viability and lethality, fuelling its biowarfare potential. Recent anthrax outbreaks across multiple African nations prompted this bibliometric study. The aim of the study was to assess the contributions of African countries, institutions, authors, research funding, and collaborations, while identifying research trends and gaps. We conducted an extensive bibliometric analysis of anthrax-related research publications in Africa from 1923 to 2023, utilizing the Scopus database and VOSviewer. The study covered 364 publications from 32 African countries, accumulating 5,636 citations at an average of 15.5 citations per article, with research articles comprising 88.5% of the corpus. The publication growth rate from 1923 to 2023 was modest at 8.3%, indicating gradual advancement. Notably, there was a significant surge in publications between 2011 and 2023, accounting for 73.1% of total publications. The African research contributions, were categorized into five thematic focuses: ecological dynamics and host interactions, human-livestock anthrax interface, molecular insights into bacterial activity and treatment strategies, collaborative approaches for zoonotic disease prevention, and antibody response and vaccination strategies. Leading institutional contributors included the University of Pretoria and the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Collaborations extended globally to 35 non-African countries, with significant involvement from the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany. Strong African partnerships, especially between Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa, emerged. The top 10 cited papers explored diverse aspects, including disease impact on wildlife and innovative control strategies, underscoring the importance of multidisciplinary approaches. South Africa played a prominent role, contributing 95 publications and securing funding from various sources, including the National Research Foundation. Collaborations with global institutions highlighted its commitment. This study unveils the dynamic landscape of anthrax research in Africa, emphasizing the pivotal role of collaboration, multidisciplinary One Health approaches, and global partnerships in enhancing research outcomes. Ongoing research and practical solutions for human and animal health remain imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaku Leo Elisha
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Arieri Onikisateinba
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Ganih Saidu Joel
- State Key Laboratory for Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Pam Dachung Luka
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Barde Israel Joshua
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Shuaibu Hafsat Jagab
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Rabi Ahmed
- Department of Biosecurity, National Biosafety Management Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Habibu Haliru
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Sa’adatu Aliyu Abubakar
- National Reference Laboratory, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Makama
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Ngulukun Samuel Sati
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Maryam Muhammad
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, P.M.B. 01 Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Ndolo VA, Redding DW, Lekolool I, Mwangangi DM, Odhiambo DO, Deka MA, Conlan AJK, Wood JLN. Drivers and potential distribution of anthrax occurrence and incidence at national and sub-county levels across Kenya from 2006 to 2020 using INLA. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20083. [PMID: 36418897 PMCID: PMC9684160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is caused by, Bacillus anthracis, a soil-borne bacterium that infects grazing animals. Kenya reported a sharp increase in livestock anthrax cases from 2005, with only 12% of the sub-counties (decentralised administrative units used by Kenyan county governments to facilitate service provision) accounting for almost a third of the livestock cases. Recent studies of the spatial extent of B. anthracis suitability across Kenya have used approaches that cannot capture the underlying spatial and temporal dependencies in the surveillance data. To address these limitations, we apply the first Bayesian approach using R-INLA to analyse a long-term dataset of livestock anthrax case data, collected from 2006 to 2020 in Kenya. We develop a spatial and a spatiotemporal model to investigate the distribution and socio-economic drivers of anthrax occurrence and incidence at the national and sub-county level. The spatial model was robust to geographically based cross validation and had a sensitivity of 75% (95% CI 65-75) against withheld data. Alarmingly, the spatial model predicted high intensity of anthrax across the Northern counties (Turkana, Samburu, and Marsabit) comprising pastoralists who are often economically and politically marginalized, and highly predisposed to a greater risk of anthrax. The spatiotemporal model showed a positive link between livestock anthrax risk and the total human population and the number of exotic dairy cattle, and a negative association with the human population density, livestock producing households, and agricultural land area. Public health programs aimed at reducing human-animal contact, improving access to healthcare, and increasing anthrax awareness, should prioritize these endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A. Ndolo
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - David William Redding
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isaac Lekolool
- grid.452592.d0000 0001 1318 3051Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Mumo Mwangangi
- State Department for Livestock (Kenya), Directorate of Veterinary Services, Kabete, Kenya
| | - David Onyango Odhiambo
- grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark A. Deka
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Andrew J. K. Conlan
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire UK
| | - James L. N. Wood
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire UK
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Seyoum AF, Bitew AB, Negussie H. A Retrospective Study on the Epidemiology of Anthrax Among Livestock from 2011 to 2020 in Awi Administrative Zone, Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE: RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2022; 13:313-321. [PMID: 36352856 PMCID: PMC9639593 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s384794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, anthrax is the second most important zoonotic disease, next to rabies. Data quantifying occurrence and distribution of animal anthrax in Awi administrative zone of Amhara region, Ethiopia, are limited. Thus, this study was conducted to describe the distribution of animal anthrax between 2011 and 2020 in Awi zone. Methods This study used secondary data of animal anthrax that occurred in the Awi zone and reported to the Regional and National Veterinary Authority between 2011 and 2020. Results A total of 1262 cases of anthrax in animals and 324 animals that died due to anthrax were reported. The highest number of anthrax cases were reported in 2012 (n = 671), sharing 48.9% of the 10-year animal anthrax reported. However, the highest number of animal death due to anthrax (n = 104) was reported in 2014. The overall case fatality rate of anthrax was 25.67% (n = 324). The highest animal anthrax cases (n = 984; 77.97%) and deaths (n = 259; 79.94%) were recorded in Bovine. The highest cases of anthrax were registered in May (n = 313), while no anthrax case was reported during December. The highest and lowest number of animal death due to anthrax were reported during July (n = 64) and January (n = 6), respectively. The highest number of anthrax cases was reported in the hot-dry season (n = 479; 37.96%) whereas the lowest was reported during the cold-dry season (n = 30; 2.38%). Conclusion The current study revealed a considerable number of animal anthrax cases and deaths in Awi zone every year. Hence, it is necessary for practicing prevention strategies including immunization programs before the peak season of anthrax outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abebe Belete Bitew
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Abebe Belete Bitew, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, Email
| | - Haileleul Negussie
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Suresh KP, Nayak A, Dhanze H, Bhavya AP, Shivamallu C, Achar RR, Silina E, Stupin V, Barman NN, Kumar SK, Syed A, Kollur SP, Shreevatsa B, Patil SS. Prevalence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in mosquitoes and animals of the Asian continent: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:942-949. [PMID: 35914358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral zoonotic disease that has been found in several countries of Asia and is responsible for high mortality and morbidity of men and animals in rural and sub-urban endemic areas due to the virus re-circulation among diverse hosts and vectors. The present study estimates the prevalence of the JE virus in the vector and animal population of the Asian continent using a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The Cochran collaborators' Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis [PRISMA] guidelines were used for systematic review and meta-analysis. The heterogeneity was observed in meta-regression analysis due to several factors including region, species, and different diagnostic assays used in various studies. Thus we did sensitivity and subgroup analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of the JE virus was calculated using a total sample size of 47,391. Subgroup analysis revealed the JE virus prevalence of 39% in the Southeast Asia region, followed by East Asia with 35% and South Asia with 15% prevalence. Hence, the overall pooled prevalence of the JE virus was 26% in the Asian continent. CONCLUSIONS The highest proportion of infection was found in pigs amongst all animals, reinforcing the fact that they can be used as sentinels to predict outbreaks in humans. The findings of this study will enable researchers and policymakers in better understanding the disease's spatial and temporal distribution, as well as in creating and implementing location-specific JE prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshata Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Himani Dhanze
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Anenahalli Panduranga Bhavya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Department of Surgery, N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Surgery, N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences (AAU), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Seethakempanahalli Kempanna Kumar
- Department of Ethnoveterinary Sciences and Practices, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Science and Technology, Jarakabandekaval, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhargav Shreevatsa
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanagouda S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
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Suresh KP, Bhavya AP, Shivamallu C, Achar RR, Silina E, Stupin V, Kollur SP, Shome BR, Patil SS. Seroprevalence of sheeppox and goatpox virus in Asia and African continent: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Scientometrics). Vet World 2022; 15:455-464. [PMID: 35400949 PMCID: PMC8980399 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.455-464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Two endemic capripox infectious diseases, sheeppox (SP) and goatpox (GP) are common in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Sheep and goats, in general, are considered current assets of small and marginal farmers and have significant economic value in terms of meat, wool, and skin/hide production. Sheep and goat populations in India total 148.88 million and 74.26 million, respectively. Capripox caused US$ 2.3 million (Indian Rupee [INR] 105 million) in economic damages in Maharashtra (India) alone, and it took over 6 years for a flock to recover from the outbreak. The projected yearly loss at the national level is US$ 27.47 million (INR 1250 million). As a result, Capripox diseases put small and marginal farmers under much financial strain. The present study estimates the seroprevalence of SP and GP diseases in the Asian and African continents using systematic review and meta-analysis. The results of the study will help researchers and policymakers to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease and its burden. In addition, the results are also helpful to design and implement location-specific prevention and eradication measures against these diseases. Materials and Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines of Cochran collaborations were used for systematic review and subsequently meta-analysis were used. The literature was collected from various databases. Initial search string resulted in more than nine thousand articles for the period 2000 to 2020 using the different combinations of keywords and Boolean operators (or not) asterisk* and quotation marks. Out of 9398 papers, 80 studies were chosen for complete test reviews and quality bias evaluation using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 21 articles were used for the meta-analysis. The statistical study employed fixed effects and random effects models using R. Results: Seroprevalence of SP and GP was calculated using studies with a cumulative sample size of 4352, out of which sheep and goats’ samples together contribute 48%, followed by sheep (32%) and goat (21%). The result of the meta-regression revealed that detection techniques had a significant impact on the overall effect size at 5% level (Qm=14.12). Subgroup analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test with samples was further grouped into two categories based on the median, and it revealed that 62% of samples used PCR as a detecting test followed by group-II. Conclusion: From the study, it is concluded that SP and GP diseases are highly prevalent; hence, effective vaccines, proper education to farmers through extension activity, and transboundary disease movement restriction are necessary for the control and eradication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anenahalli Panduranga Bhavya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Hospital Surgery, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia
| | - Shiva Prasad Kollur
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharanagouda S. Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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SowjanyaKumari S, Bhavya AP, Akshata N, Kumar KV, Bokade PP, Suresh KP, Shome BR, Balamurugan V. Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Atypical Hosts and Wildlife: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence between 2001 and 2021. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1589-1606. [PMID: 35546985 PMCID: PMC9083865 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) or goat plague is considered a leading, highly contagious, and most lethal infectious viral disease of small ruminants affecting the worldwide livestock economy and international animal trade. Although sheep and goats are the primarily affected, the PPR Virus (PPRV) host range has expanded to other livestock (large ruminants) and wildlife animals over the last few decades, resulting in serious concern to the ongoing PPR global eradication program, which is primarily optimized, designed, and targeted towards accessible sheep and goat population. A systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and spill-over infection of PPRV in large ruminants (bovine and camel) and wildlife. Published articles from 2001 to October 2021 on the "PPR" were searched in four electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Google Scholars. The articles were then selected using inclusion criteria (detection/prevalence of PPRV in bovine, camel, and wildlife population), exclusion criteria (only sheep or goats, lack of prevalence data, experimental trial, test evaluation, and reviews written in other languages or published before 2001), and the prevalence was estimated by random effect meta-analysis model. In the current study, all published articles belonged to Africa and Asia. The overall pooled prevalence of PPR estimates was 24% (95% CI: 15-33), with 30% in Asia (95% CI: 14-49) and 20% in Africa (95% CI: 11-30). The overall estimated pooled prevalence at an Africa-Asia level in bovine and camel was 13% (95% CI: 8-19), and in wildlife, it was 52% (95% CI: 30-74) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97%) in most pooled estimates with a high prevalence in atypical hosts and wildlife across Asia and Africa. Over the last two decades, the host range has increased drastically in the wildlife population, even for prevalent PPR in the unnatural hosts only for a short time, contributing to virus persistence in multi-host systems with an impact on PPR control and eradication program. This observation on the epidemiology of the PPRV in unnatural hosts demands appropriate intervention strategies, particularly at the livestock-wildlife interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A P Bhavya
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - N Akshata
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K V Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P P Bokade
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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